张伟珍, 李应德, 闫智臣, 段廷玉. AM真菌分子生物学研究进展. 草业科学, 2018,35(7): 1641-1652
Zhang Wei-zhen, Li Ying-de, Yan Zhi-chen, Duan Ting-yu. Research advances of molecular biology technology in the study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pratacultural Science, 2018,35(7): 1641-1652.
Research advances of molecular biology technology in the study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Zhang Wei-zhen, Li Ying-de, Yan Zhi-chen, Duan Ting-yu
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are the most diversely symbiotic plant and soil fungi in the natural ecosystem. The symbionts can enhance the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper summarizes the research progress of studies on AM fungi-plant symbiosis, including AM fungal detection, classification, identification, and determination of community diversity. The molecular technologies, RT-PCR, nested PCR, qPCR, cDNA-markers, related primer pairs, and fragment size are summarized. The article also analyzes the mechanism of regulation by AM fungi of plant-related genes and proteins, reveals the molecular mechanism of AM fungi interaction with host plants, and provides a look ahead to the application of molecular biology techniques to study plant-AM fungi interaction mechanisms in the future.
Key words:
AM fungi; molecular biology techniques; symbiotic mechanism; identification; detection; community diversity
诱导磷转运蛋白基因GigmPT、AsPT1和AsPT4表达 Induced phosphate transport protein genes include GigmPT, AsPT1 and AsPT4 expression
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番茄 L. esculentum
根内球囊霉 G. intraradices
盆栽 Pots
q-PCR
特异性调控磷酸盐转运蛋白基因LePT4、LePT5表达 Specifically regulated phosphate transporter protein genes LePT4 and LePT5 expression
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水稻 O. sativa
苏格兰球囊霉 G. caledonium 光壁无梗囊霉 A. laevis 摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae
温室 Glass house
RT-PCR
诱导磷转运蛋白基因OsPT11特异性表达 Induced phosphate transporter protein gene OsPT11 specific expression
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日本百脉根 L. japonicus
珠状巨孢囊霉 G. margarita 发根农杆菌 Agrobacterium rhizogenes
盆栽 Pots
qRT-PCR
诱导磷酸转运蛋白LjPT4特异性表达 Induced phosphate transporter protein LjPT4 specific expression
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紫云英 A. sinicus
珠状巨孢囊霉 G. margarita
盆栽 Pots
末端克隆技术 Rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), RT-PCR
抑制锌转运蛋白基因AsZIP2的表达 Inhibited zinc transporter protein gene AsZIP2 expression
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蒙古扁桃 A. mongolica
摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae
盆栽 Pots
qRT-PCR 高通量测序 High-throughput sequencing
上调C4固定路径相关基因的表达, 下调氮转运蛋白基因的表达 Up-regulated genes related to C4 fixed route expression, and down-regulated nitrogen transporter protein genes expression
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小麦 T. aestivum
摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae 幼套球囊霉 G. etunicatum 根内球囊霉 G. intraradices
盆栽 Pots
RT-PCR
下调根内氮转运蛋白基因NRT、NAR和AMT的表达 Downregulated nitrogen transporter protein genes include NRT, NAR and AMT expression
表5 宿主植物抗逆蛋白及转运蛋白基因表达Table 5 Host plant anti-inulin and transporter gene expression
寄主植物 Host plant
AM真菌 AM fungi
试验条件 Experimental conditions
试验方法 Experimental method
作用机制 Mechanism
参考文献 Reference
水稻 O. sativa
苏格兰球囊霉 G. caledonium 光壁无梗囊霉 A. laevis 摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae
温室 Glass house
RT-PCR
诱导糖转运蛋白基因OsMST4、OsMST7特异性表达 Induced sugar transporter protein genes OsMST4 and OsMST7 specific expression
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豌豆 P. sativum
地表球囊霉 G. versiforme
生长室 Growth chamber
RT-PCR
诱导PsNlec1基因表达 Induced expression of PsNlec1 gene
