青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳分布特征

引用本文

李硕, 姜哲浩, 张德罡, 聂中南, 陈建纲, 胡新振, 陈璐, 袁子茹, 任灵. 青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳分布特征. 草业科学, 2016,33(8):1469-1475
Li Shuo, Jiang Zhe-hao, Zhang De-gang, Nie Zhong-nan, Chen Jian-gang, Hu Xin-zhen, Chen Lu, Yuan Zi-ru, Ren Ling. Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in northern slope of alpine meadow steppe in Qilian mountains in Qilian County, Qinghai Province. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(8): 1469-1475 复制到剪切板

Permissions

《草业科学》编辑部

青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳分布特征

李硕, 姜哲浩, 张德罡, 聂中南, 陈建纲, 胡新振, 陈璐, 袁子茹, 任灵

甘肃农业大学草业学院,甘肃兰州 730070

通讯作者:张德罡(1963-),男,甘肃武威人,教授,博士,研究方向为草地资源与生态研究。E-mail:zhangdg@gsau.edu.cn

第一作者:李硕(1989-),男,甘肃环县人,在读硕士生,研究方向为牧草栽培和草产品加工。E-mail:lishuo858@foxmail.com

收稿日期: 2016-03-28

基金: 农业部农业生态与资源保护总站“祁连山黑河流域草原固碳和应对气候变化”

摘要

为了评价青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原有机碳的分布特征,本研究以祁连县海拔2 963-3 392 m范围内高寒草甸草原为研究对象,采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,分析了祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50 cm土层土壤有机碳的分布规律。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而显著减少( P<0.01),表现为0-10>10-20>20-30>30-40>40-50 cm;土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量同土壤有机碳含量分布有相同的趋势;土壤有机碳与地上生物量和植被盖度呈极显著( P<0.01)正相关关系,表明土壤有机碳含量随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而增加。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重呈极显著( P<0.01)负相关关系;相反,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈极显著( P<0.01)正相关。

关键词: 祁连县; 高寒草甸草原; 土壤有机碳; 分布特征; 相关性分析

中图分类号:S812.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)8-1469-07 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0586

Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in northern slope of alpine meadow steppe in Qilian mountains in Qilian County, Qinghai Province

Li Shuo, Jiang Zhe-hao, Zhang De-gang, Nie Zhong-nan, Chen Jian-gang, Hu Xin-zhen, Chen Lu, Yuan Zi-ru, Ren Ling

College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Corresponding author: Zhang De-gang Zhangdg@gsau.edu.cn

Abstract

In order to evaluate the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the alpine meadow and steppe of Qilian county, the combined methods of field sampling and laboratory analysis were employed to analyze the variation of SOC in alpine meadow and steppe of Qilian county in altitude between 2 963 and 3 392 m. The results showed that there was very significant difference ( P<0.01) between the contents of SOC in different soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and 40-50 cm) which decreased with increasing soil depth. The density of SOC had same variations with the contents of SOC which also very significantly decreased with increasing soil depth. SOC had significant positive linear relationships ( P<0.01) with both herbage production and vegetation coverage. The content of SOC increased with increasing of herbage production and vegetation coverage. There was significant negative linear relationship ( P<0.01) between SOC and soil bulk density. Soil moisture decreased with increasing soil depth, therefore, the contents of SOC had significant positive linear relationships ( P<0.01) with soil moisture.

Keyword: Qilian county; alpine meadow steppe; soil organic carbon; distribution characters; correlation analysis

Show Figures

土壤是影响植物群落物种组成和群落动态的重要因子, 土壤养分往往制约着生态系统的演替过程和对环境变化的响应方式^{[1, 2, 3]}。我国高寒草甸生态系统共含有约35.4 Pg的碳, 约相当于我国所有草地碳库总量的26.4%^{[4, 5]}。因此, 高寒草甸草原在水源涵养、生物多样性保护和碳素固定等方面起着不可替代的生态屏障作用^[6], 对保护国家生态安全意义重大。然而, 近几十年来, 高寒草甸草原生态系统的结构和功能过程发生了严重退化。高寒草甸草原分布面积不大, 占全国草地总面积的1.75%。青藏高原各类草地中以高寒草甸类和高寒草原类面积较大, 其中, 高寒草甸类占45.4%, 青海省高寒草甸类草地占其草地总面积的78.1%^[7]。

土壤有机质的空间分布受到气候条件^[8]、土地利用状况^[9]、生态系统的组成与结构特征^{[10, 11]}以及土壤环境因子^{[12, 13]}等多种因素的影响, 且土壤碳主要以有机质的形式存在。研究表明, 在较大空间尺度上, 土壤有机质可以作为土壤营养状况的主要判断指标^[14]。

本研究对祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50 cm土层土壤有机碳进行初步分析, 旨在探讨土壤有机碳分布特征, 以期为研究区草地的可持续利用管理提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 样地概况

青海省祁连县地处祁连山中段腹地, 境内平均海拔3 169 m, 县城海拔2 787 m。海拔在4 000 m以上高山终年积雪, 冰川广布, 山脉间形成一系列盆地和断陷盆地, 呈“ 四山夹四盆” 之势。祁连县年平均气温1 ℃, 年降水量420 mm左右, 属典型的高原大陆性气候。由于青藏高原对大气环流的特殊影响, 使夏季来自东南季风的湿润气流得以北进西伸, 波及祁连县; 冬季受内蒙古干冷空气, 西北寒冷气流的影响, 致使祁连县冬季降温幅度大, 气温年较差较大。

以青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原为研究对象, 分别选取不同海拔高度下具有代表性的样地10个。土壤类型为亚高山草甸土, 植物主要为紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)和披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)等。分别用GPS确定样地所在经纬度、海拔高度(表1)。

表1 各样地经纬度和海拔 Table 1 The geographic location and altitude of the sampling sites

1.2 采样方法

2014年9月中旬, 分别在祁连县海拔2 963-3 392 m范围内选取10个样地, 每个样地设置3个1 m× 1 m的样方, 地上生物量采用齐地面刈割^[15]混合后称其鲜重, 带回实验室后, 置于65 ℃下烘干后称重^[16], 并在样方内采用针刺法测定植被盖度。分别在不同样地利用直径为10 cm土钻进行分层(0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm)取样, 5次重复, 对同一样地采集的相同土层土壤样品进行混合, 共组成混合土样50份, 将采集的土样用塑料袋密封带回实验室, 测定其含水量; 土样风干后, 去杂(根系、石头), 过0.25 mm的分样筛后供土壤有机碳的测定, 土壤有机碳采用碳氮联合分析仪(耶拿Analytikjena Multi N/C 2100 s, 德国)测定^[17]。每个样地挖一个土壤剖面, 采用环刀法(100 cm³)测定^[18]各层土壤容重, 分别在土层2.5-7.5、12.5-17.5、22.5-27.5、32.5-37.5和42.5-47.5 cm深度处采用环刀取样。

1.3 计算方法

根据下式计算各个样地的土壤有机碳密度^[19]和土壤含水量^[20]。

D=C_i× d_i× D_i.