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蒺藜苜蓿 M. truncatula
根内球囊霉 G. intraradices
盆栽 Pots
Rapid-amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) qRT-PCR Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS)
Rho家族蛋白维持共生关系建成 Rho family proteins maintained symbiotic relationship built
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甜瓜 C. melo
摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae
盆栽 Pots
RT-PCR
诱导编码P5CS的基因MeP5CS表达 Induced the gene MeP5CS coded P5CS expression
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酸枣 Z. jujuba
摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae
营养钵 Nutrition pot
cDNA-AFLP
诱导盐胁迫应答基因表达 Induced salt stress response genes expression
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紫穗槐 A. fruticosa
摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae
盆栽 Pots
二维液相串联质谱 (SCX-RPLC-MS/MS)Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)
诱导代谢、能量、信号转导、蛋白合成、细胞结构、胁迫和防御等相关蛋白差异性表达 Induced expression of proteins related to metabolism, energy, signal transduction, protein synthesis, cell structure, stress and defense
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紫穗槐 A. fruticosa
摩西球囊霉 G. mosseae 根内球囊霉 G. intraradices
盆栽 Pots
十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
菌根共生相关蛋白的数目增加 Increased the number of mycorrhizal symbiosis-related protein
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Schroeder JI, DelhaizeE, Frommer WB, Guerinot ML, Harrison MJ, Herrera-EstrellaL, HorieT, Kochian LV, MunnsR, Nishizawa NK, Tsay YF, Sand ersD. Using membrane transporters to improve crops for sustainable food production. Nature, 2013, 497: 60-66. [本文引用:1]
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RecorbetG, AbdallahC, RenautJ, WipfD, Dumas-GaudotE. Protein actors sustaining arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Underground artists break the silence. New Phytologist, 2013, 199(1): 26-40. [本文引用:1]
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DrissnerD, KunzeG, CallewaertN, GehrigP, TamasloukhtM, BollerT, FelixG, AmrheinN, BucherM. Lyso- phosphatidylcholine is a signal in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Science, 2007, 318(5848): 265-268. [本文引用:1]
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Gómez-ArizaJ, BalestriniR, NoveroM, BonfanteP. Cell-specific gene expression of phosphate transporters in mycorrhizal tomato roots. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2009, 45(8): 845-853. [本文引用:1]
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BalestriniR, PerottoS, GasverdeE, DahiyaP, Guldmann LL, Brewin NJ, BonfanteP. Transcription of a gene encoding a lectinlike glycoprotein is induced in root cells harboring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Pisum sativum. Molecular plant-microbe interactions, 1999, 12(9): 785-791. [本文引用:1]
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韩亚超, 赵斌. Rho蛋白家族在丛枝菌根真菌与植物共生关系建立中的功能分析. 浙江农业学报, 2016, 28(5): 828-837. Han YC, ZhaoB. Functional analysis of Rho protein family during the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-plant symbiosis. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2016, 28(5): 828-837. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[70]
黄志, 邹志荣, 黄焕焕, 贺超兴, 张志斌, 王怀松, 李建明. 甜瓜抗旱性相关基因 MeP5CS的克隆、序列分析及表达. 园艺学报, 2010, 37(8): 1279-1286. Huang Z. Zou ZR, Huang HH, He CX, Zhang ZB, Wang HS, Li JM. Cloning, analysis and expression of a drought-related gene MeP5CS from Melon. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2010, 37(8): 1279-1286. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
宋鸽. AM真菌对紫穗槐防御性调控及共生相关蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析. 哈尔滨: 黑龙江大学硕士学位论文, 2011. SongG. The SDS-PAGE analysis of the defensive regulation and symbiosis related proteins on Amorpha fruticosa. Master Thesis. Harbin: Heilongjiang University, 2011. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[74]
徐科. 用 MicroRNA基因芯片分析菌根和供磷水平对番茄体内 MicroRNA表达的影响. 南京: 南京农业大学硕士学位论文, 2009. XuK. Analysis of the influence of mycorrhizal and phosphorus levels on MicroRNA expression in tomato by MicroRNA gene chip. Master Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2009. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[75]
侯远明. AM真菌和类黄酮与紫穗槐的互作及DDRT-PCR筛选特异片段体系建立. 哈尔滨: 黑龙江大学硕士学位论文, 2008. Hou YM. The interaction between AM fungi, flavonoids and Amorpha fruticosa L. ,and DDRT-PCR was used to screen the specific fragment system. Master Thesis. Harbin: Heilongjiang University, 2008. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[76]
冯飞, 纪春艳, 杨秀芬, 曾洪梅, 邱德文. 细极链格孢菌Hog1 MAPK(酵母)同源基因 AtHOG1的克隆与功能分析. 华北农学报, 2009, 24(4): 74-79. FengF, Ji CY, Yang XF, Zeng HM, Qiu DW. Cloning and functional characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1 MAPK homologous gene AtHOG1 from the fungus Alternaria tenuissima. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2009, 24(4): 74-79. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[77]
Alonso-MongeR, Navarro-GarciaF, MoleroG, Diez-OrejasR, GustinM, PlaJ, SanchezM, NombelaC. Role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1p in morphogenesis and virulence of Cand ida albicans. Journal of Bacteriology, 1999, 181(10): 3058-3068. [本文引用:1]
[78]
向婷. 渗透压胁迫下AM真菌 Rhizophagus irregularis HOG1基因的功能研究. 武汉: 华中农业大学硕士学位论文, 2015. XiangT. The function investigation of Rhizophagus irregularis HOG1 under osmotic stress. Master Thesis. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
郭艳娥, 李芳, 李应德, 段廷玉. AM真菌促进植物吸收利用磷元素的机制. 草业科学, 2016, 33(12): 2379-2390. Guo YE, LiF, Li YD, Duan TY. Progress in the elucidation of the mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in promotion of phosphorus uptake and utilization by plants. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(12): 2379-2390. (in Chinese)
李芳, 高萍, 段廷玉. AM菌根真菌对非生物逆境的响应及其机制. 草地学报, 2016, 24(3): 491-500. LiF, GaoP, Duan TY. Response and mechanism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to abiotic stress. Journal of Grassland , 2016, 24(3): 491-500. (in Chinese)
... AM真菌提高宿主植物抗逆性的生理、生化作用机制已基本明确[14,15,16] ...
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2018
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林子然, 张英俊. 丛枝菌根真菌和磷对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗生长与生理特征的影响. 草业科学, 2018, 35(1): 115-122. Lin ZR, Zhang YJ. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus on growth and physiological properties of alfalfa seedlings under drought stress. Pratacultural Science, 2018, 35(1): 115-122. (in Chinese)
张伟珍, 古丽君, 段廷玉. AM真菌提高植物抗逆性的机制. 草业科学, 2018, 35(3): 491-507. Zhang WZ, Gu LJ, Duan TY. Research progress on the mechanism of AM fungi for improving plant stress resistance. Pratacultural Science, 2018, 35(3): 491-507. (in Chinese)
... 近年来,随着分子生物学技术在各学科中的交叉应用,AM真菌分子生物学的研究也日渐深入,在AM真菌的分子生物学鉴定及其检测以及植物-微生物互作等研究方面取得了较大进展,这与分子生物学技术如qPCR、RT-PCR、cDNA末端快速扩增技术(Rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE),高通量测序(high-throughput sequencing),扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP),mRNA差异显示技术,DDRT-PCR技术等的应用密不可分[21,22] ...
1
2011
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0.0
... 近年来,随着分子生物学技术在各学科中的交叉应用,AM真菌分子生物学的研究也日渐深入,在AM真菌的分子生物学鉴定及其检测以及植物-微生物互作等研究方面取得了较大进展,这与分子生物学技术如qPCR、RT-PCR、cDNA末端快速扩增技术(Rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE),高通量测序(high-throughput sequencing),扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP),mRNA差异显示技术,DDRT-PCR技术等的应用密不可分[21,22] ...