式中:D表示一定土层土壤中有机碳的总量, 即有机碳密度(kg· m^-2), C_i为第i层土壤有机碳含量(g· kg^-1), d_i为第i层土壤容重(g· cm^-3), D_i为第i土层的厚度(m)。

土壤含水量=(土壤鲜重-土壤干重)/土壤鲜重× 100%。

1.4 数据分析

采用GENSTAT 12.1^[21]统计软件进行数据统计分析, 采用LSD法进行显著性比较。用Excel 2010应用软件处理测定数据, 并制作图表。土壤有机碳分别与土壤含水量、土壤容重和海拔高度进行线性回归分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 地上生物量和植被盖度

由于放牧时间的影响, 高寒草甸草原地上生物量差异较大。样地2和8的地上生物量较大, 为0.4 kg· m^-2(表2); 样地7的地上生物量最低, 为0.1 kg· m^-2。高寒草甸草原的植被盖度较大, 地面裸露的面积较小, 表明高寒草甸草原承受雨水侵蚀和风蚀的能力较强。植被盖度最大为98.0%, 最小为70.5%。

表2 不同样地地上生物量、植被盖度比较 Table 2 Comparison of Above-ground biomass and coverage in different sampling sites

2.2 土壤含水量、容重、土壤有机碳和土壤有机碳密度

不同土层对土壤含水量的影响极显著(P< 0.01)(表3)。表现为0-10> 10-20> 20-30> 30-40> 40-50 cm, 表明随着土层深度的增加, 土壤含水量逐渐下降, 其含水量分别为29.56%、22.99%、21.50%、18. 54%和18.45%。0-20和40-50 cm土层之间, 土壤容重差异显著(P< 0.05)。随着土层深度的增加土壤容重逐渐增加, 分别为1.23、1.27、1.32、1.32和1.39 g· cm^-3。

表3 不同土层土壤含水量、容重、土壤有机碳和土壤有机碳密度比较 Table 3 Comparison of soil water content, bulk, soil organic carbon and its density under different soil depths

不同土层之间, 土壤有机碳含量的差异极显著(P< 0.01)(表3)。有机碳含量次序为0-10> 10-20> 20-30> 30-40> 40-50 cm, 分别为15.41、19.99、25.31、33.46和56.35 g· kg^-1, 表明土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。

不同土层对土壤有机碳密度的影响极显著(P< 0.01)(表3)。在0-10 cm时, 土壤有机碳密度最大, 介于3.75~10.42 kg· m^-2; 10-20 cm时, 土壤有机碳密度次之, 介于2.64~5.71 kg· m^-2; 40-50 cm时, 土壤有机碳密度最小, 介于0.91~2.90 kg· m^-2。表明高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳密度随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势, 各土层平均有机碳密度分别为6.91、4.34、3.34、2.55和2.14 kg· m^-2(表3)。

2.3 不同土层土壤有机碳储量

不同土层之间, 土壤有机碳储量差异极显著(P< 0.01)(图1)。随着土层深度的加深, 不同土层土壤有机碳分布逐渐下降, 0-10 cm有机碳分布占0-50 cm有机碳总储量的37.46%, 10-20 cm占0-50 cm土壤有机碳储量的22.30%, 40-50 cm占0-50 cm土壤有机碳储量的10.10%。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同土层土壤有机碳储量比较注:不同大写字母表示不同土层之间有机碳分布差异极显著(P< 0.01)。Fig.1 Distribution percentage of soil organic carbon under various soil depth Note: Different capital letters indicate significant difference among different soil depths at 0.01 level.

2.4 土壤有机碳、土壤含水量和土壤容重间相关性

不同土层有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P< 0.01), 相关系数r为0.844 8。且随着土壤含水量的增加, 土壤有机碳含量逐渐增加。土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量均与土壤容重呈极显著线性(P< 0.01)负相关关系(图2), 即有机碳含量和土壤含水量随着土壤容重的增加而逐渐减少。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 土壤有机碳、土壤含水量和土壤容重间相关性Fig.2 Relationships among SOC, soil water content and soil bulk density

2.5 土壤有机碳、地上生物量和植被盖度间相关性

地上生物量分别与土壤有机碳和植被盖度呈极显著(P< 0.01)正相关关系(图3), r分别为0.264 8和0.799 9。同时, 土壤有机碳和植被盖度之间呈显著(P< 0.05)正相关关系, r为0.229 6。表明土壤有机碳随着植被盖度和地上生物量的增加而逐渐增加。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图3 土壤有机碳、地上生物量和植被盖度间相关性Fig.3 The relationships among SOC, herbage production and vegetation coverage

2.6 土壤有机碳与海拔相关性

在海拔2 963-3 392 m内, 高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳含量与海拔无显著相关性(P> 0.05)(图4)。这表明在海拔高度相差较小时, 高寒草甸草原的土壤有机碳含量相对集中且变化不明显。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图4 土壤有机碳与海拔的关系Fig.4 The relationship between soil organic carbon and altitude

3 讨论

植物地上生物量反映了土地的生产能力, 该研究表明, 地上生物量为0.1~0.4 kg· m^-2。与北美、欧洲及我国内蒙古地区等全球其它区域草地的地上生物量相比^[22], 祁连县高寒草甸草原地上生物量普遍低于全球水平。原因可能与我国北方温带草地降水量偏低的干旱气候和该区长期强烈的人为干扰有关^[22]。