张美庆, 王幼珊. VA真菌球囊霉属种的简表. 微生物学通报, 1991, 18(6): 367-371. Zhang MQ, Wang YS. A brief list of Glomus species of VA fungi. Microbiology China, 1991, 18(6): 367-371. (in Chinese)
盖京苹, 冯固, 李晓林. 丛枝菌根真菌的生物多样性研究进展. 土壤, 2005, 37(3): 236-242. Gai JP, FengG, Li XL. Research advances in biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soils, 2005, 37(3): 236-242. (in Chinese)
王发园, 刘润进. 环境因子对AM真菌多样性的影响. 生物多样性, 2001, 9(3): 301-305. Wang FY, Liu RJ. Effects of environmental factors on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biodiversity Science, 2001, 9(3): 301-305. (in Chinese)
The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is influenced by many environmentalfactors , such as soil type , climate , and geographical factors. Researches on ecology of AM fungi in thepast ten years are reviewed in this paper. Problems and prospects are discussed.
王发园, 刘润进. 生物因子对AM真菌多样性的影响. 生态学报, 2002, 22(3): 403-408. Wang FY, Liu RJ. Effects of biological factors on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(3): 403-408. (in Chinese)
王宇涛, 辛国荣, 李韶山. 丛枝菌根真菌最新分类系统与物种多样性研究概况. 生态学报, 2013, 33(3): 834-843. Wang YT, Xin GR, Li SS. An overview of the updated classification system and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology, 2013, 33(3): 834-843. (in Chinese)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, phylum Glomeromycota) could be the most widespread symbiotic organisms in nature. They can form symbioses with the roots from a majority of higher plant species. The research on AMF species diversity has attracted much attention because of the widespread distribution of these organisms in various types of ecosystems around the world and because of their great application potential in the areas of agriculture, forestry and environmental sciences. Recent study has shown that in these ecosystems the diversity and community structure of AMF can have significant effects on the diversity and productivity of plant communities, giving this research on AMF species diversity even greater significance. Despite their widespread world distribution, fewer than 250 morphological species of AMF have been reported to date. However, evidence is now accumulating that the overall AMF global diversity has been severely underestimated. In natural or non-natural ecosystems, the species diversity of AMF could be affected by such factors as the species composition of host plants, human disturbances and by a variety of environmental factors. On the other hand, our understanding of AMF species diversity depends to a large extent on the development of methodology and on the application of new techniques. For a long time, the obligate symbiosis character of AMF and the methodology limitations have greatly hampered the research progress on AMF species diversity. For many years, investigations of AMF species diversity depended on the morphological identification of AMF spores isolated from the rhizospheric soil of host species. However, the species diversity of AMF spores cannot truly reveal or reflect the diversity of the AMF species colonizing host plants, and the morphological identification of AMF species has relied too much on the research experiences of the investigators. The more recent application of the PCR-based molecular method in AMF species diversity studies has much improved our knowledge of AMF species diversity. On the one hand, the PCR molecular method can directly detect the AMF species diversity within the roots of host plants. On the other hand, as its procedures are more standardized, it can provide more reliable and comparable results. However, there are also several drawbacks of the molecular method. Firstly, the design of the AMF specific primer is dependent on the published DNA sequences; therefore the discovery of new AMF species is hampered. Secondly, large scale investigation of AMF diversity by molecular methods is still expensive, though the price for Sanger sequencing procedures has dropped significantly in recent years. Thirdly, the molecular method can only provide the results of AMF "taxa" diversity, not of AMF species diversity. For many years, these drawbacks hampered the further development of the field of AMF species diversity. In recent years, the improvement in methodology (e.g. the proposed DNA barcode region for AMF) and the development of second generation sequencing technology (e.g. the 454 pyrosequencing technology) have provided excellent opportunities to strengthen our knowledge of AMF species diversity. We believe that within the next few years there will be huge progress in elucidating AMF species diversity. In this review article, research advances in AMF classification systems, in understanding of global species diversity levels and affecting factors to AMF species diversity, and in development of methodology for studying AMF species diversity are described and further research fields that need focus are also analyzed.
... 目前,18S rDNA测序技术、rRNA核苷酸序列分析、ITS序列分析、DNA限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)等现代分子生物学技术均被广泛用于丛枝菌根真菌的分类和鉴定工作中[31,32,33] ...
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1993
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... 目前,18S rDNA测序技术、rRNA核苷酸序列分析、ITS序列分析、DNA限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)等现代分子生物学技术均被广泛用于丛枝菌根真菌的分类和鉴定工作中[31,32,33] ...