土壤有机碳是表征土壤肥力和土壤中物质和能量流动的重要参数^[23]。顾振宽等^[24]研究表明, 土壤有机碳含量大体随着土层深度的增加而降低, 而本研究结果表明祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳含量呈现出随着土层深度增加而逐渐减少的趋势, 这与前人研究结果相一致^{[24, 25, 26, 27, 28]}。

赵锦梅等^[29]研究无论草地退化程度如何, 土壤有机碳密度均在0-10 cm土层最大, 并与其它土层差异显著。本研究表明, 土壤有机碳密度表现表层土壤有机碳密度最大, 且随土层加深而逐渐下降的趋势, 有机碳含量依次为0-10> 10-20> 20-30> 30-40> 40-50 cm; 这与其它地区土壤有机碳密度大体随着土层的加深而降低的变化特征基本一致^{[30, 31]}。

土壤有机碳、地上生物量和植被盖度两两之间呈显著线性关系。表明土壤有机碳随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而逐渐增加, 这与傅华等^[32]对阿拉善草地的研究结果相同。

土壤水分变化可以调节植物根际代谢, 对土壤有机碳的累积产生一定的影响, 因此土壤含水率被认为是与土壤有机碳含量相关的因素之一^{[33, 34]}。回归分析表明, 0-50 cm土层的土壤有机碳与土壤含水量呈极显著的线性正相关关系(P< 0.01); 0-50 cm土层土壤容重分别与土壤有机碳、土壤含水量呈极显著的线性负相关关系(P< 0.01), 即随着土壤容重的增大, 土壤有机碳及含水量在减小; 这与杨勇等^[35]在内蒙古的研究结果一致。这说明土壤各性状指标不是孤立作用, 而是相互作用、联系的有机整体。相比之下, 海拔介于2 963-3 392 m时, 高寒草甸草原的土壤有机碳含量与海拔线性关系不显著(P> 0.05)。

4 结论

随着土层深度的增加, 祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳变异系数逐渐增加, 土壤有机碳含量、土壤有机碳密度逐渐降低。