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2012
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杨玉海, 陈亚宁, 蔡柏岩, 接伟光, 吕东英. 极端干旱区胡杨根围丛枝菌根真菌的分离与鉴定. 干旱区地理, 2012, 35(2): 260-266. Yang YH, Chen YN, Cai BY, Jie WG, Lyu DY. Arbuscular mycorrhizal in roots of Populus euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River in extreme arid area. Arid Land Geography, 2012, 35(2): 260-266. (in Chinese)
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2008
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蔡柏岩, 接伟光, 葛菁萍, 阎秀峰. 黄檗根围丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的分离与分子鉴定. 菌物学报, 2008, 27(6): 884-893. Cai BY, Jie WG, Ge JP, Yan XF. Molecular detection of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of Phellodendron amurense. Mycosystema, 2008, 27(6): 884-893. (in Chinese)
The rhizospheric soil and root samples of Phellodendron amurense were collected in the Logging Station of Northeast Forestry University. The AM fungi isolated were identified morphologically and molecularly. Four species were obtained. They were Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Scutellospora calospora and Glomus versiforme. However, only G. intraradices, G. mosseae and S. calospora were detected from the root samples of Phellodendron amurense by nested-PCR. It was indicated that the roots of Phellodendron amurense were not infected by G. versiforme.
郑世学, 董秀丽, 喻子牛, 赵斌. 四种AM真菌接种剂的田间效应及其分子检测研究. 土壤学报, 2004, 4(5): 742-749. Zheng SX, Dong XL, Yu ZN, ZhaoB. Molecular detection of four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inocula in field trials. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2004, 4(5): 742-749. (in Chinese)
Four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inocula were produced in the sterilized soil under glasshouse conditions.Effectiveness and infectivity of the inocula were tested in pot culture with the most probable number (MPN) test method.The results indicated that biomass of inoculated plants was significantly higher than that of non-inoculated control plants ( p Glomus constrictum ),C (three Glomus species) or D ( G.intraradices ) was significantly enhanced ( p < 0.05),and so was the content of starch and phosphorus in grains of the maize.
采用灭菌土壤生产了4种AM真菌接种剂。在盆栽条件下测试了接种剂的质量,结果显示,4种接种剂促进玉米生长效果明显,地上部分生物量均显著高于对照( p Glomusconstrictum )、C( Glomus 三种菌混合)和D( G.intraradices )对玉米籽粒产量有显著的增产效果( p Glomusintraradices 和 G.mosseae 的玉米根样中粗提DNA进行特异性扩增,成功地从感染根段中检测到特定的接种AM真菌。本工作从分子水平为评价高效AM真菌的应用潜力、研究AM真菌之间及其与其他微生物之间的相互关系奠定了基础。
董秀丽, 赵斌. 嵌套多重PCR——研究田间植物部分丛枝菌根真菌和微生物区系的一个可行技术. 中国科学C辑: 生命科学, 2006, 36(1): 59-65. Dong XL, ZhaoB. Nested Multiplex PCR: A Possible technique for the study of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and microflora in field plants. Chinese Science Series C: Life Sciences, 2006, 36(1): 59-65. (in Chinese)
刘敏, 峥嵘, 白淑兰, 王琚钢, 李龙, 段国珍. 丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究进展. 微生物学通报, 2016, 43(8): 1836-1843. LiuM, ZhengR, Bai SL, Wang JG, LiL, Duan GZ. Advances of species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Microbiology China, 2016, 43(8): 1836-1843. (in Chinese)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play important roles in different ecosystems of the world, to understand the species diversity of AMF could provide scientific basics for conservation and utilization of species resources, while the unculturable nature and higher genetic variability of AMF severely hampered the further advances of AMF. With the developing of research methods and application of the next-generation sequencing technology, it could reveal deeper insights into the AMF species diversity. This paper reviewed the advances in AMF classification systems, AMF species diversity in different host plants and habitats, and research methods (including morphological identification, Sanger sequencing and high throughput sequencing) of AMF species diversity and main problems that occurred in the study of AMF species diversity were also discussed. It was considered that not only new research technologies should be applied to study AMF species diversity in the future, but also the problem of unculturable nature of AMF should be concerned.
王萍, 胡江, 冉炜, 徐国华. 提高供磷可缓解砷对番茄的胁迫作用. 土壤学报, 2008, 45(3): 503-509. Wang P. HuJ, RanW, Xu GH. Increasing phosphorus supply can relieve arsenate stress in tomato. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(3): 503-509. (in Chinese)
Following the promulgation of the standards for arsenic(As)in environment and food people are getting more and more concerned about As pollution and the issue of food safety.It is still controversial over effect of phosphorus(P)supply on uptake and accumulation of As in plant and its mechanism.A hydroponic experiment of tomato( Lycopersicon esculentum ,cv. Micro tom)was conducted to verify the effect of P mitigating As stress on plant growth.Addition of 50 mol L -1 arsenate(AsO 4 3- )significantly decreased the growth of both root and shoot of the tomato plant with P supply ranging from 0.025 to 0.4 mmol L -1 ,however,both As concentration in the plant and its inhibitory effect were reduced as P supply rose in level.The roots contained much more As than the shoots.Inhibitory effect of As on P uptake was observed also only at low P supply levels (0.025 and/or 0.05 mmol L -1 of P).In addition,As had little influence on the expression of the two phosphate transporter genes( LePT1 and LePT2 )in tomato.In conclusion,increase in P supply could decrease concentration of As in the plant,thus mitigating the adverse effects of As stress on tomato growth.
环境和食品中砷标准提高后,砷污染及其有关的食品安全问题更加受到广泛的关注。磷对植物吸收和累积砷的影响及其作用机制仍有很大争论。本文利用水培试验,研究了0.025~1.0 mmol L -1 范围内7个供磷水平下50μmol L -1 AsO 4 3- 胁迫对微型番茄生长、砷和磷的吸收及两个磷酸盐转运体基因( LePT1 和 LePT2 )表达的影响。在0.025~0.4 mmol L -1 的缺磷条件下,砷对番茄的生长有明显抑制作用。在缺磷状态下,增加磷供应能显著减少番茄体内砷的浓度。约58%的砷累积在番茄根部,根部砷的浓度较地上部高10倍以上。砷抑制番茄对磷的吸收只出现在严重缺磷(0.025~0.05 mmol L -1 )条件下。此外,外界砷的存在对 LePT1 、 LePT2 基因的表达影响不显著。从本文的结果来看,番茄吸收过程中的磷砷相互作用在缺磷条件下更明显,提高供磷水平可降低番茄体内砷含量,缓解砷对番茄的胁迫作用。
韩亚超, 赵斌. Rho蛋白家族在丛枝菌根真菌与植物共生关系建立中的功能分析. 浙江农业学报, 2016, 28(5): 828-837. Han YC, ZhaoB. Functional analysis of Rho protein family during the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-plant symbiosis. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2016, 28(5): 828-837. (in Chinese)
Rho protein family, a core member of the Ras superfamily in eukaryotes, contains the highly conserved GTPases domain. Three small Rho proteins were isolated from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 through homolog research and RACE PCR strategies. Using real time qPCR method, the transcription profiles of the three genes during presymbiotic and symbiotic stages were analyzed. To further study the roles of RiRho1 and RiCDC42 genes, complementary experiments were carried out in yeast Ts mutant and fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae ΔMgCDC42. The results indicated that RiRho1, RiRac1 and RiCDC42 proteins were highly similar to Rho proteins in M. oryzae. RiRho1 was highly induced in germination spores, whereas its transcripts were lower during the AM symbiosis. In contrast, expressions of RiRac1 and RiCDC42 were significantly higher at symbiotic stages than that in presymbiotic stage. RiRho and RiCDC42 can partially rescue the yeast mutant. Furthermore, the RiCDC42 was able to rescue the phenotype of the M. oryzae CDC42 mutant. However, the mutant expressing RiCDC42 gene did not generate the melanin. The roles RiRac1 and RiCDC42 played were further confirmed by host induced gene silence (HIGS). Taken as a whole, the above data and results suggested that the Rho protein may play important roles during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
黄志, 邹志荣, 黄焕焕, 贺超兴, 张志斌, 王怀松, 李建明. 甜瓜抗旱性相关基因 MeP5CS的克隆、序列分析及表达. 园艺学报, 2010, 37(8): 1279-1286. Huang Z. Zou ZR, Huang HH, He CX, Zhang ZB, Wang HS, Li JM. Cloning, analysis and expression of a drought-related gene MeP5CS from Melon. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2010, 37(8): 1279-1286. (in Chinese)