土壤有机碳和地上生物量、植被盖度两两之间呈显著的线性正相关关系; 相反, 土壤有机碳含量和容重呈极显著线性负相关关系。在2 963-3 392 m海拔范围内, 土壤有机碳含量与海拔高度无显著相关性。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	Bedford B L, Walbridge M R, Aldous A. Patterns in nutrient availability and plant diversity of temperate North American wetland s. Ecology, 2008, 80(7): 2151-2169. [本文引用:1]
[2]	刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 陈佐忠, 王艳芬, 韩建国. 不同放牧强度草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化特征. 生态学报, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056. Liu Z K, Wang S P, Chen Z Z, Wang Y F, Han J G. Properties of soil nutrients and plant community after rest grazing in Inner Mongolia steppe, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[3]	Bart F, Hans D K, Frank B. Soil nutrient heterogeneity alters competition between two perennial grass species. Ecology, 2001, 82: 2534-2546. [本文引用:1]
[4]	Xu L, Zhang X, Shi P, Yu G. Establishment of apparent quantum yield and maximum ecosystem assimilation on Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem. Science in China, 2005, 48(1): 141-147. [本文引用:1]
[5]	Jian N. Carbon storage in grassland s of China. Journal of Arid Environments, 2002, 50(2): 205-218. [本文引用:1]
[6]	刘敏超, 李迪强, 栾晓峰, 温琰茂. 三江源地区生态系统服务功能与价值评估. 植物资源与环境学报, 2005, 14(1): 40-43. Liu M C, Li D Q, Luan X F, Wen Y M. Ecosystem services and its value evaluation of Sanjiangyuan Region. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 2005, 14(1): 40-43. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[7]	中华人民共和国农业部. 中国草地资源. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1996. Agricultural Ministry of People’s Republic of China. Resource of China grassland . Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1996. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[8]	Jobbagy E G, Jackson R B. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications, 2000, 10(2): 423-436. [本文引用:1]
[9]	Don A, Schumacher J, Freibauer A. Impact of tropical land -use change on soil organic carbon stocks: Ameta analysis. Global Change Biology, 2011, 17(4): 1658-1670. [本文引用:1]
[10]	Singh J, Gupta S. Plant decomposition and soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems. The Botanical Review, 1977, 43(4): 449-528. [本文引用:1]
[11]	Batjes N H. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science, 2014, 65(1): 10-21. [本文引用:1]
[12]	Conant R T, Ryan M G, Agren G I, Birge H E, Davidson E A, Eliasson P E. Temperature and soil organic matter decomposition rates: Synthesis of current knowledge and a way forward. Global Change Biology, 2011, 17(11): 3392-3404. [本文引用:1]
[13]	Berg B. Litter decomposition and organic matter turn over in northern forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, 133(2): 13-22. [本文引用:1]
[14]	斯贵才, 袁艳丽, 王建, 王光鹏, 雷天柱, 张更新. 围封对当雄县高寒草原土壤微生物和酶活性的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(1): 1-10. Si G C, Yuan Y L, Wang J, Wang G P, Lei T Z, Zhang G X. Effects of fencing on microbial communities and soil enzyme activities in Damxung alpine grassland . Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(1): 1-10. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[15]	张德罡. 砍伐与滑坡对东祁连山杜鹃灌丛草地土壤肥力的影响. 草业学报, 2002, 11(3): 72-75. Zhang D G. Effect of deforestation and land slide on soil of Rhododendron shrub ecosystem in the eastern Qilian mountains. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2002, 11(3): 72-75. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[16]	Tharmaraj J, Chapman D F, Nie Z N, Lane A P. Herbage accumulation, botanical composition, and nutritive value of five pasture types for dairy production in southern Australia. Crop and Pasture Science, 2008, 59(2): 127-138. [本文引用:1]
[17]	苏冬雪, 王文杰, 邱岭, 王洪岩, 安静, 郑广宇, 祖元刚. 落叶松林土壤可溶性碳、氮和官能团特征的时空变化及与土壤理化性质的关系. 生态学报, 2012, 32(21): 6705-6714. Su D X, Wang W J, Qiu L, Wang H Y, An J, Zheng G Y, Zu Y G. Temporal and spatial variations of DOC, DON and their function group characteristics in larch plantations and possible relations with other physical-chemical properties. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(21): 6705-6714. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[18]	赵锦梅, 张德罡, 刘长仲, 徐长林. 祁连山东段高寒地区土地利用方式对土壤性状的影响. 生态学报, 2012, 32(2): 548-556. Zhao J M, Zhang D G, Liu C Z, Xu C L. The effect of different land use patterns on soil properties in alpine areas of eastern Qilian Mountains. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(2): 548-556. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[19]	杨成德, 龙瑞军, 陈秀蓉, 徐长林, 王进明. 东祁连山不同高寒草地类型土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度特征. 中国草地学报, 2008, 30(1): 1-5. Yang C D, Long R J, Chen X R, Xu C L, Wang J M. Characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus density in top soil under different alpine grassland s on the eastern Qilian Mountains. Chinese Journal of Grassland , 2008, 30(1): 1-5. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[20]	Qi J, Nie Z N, Jiao T, Zhang D G. Phosphorus and defoliation interact and improve the growth and composition of the plant community and soil properties in an alpine pasture of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PloS one, 2015, 10(10): 249-254. [本文引用:1]
[21]	李硕, 聂中南, 陈伟, 姜哲浩, 陈建纲, 张德罡. 干旱和盐胁迫对鸭茅叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响. 草原与草坪, 2015, 35(5): 23-27. Li S, Nie Z N, Chen W, Jiang Z H, Chen J G, Zhang D G. Responses of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) to water and salt stress. Grassland and Turf, 2015, 35(5): 23-27. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[22]	马文红, 杨元合, 贺金生, 曾辉, 方精云. 内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系. 中国科学, 2008, 38(1): 84-92. Ma W H, Yang Y H, He J S, Zeng H, Fang J Y. The relation between herbage production and environmental factor in temperature grassland of Inner Mongolia. Science in China, 2008, 38(1): 84-92. (in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
[23]	马效国, 樊丽琴, 陆妮, 沈禹颖. 不同土地利用方式对苜蓿茬地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响. 草业科学, 2005, 22(10): 13-17. Ma X G, Fan L Q, Lu N, Shen Y Y. Effects of land use pattern on soil microbial biomass C and N after 4 years lucerne on the Loess Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(10): 13-17. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[24]	顾振宽, 杜国祯, 朱炜歆, 索南吉, 张世虎. 青藏高原东部不同草地类型土壤养分的分布规律. 草业科学, 2012, 29(4): 507-512. Gu Z K, Du G Z, Zhu W X, Suonaiji, Zhang S H. Distribution pattern of soil nutrients in different grassland types and soil depth in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(4): 507-512. (in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
[25]	李明峰, 董云社, 耿元波, 齐玉春. 草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO₂排放通量的相关性分析. 环境科学, 2004, 25(2): 7-11. Li M F, Dong Y S, Geng Y B, Qi Y C. Analyses of the correlation between the fluxes of CO₂ and the distribution of C & N in grassland soil. Environmental Science, 2004, 25(2): 7-11. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[26]	Lavado R S, Sierra J O, Hashimoto P N. Impact of grazing on soil nutrients in a Pampean grassland . Journal of Range Management, 1996, 49(5): 452-457. [本文引用:1]
[27]	方运霆, 莫江明, Brown S, 周国逸, 张倩媚, 李德军. 鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳贮量和分配特征. 生态学报, 2004, 24(1): 135-142. Fang Y T, Mo J M, Brown S, Zhou G Y, Zhang Q M, Li D J. Storage and distribution of soil organic carbon in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(1): 135-142. [本文引用:1]
[28]	Ojima D S. Workshop summary statement: Terrestrial biospheric carbon fluxes Quantification of sinks and sources of CO₂. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1993, 70: 3-15. [本文引用:1]
[29]	赵锦梅, 高超, 张德罡. 祁连山东段不同退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳密度研究. 草地学报, 2010, 18(1): 21-25. Zhao J M, Gao C, Zhang D G. Study on the soil organic carbon density of alpine meadow with different degradation degrees in eastern Qilian Mountains. Acta Agrestla Sinica, 2010, 18(1): 21-25. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[30]	Li Y Y, Shao M A, Zheng J Y, Zhang X C. Spatial-temporal change of soil organic carbon density during vegetation recovery process at Ziwuling. Pedosphere, 2005, 15(5): 601-610. [本文引用:1]
[31]	刘淑丽, 林丽, 张法伟, 杜岩功, 李以康, 郭小伟, 欧阳经政, 曹广民. 放牧季节及退化程度对高寒草甸土壤有机碳的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 3(1): 11-18. Liu S L, Lin L, Zhang F W, Du Y G, Li Y K, Guo X W, Ouyang J Z, Cao G M. Effects of grazing season and degradation degree on the soil organic carbon in alpine meadow. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(1): 11-18. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[32]	傅华, 陈亚明, 王彦荣, 万长贵. 阿拉善主要草地类型土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素. 生态学报, 2004, 24(3): 199-201. Fu H, Chen Y M, Wang Y R, Wan C G. Organic carbon content in major grassland types in Alex, Inner Mongolia. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(3): 199-201. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[33]	Franzluebbers A J. Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth. Soil and Tillage Research, 2002, 66(3): 197-205. [本文引用:1]
[34]	Davidson E A, Verchot L V, Cattnio J H, Ackerman I L, Carvalho J E M. Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia. Biogeochemistry, 2000, 48(1): 53-69. [本文引用:1]
[35]	杨勇, 宋向阳, 咏梅, 李兰花, 陈海军, 王保林, 陈国清, 王瑞利, 刘爱军, 王明玖. 不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤有机碳和全氮的影响. 生态环境学报, 2015, 24(2): 204-210. Yang Y, Song X Y, Yong M, Li L H, Chen H J, Wang B L, Chen G Q, Wang R L, Liu A J, Wang M J. Impacts of different disturbances on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2015, 24(2): 204-210. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

2008

0.0

... 土壤是影响植物群落物种组成和群落动态的重要因子,土壤养分往往制约着生态系统的演替过程和对环境变化的响应方式^[1,2,3] ...