Using designed primers based on the conserved amino acid sequences of known drought-related genes to amplify cDNA fragments from melon(Cucumis melo L.)by RT-PCR,a drought-related gene named MeP5CS was obtained. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the full-length of cDNA sequence was 1 000 bp,which contained an open reading frame of 753 bp and encoded a protein of 250 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 82.18 kD and isoelectric point of 4.90. The MeP5CS protein showed 94%,81% and 73% similarity to the P5CS from Aegiceras corniculatum,Actinidia deliciosa and Vitis vinifera. The protein include α-helix(40.2%),β-turn(25.2%),random coil(34.6%)and a cleavage site between nineteen and twenty amino acid residues. The protein is a hydrophobic protein and there is two transmembrane helix and thirteen phosphorylation sites. The result ofRT-PCR analysis indicated that MeP5CS expression levels were different in roots,stems and leaves,and it was the highest in roots and middle in stems,lower in leaves. The results showed that the AMF can induce expression of MeP5CS gene in melon under water stress,and enhance the drought resistance of melon;Expression differences in tissues were related to different tissues and the duration of water stress. Under water deficit,AMF could increase Pro accumulation in melon leaves,gene expression and proline accumulation were positively correlated.
(1College of Horticulture,Northwest A & F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;2Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)
宋鸽. AM真菌对紫穗槐防御性调控及共生相关蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析. 哈尔滨: 黑龙江大学硕士学位论文, 2011. SongG. The SDS-PAGE analysis of the defensive regulation and symbiosis related proteins on Amorpha fruticosa. Master Thesis. Harbin: Heilongjiang University, 2011. (in Chinese)
侯远明. AM真菌和类黄酮与紫穗槐的互作及DDRT-PCR筛选特异片段体系建立. 哈尔滨: 黑龙江大学硕士学位论文, 2008. Hou YM. The interaction between AM fungi, flavonoids and Amorpha fruticosa L. ,and DDRT-PCR was used to screen the specific fragment system. Master Thesis. Harbin: Heilongjiang University, 2008. (in Chinese)
冯飞, 纪春艳, 杨秀芬, 曾洪梅, 邱德文. 细极链格孢菌Hog1 MAPK(酵母)同源基因 AtHOG1的克隆与功能分析. 华北农学报, 2009, 24(4): 74-79. FengF, Ji CY, Yang XF, Zeng HM, Qiu DW. Cloning and functional characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1 MAPK homologous gene AtHOG1 from the fungus Alternaria tenuissima. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2009, 24(4): 74-79. (in Chinese)
An Alternaria tenuissima cDNA expression library was constructed. The MAP kinase HOG1 was isolated from the Alternaria tenuissima cDNA expression library,designated as AtHOG1. It had a size of 1 539 bases in length,en2 coded a protein of 355 amino acids. The AtHog1p contained the conserved TGYactivation loop found in the stress2activat2 ed protein kinase subgroup of MAPKs and its amino acid sequence showed 94 %,90 % and 80 % identities with AfOsm1p (XP2752664)of Aspergillus f umigatus,Mg01822 (XP2363896)of Magnaporthe grisea and ScHog1p (AAB67558)of Sac2 charomyces cerevisiae, respectively. AtHOG1 cDNA sequences could complement the functions of S. cerevisiae ScHOG1 genes in sodium chloride tolerance,suggesting a functional HOGpathway exists in A. tenuissima,AtHOG1 gene was in2 volved in the stress adaptation regulation of A. tenuissima.
1. College of Life Science, Zhongkai Agriculture and Technology University, Guangzhou 510225 China; 2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; 3. Laboratories of Protein Pesticides, Department of Microbial Pesticides and Molecular Design, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing 100080, China