2006

0.0

刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 陈佐忠, 王艳芬, 韩建国. 不同放牧强度草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化特征. 生态学报, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056.

Liu Z

, Wang S

, Chen Z

, Wang Y

, Han J

Properties of soil nutrients and plant community after rest grazing in Inner Mongolia steppe, China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056. (in Chinese)

The paper study on the soil spatial heterogeneity and plant community properties from different stocking-rate grasslands after 4-year rest grazing in Inner Mongolia steppe. It was indicated: as the conditions of maintaining the homogenization of spatial pattern of soil nutrients and vegetation was disappeared, the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and the ratio of random factors were increased after 4-year rest grazing. The spatial heterogeneity of 0.00sheep/hm２ block for soil organic C, total N, inorganic N, available P and S is the largest, and the smallest is 4.00sheep/hm２ block. The other parameters were showed different diversification of soil nutrient came from different testing fields. The biomass and coverage of plant community were increased after 4-year rest grazing, but no significant different for plant community coverage (p>0.05). It was significant different on the biomass of plant community compared with in 1998(p ２ ) was increased respectively, but Potentilla acaulis was decreased after 4-year rest grazing. The biomass, height, coverage and diversity of plant community were took on the positive correlations with the distribution of soil nutrients, however there was only significant different between community biomass, height of plant community and soil organic C, total N, inorganic N, available P and S (p<0.05).

在内蒙古典型草原，对不同放牧率草地休牧3a后的土壤养分空间异质性和植物群落的数量变化特征进行了研究，结果表明：不同放牧率草地休牧3a后，由于维持土壤养分或植被空间格局的匀质化条件消失，土壤养分的空间异质性呈不同程度的增大趋势，随机性因素所占比例增加，其中土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、有效磷和有效硫的空间异质性均以0.00羊/hm ２区最大，4.00羊/hm ２区（中牧区）最小，其它样地不同土壤养分指标表现不同的变化特征；群落生物量和群落盖度均表现增加趋势，但群落盖度增加不显著（ p >0.05），与1998年相比，群落生物量除对照区外均达到了显著性差异（ p ２、4.00羊/hm ２和6.67羊/hm ２相比，0.00羊/hm２优势植物出现多样化特征；群落的灌丛化与牧压和恢复演替的时间序列高度相关，牧压越小，恢复演替的时间序列越大，群落灌丛化的趋势越明显；1年生植物、羊草、克氏针茅、木地肤、冷蒿（除6.67羊/hm ２）和扁蓿豆（除0.00羊/hm ２）均表现增加趋势，星毛委陵菜则均表现降低趋势；植物群落的生物量、群落高度、群落盖度和群落物种多样性与土壤养分分布均表现一致的正相关关系，但只有植物群落生物量和群落高度与土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、土壤有效磷和有效硫相关显著（p<0.05）。

... 土壤是影响植物群落物种组成和群落动态的重要因子,土壤养分往往制约着生态系统的演替过程和对环境变化的响应方式^[1,2,3] ...

2001

0.0

... 土壤是影响植物群落物种组成和群落动态的重要因子,土壤养分往往制约着生态系统的演替过程和对环境变化的响应方式^[1,2,3] ...

2005

0.0

... 4%^[4,5] ...

2002

0.0

... 4%^[4,5] ...

2005

0.0

刘敏超, 李迪强, 栾晓峰, 温琰茂. 三江源地区生态系统服务功能与价值评估. 植物资源与环境学报, 2005, 14(1): 40-43.

Liu M

, Li D

, Luan X

, Wen Y

Ecosystem services and its value evaluation of Sanjiangyuan Region.

Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 2005, 14(1): 40-43. (in Chinese)

采用谢高地分类系统和评估方法分析了三江源地区生态系统结构和服务功能,并对其价值进行了评估.结果表明:三江源地区生态系统服务功能总价值为3 377.1×108yuan·a-1.从生态系统类型来看,湿地、草地、森林、水体、荒漠和农田占其总价值的比例分别为52.91%、21.97%、15.23%、9.17%、0.67%和0.06%.从服务功能类型来看,主要是废物处理、水源涵养、气候调节、土壤形成与保护、生物多样性、娱乐文化、气体调节、原材料和食物生产.,分别占其总价值的23.9%、21.9%、19.1%、10.1%、8.7%、6.6%、6.4%、2.0%和1.3%.说明三江源地区生态系统具有多种服务功能,保护其生态系统结构和功能对中国江河中下游地区生态环境安全和区域可持续发展都具有重要意义.

... 因此,高寒草甸草原在水源涵养、生物多样性保护和碳素固定等方面起着不可替代的生态屏障作用^[6],对保护国家生态安全意义重大 ...

1996

0.0

... 1%^[7] ...

2000

0.0

... 土壤有机质的空间分布受到气候条件^[8]、土地利用状况^[9]、生态系统的组成与结构特征^[10,11]以及土壤环境因子^[12,13]等多种因素的影响,且土壤碳主要以有机质的形式存在 ...

2011

0.0

1977

0.0

2014

0.0

2011

0.0

2000

0.0

2015

0.0

斯贵才, 袁艳丽, 王建, 王光鹏, 雷天柱, 张更新. 围封对当雄县高寒草原土壤微生物和酶活性的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(1): 1-10.

Si G

, Yuan Y

, Wang

, Wang G

, Lei T

, Zhang G

Effects of fencing on microbial communities and soil enzyme activities in Damxung alpine grassland .

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(1): 1-10. (in Chinese)

The deterioration of soil ecosystem and soil degradation related to overgrazing were serious and cannot be restored in short period. In order to determine the impacts of fencing on the soil enzyme activities and soil microbial communities in Damxung steppe, the activities of β-glucosidase, invertase, phenol oxidase, peroxidase, L-asparaginase, protease, urease and alkaline phosphatase were investigated, as well as the biomass of bacteria, fungi, actinomycete, gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in soils with all fencing treatments were significantly higher ( P ＜0.05) than that in grazing soils. There were significant variations of soil moisture and pH between grazing and fencing 6 years. Invertase and L-asparaginase activities significantly increased with the fencing year extended. The biomass of bacteria, actinomycete and gram-positive bacteria in soil with 6 years fencing were significantly higher ( P ＜0.05) than that in soil. All of these results suggested that fencing changed not only soil physicochemical properties, but also soil enzyme activities and microbial communities. The further pearson correlation analysis showed that WSOC, WSON and moisture had significantly positive correlation with soil enzyme activities and soil microbial communities which suggested that all of tested factors could be good indicators for grassland degradation and restoration. All of these results showed that fencing helped improving soil organic matter to promote growth of microorganism and recovery of alpine grassland ecosystem.

1.Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Petroleum; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2.Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 3.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

过度放牧会严重破坏土壤生态系统,造成土壤退化,土壤一旦退化,即使很长年限也难以恢复。本研究通过围栏禁牧(1、4、6年)对青藏高原当雄县高寒草原退化草地进行修复,分析围封时间对高寒草原土壤理化性质、土壤微生物和酶活性的影响,以期阐明围封对高寒退化草地修复的影响。结果表明,与放牧土壤相比,围封1、4和6年的草地土壤水溶性有机碳和水溶性有机氮含量显著提高( P ＜0.05),围封6年的土壤含水量显著增加,pH值显著降低;围封显著改变了土壤蔗糖酶和L-天冬酰胺酶活性,土壤蔗糖酶和L-天冬酰胺酶活性均随着围封年限的延长有增加的趋势;围封6年土壤细菌、放线菌和革兰氏阳性细菌含量相比放牧显著升高。因此,围封不仅会引起土壤物理化学性质的变化,而且土壤酶活性与土壤微生物群落结构都会发生相应改变。Pearson相关性分析表明,水溶性有机碳、水溶性有机氮、土壤水均与土壤酶活性和微生物类群生物量显著或极显著( P ＜0.01)相关,因此这些指标可以指示退化草地修复状况。围栏禁牧有利于提高土壤易降解有机质含量,从而促进微生物生长,加速营养物质循环,促进高寒草原生态系统的恢复。

... 研究表明,在较大空间尺度上,土壤有机质可以作为土壤营养状况的主要判断指标^[14] ...

2002

0.0

张德罡. 砍伐与滑坡对东祁连山杜鹃灌丛草地土壤肥力的影响. 草业学报, 2002, 11(3): 72-75.

Zhang D

Effect of deforestation and land slide on soil of Rhododendron shrub ecosystem in the eastern Qilian mountains.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2002, 11(3): 72-75. (in Chinese)

分布于东祁连山高山地带的杜鹃灌丛下的土壤中,有效氮与有机质含量呈正相关关系(r=0.879 4,P＜0.01),全氮和全磷在年内变幅较小.砍伐后第1年内有机质、全氮含量变幅很小,分别由砍伐前的24.43%和1.00%降为24.39%和0.97%;全磷含量未见变化;有效氮含量和pH值则分别由543.4×106和7.34上升为597.8×10-6和7.43.在植被完全遭到破坏的自然滑坡地段,土壤有机质、有效氮、全氮和全磷含量与其对照相比,有不同程度的下降,分别由16.56%、415.4×10-5、0.97%和0.052%下降为9.20%、204.0×10-6、0.46%和0.038%;土壤pH值则由7.61上升为7.79.研究表明,干扰对土壤因子有较大影响,尤以滑坡最为严重.

... 1 m的样方,地上生物量采用齐地面刈割^[15]混合后称其鲜重,带回实验室后,置于65 ℃下烘干后称重^[16],并在样方内采用针刺法测定植被盖度 ...

2008

0.0

... 1 m的样方,地上生物量采用齐地面刈割^[15]混合后称其鲜重,带回实验室后,置于65 ℃下烘干后称重^[16],并在样方内采用针刺法测定植被盖度 ...

2012

0.0

苏冬雪, 王文杰, 邱岭, 王洪岩, 安静, 郑广宇, 祖元刚. 落叶松林土壤可溶性碳、氮和官能团特征的时空变化及与土壤理化性质的关系. 生态学报, 2012, 32(21): 6705-6714.

Su D

, Wang W

, Qiu

, Wang H

, An

, Zheng G

, Zu Y

Temporal and spatial variations of DOC, DON and their function group characteristics in larch plantations and possible relations with other physical-chemical properties.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(21): 6705-6714. (in Chinese)

Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), and their composition play key roles in soil carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. In this paper, DOC, DON and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA at 254 nm, 260 nm, 272 nm and 280 nm, equaling to the measured absorbance divided by the DOC concentration) of dissolved organic matter, as well as soil physical-chemical parameters (soil organic carbon SOC, soil total nitrogen SON, pH value, electrical conductivity and bulk density) were determined in 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80cm soil layers of 25 chronosequence larch plantations. The aim of this paper is to explore the temporal-spatial change of DOC, DON, SOC, SON and functional group (aromaticity, apparent molecular size and hydrophobic capacity) parameters, and their influences on soil physical-chemical properties. In the vertical profile, DOC, DON, SOC and SON in surface soil layer were significantly higher than those in the deep soil layers ( P 254 , SUVA 260 , SUVA 272 and SUVA 280 ( P >0.05); During of the development larch plantation, DOC, SOC and SON at the surface soil (0-20cm) linearly increased with larch age ( P P >0.05). Thus, DOC accumulation at surface 0-20cm soil (7 mg kg -1 a -1 ) should be a part of the SOC accumulation (762 mg kg -1 a -1 ), while no marked temporal changes were observed in both SON, DON and functional groups. Different from the significant space-temporal changes in total and dissolved C and N, composition of functional group relating to aromaticity, apparent molecular size and hydrophobic capacity were not affected by larch age and soil depth ( P >0.05). A further regression analysis showed that these functional groups exponentially decreased with DOC and also significantly related to DON in the deep layer. Pearson correlations showed DOC and DON in surface soil positively correlated with SOC, SON and soil electrical conductivity ( P 254 , SUVA 260 , SUVA 272 , SUVA 280 and soil physical-chemical properties were found in each soil layer. This indicates that quantity, rather than composition of dissolved organic matter could determine soil physical-chemical property, especially in surface soil. Our findings have scientific significance in understanding dynamics processes of soil carbon and nitrogen from the view of soluble components and functional groups during the plantation development.

土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)及其官能团特征在土壤碳、氮循环中作用非常重要。对25个不同年龄落叶松林样地、4个深度(0-20、20-40、40-60和60-80 cm)土壤DOC、DON、有机物官能团(芳香性、分子量和疏水性)特征指标(254、260、272 nm和280 nm的单位吸光度值SUVA:吸光度值/DOC含量)和土壤理化指标(土壤全碳SOC、全氮SON、pH值、电导率、容重)进行测定,旨在探究它们的时、空变化特征及与土壤理化指标相关关系。在空间尺度上,与SOC、SON一致,表层土壤DOC、DON多显著高于深层( P 254 、SUVA 260 、SUVA 272 和 SUVA 280 均不存在差异( P >0.05);在时间尺度上,仅表层土壤DOC、SOC 和SON随落叶松年龄显著线性增长( P P >0.05)。可见,土壤可溶性有机物内碳的累积(7 mg kg -1 a -1 )是SOC累积的一部分(762 mg kg -1 a -1 ),但其DON及可溶性有机物芳香性比例、分子量大小及疏水性容量等官能团特征并未受落叶松生长时间以及土壤深度的显著影响。进一步回归分析表明这些官能团指标随土壤DOC含量增加而指数下降,深层土壤同时受DON显著影响。表层土壤DOC、DON与土壤SOC、SON、土壤电导率显著正相关( P P >0.05),而官能团指标与土壤理化性质的相关性在各个土层均不显著,显示出表层土壤可溶性有机物的量,而不是官能团组成对土壤理化性质影响显著,而深层土壤可溶性有机物量对土壤理化性质不构成显著影响。对于从可溶性组分、官能团角度,分析落叶松人工林成长过程中土壤碳、氮时空变化具有科学意义。

... 25 mm的分样筛后供土壤有机碳的测定,土壤有机碳采用碳氮联合分析仪(耶拿Analytikjena Multi N/C 2100 s,德国)测定^[17] ...

2012

0.0

赵锦梅, 张德罡, 刘长仲, 徐长林. 祁连山东段高寒地区土地利用方式对土壤性状的影响. 生态学报, 2012, 32(2): 548-556.

Zhao J

, Zhang D

, Liu C

, Xu C

The effect of different land use patterns on soil properties in alpine areas of eastern Qilian Mountains.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(2): 548-556. (in Chinese)

祁连山东段是典型的高寒地区,自然环境脆弱而敏感,探讨该区域土地利用方式对土壤性状的影响有助于高寒地区土地合理利用和生态恢复.在实验区内选取了天然草地(NG)、退耕自然恢复地(NRAC)、坡耕地(SC)和人工草地(SG)4种土地利用方式,研究了不同土地利用方式对土壤物理和化学性状的影响.结果表明,高寒地区不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性状差异显著.不同土地利用方式下土壤含水量表现为:NG＞SG＞NRAC＞SC；土壤容重表现为:NRAC＞SG＞SC＞NG；土壤紧实度表现为:SC＞SG＞NRAC＞NG；总孔隙度为NG＞SC＞SG＞NRAC.在4种土地利用方式中NG有机质含量(116.438g/kg)显著高于其他土地利用方式(P＜0.05)；NRAC土壤有机质含量(28.541 g/kg)显著低于其他土地利用方式(P＜0.05)；全N含量NG最大；SC全P和全K含量最大；NG土壤速效N、P、K含量均最高.研究表明,NG在保持和维护土壤性状方面表现出了较好的效果,SC和SG土壤性状相对较差；退耕4a的NRAC土壤性状仍然较差,反映出在高寒地区土壤生态系统一旦遭到严重破坏,在自然条件下较难恢复,恢复所需时间也较长.

... 每个样地挖一个土壤剖面,采用环刀法(100 cm³)测定^[18]各层土壤容重,分别在土层2 ...

2008

0.0

杨成德, 龙瑞军, 陈秀蓉, 徐长林, 王进明. 东祁连山不同高寒草地类型土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度特征. 中国草地学报, 2008, 30(1): 1-5.

Yang C

, Long R

, Chen X

, Xu C

, Wang J

Characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus density in top soil under different alpine grassland s on the eastern Qilian Mountains.

Chinese Journal of Grassland , 2008, 30(1): 1-5. (in Chinese)

在青藏高原东祁连山以杜鹃灌丛、高山柳灌丛、金露梅灌丛、珠芽蓼草甸、禾草草地、沼泽草地和嵩草草地为研究对象,对土壤理化性质和土壤碳、氮、磷密度进行了研究.结果表明:2005年土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度分别介于4.66kg/m2～6.63 kg/m2、 0.31kg/m2～0.59 kg/m2和0.07kg/m2～0.16kg/m2,2006年分别介于5.27kg/m2～6.84kg/m2、0.40kg/m2～0.51 kg/m2和0.10kg/m2～0.20kg/m2;土壤碳、氮和磷密度受植物群落和根系分布特征影响,样地间及土层间差异明显.

... 3 计算方法根据下式计算各个样地的土壤有机碳密度^[19]和土壤含水量^[20] ...

2015

0.0

... 3 计算方法根据下式计算各个样地的土壤有机碳密度^[19]和土壤含水量^[20] ...

2015

0.0

李硕, 聂中南, 陈伟, 姜哲浩, 陈建纲, 张德罡. 干旱和盐胁迫对鸭茅叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响. 草原与草坪, 2015, 35(5): 23-27.

, Nie Z

, Chen

, Jiang Z

, Chen J

, Zhang D

Responses of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) to water and salt stress.

Grassland and Turf, 2015, 35(5): 23-27. (in Chinese)

为了研究鸭茅对干旱、盐胁迫的回馈,采用随机区组盆栽试验。试验包括4种相对含水量处理,相对含水量为75%(CK)、55%、35%、20%和3种盐浓度(100,70和35 mmol/L),以相对含水量75%作为对照,研究干旱胁迫和盐胁迫对叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着相对含水量的减少,鸭茅的非光化学荧光淬灭(N PQ)幅度逐渐降低,光化学淬灭系数(qP )逐渐增加；最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm )、潜在活性(Fv/F0)逐渐减少；电子传递速度(ETR )逐渐降低；实际原初光能的捕获效率 Y (Ⅱ)降低。但在极度干旱胁迫时,热耗散能力降低,光合作用上升,潜在最大光合效率和潜在光合效率增加,实际原初光能的捕获效率增加；表明在极度干旱的条件下,鸭茅的内部机制会做出相应的反应,来避免恶劣的环境。盐胁迫时,低浓度促进热耗散幅度抑制光合作用,相反高浓度抑制剩余光能的转化和促进光合效率；鸭茅的 F v/F m 先上升后下降,F v/F 0与 F v/F m 有相同的趋势；ETR 先上升后减少,原初光能的捕获效率先增加后降低。综合评定,鸭茅受盐胁迫影响大于干旱胁迫。

... 1^[21]统计软件进行数据统计分析,采用LSD法进行显著性比较 ...

2008

0.0

马文红, 杨元合, 贺金生, 曾辉, 方精云. 内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系. 中国科学, 2008, 38(1): 84-92.

Ma W

, Yang Y

, He J

, Zeng

, Fang J

The relation between herbage production and environmental factor in temperature grassland of Inner Mongolia.

Science in China, 2008, 38(1): 84-92. (in Chinese)

摘　要：利用实际观测的113个地面数据，估算了内蒙古温带草地地上、地下生物量的大小，揭示了其空间分布和地下生物量的垂直分布规律，并探讨了不同环境因素对地上、地下生物量的调控作用．主要结果如下：（1）3种草地类型（荒漠草原、典型草原和革甸草原）的生物量存在显著差异；其地上生物量分别为56．6，133．4和196．7g／m^2，地下生物量分别为301．0，688．9和1385．2g／m^2；（2）地上生物量和地下生物量均呈现自西南向东北增加的空间分布特征；3种草地具有相似的地下生物量垂直分布特征；总体上，温带草地表层（0～10cm）地下生物量约占总地下生物量的一半；（3）降水是导致内蒙古温带草地生物量空间变异的主要因子．地下生物量的垂直分布与降水关系密切，而受土壤质地和草地类型的影响较弱．

... 与北美、欧洲及我国内蒙古地区等全球其它区域草地的地上生物量相比^[22],祁连县高寒草甸草原地上生物量普遍低于全球水平 ...

... 原因可能与我国北方温带草地降水量偏低的干旱气候和该区长期强烈的人为干扰有关^[22] ...

2005

0.0

马效国, 樊丽琴, 陆妮, 沈禹颖. 不同土地利用方式对苜蓿茬地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响. 草业科学, 2005, 22(10): 13-17.

Ma X

, Fan L

, Lu

, Shen Y

Effects of land use pattern on soil microbial biomass C and N after 4 years lucerne on the Loess Plateau.

Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(10): 13-17. (in Chinese)

摘　要：在甘肃庆阳黄土高原,用熏蒸法研究了土地利用方式对紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa后茬土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响.结果表明:4龄苜蓿后茬种植小麦Triticum aestivum 2年后,0～5 cm土壤层微生物生物量碳比苜蓿生长地降低70 mg/kg,休闲地仅为苜蓿生长地的40%,施氮肥对土壤微生物生物量碳无显著影响(P＞0.05);苜蓿后茬连续种植小麦2年后,0～5 cm土壤层微生物生物量氮比苜蓿生长地下降28%,而休闲2年后比苜蓿生长地减少69%,施氮肥对微生物生物量氮无显著影响;苜蓿生长地土壤微生物商为 4.2%,后茬休闲后则下降至2.7 %.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮可灵敏反映苜蓿后茬地土壤质量的变化.

... 土壤有机碳是表征土壤肥力和土壤中物质和能量流动的重要参数^[23] ...

2012

0.0

顾振宽, 杜国祯, 朱炜歆, 索南吉, 张世虎. 青藏高原东部不同草地类型土壤养分的分布规律. 草业科学, 2012, 29(4): 507-512.

Gu Z

, Du G

, Zhu W

, Suonaiji, Zhang S H. Distribution pattern of soil nutrients in different grassland types and soil depth in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(4): 507-512. (in Chinese)

The vertical distributions of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in the soil profiles in 7 grassland types in the eastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated. These grassland types were: alpine meadow, alpine shrub meadow, subalpine meadow, swamp meadow, desertified steppe, interforest grassland and salinealkaline meadow. Our results showed that soil organic carbon decreased with soil depth in the 7 different grassland types, and that the cumulative amount of soil organic carbon at 0-15 cm depth in the 7 types was decreased in the following order: interforest grassland>alpine shrub meadow>alpine meadow>swamp meadow>salinealkaline meadow>subalpine meadow>desertified steppe (P interforest grassland>alpine shrub meadow>testalpine meadow>swamp meadow>salinealkaline meadow>desertified steppe>subalpine meadow (P swamp meadow>alpine meadow>salinealkaline meadow>subalpine meadow>desertified steppe>interforest grassland (P

调查分析了青藏高原东部高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸、亚高寒草甸、沼泽化草甸、荒漠化草原、林间草地、盐渍化沼泽土壤碳氮磷含量垂直分布特征。结果表明，7种草地类型中，土壤有机碳含量大体随着土层的深入而降低，0~15 cm土层土壤有机碳的累积量从高到低依次为林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草甸(P 林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>荒漠化草原>亚高寒草甸(P 沼泽化草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草原>林间草地(P

... 顾振宽等^[24]研究表明,土壤有机碳含量大体随着土层深度的增加而降低,而本研究结果表明祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳含量呈现出随着土层深度增加而逐渐减少的趋势,这与前人研究结果相一致^{[24,25,26,27,28]} ...

2004

0.0

李明峰, 董云社, 耿元波, 齐玉春. 草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO₂排放通量的相关性分析. 环境科学, 2004, 25(2): 7-11.

Li M

, Dong Y

, Geng Y

, Qi Y

Analyses of the correlation between the fluxes of CO₂ and the distribution of C & N in grassland soil.

Environmental Science, 2004, 25(2): 7-11. (in Chinese)

利用静态暗箱法,对内蒙古锡林河流域的贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等草原群落样地的CO2排放通量进行了测定;同时采集各样地的不同层次土壤混合样,分析其中有机碳和全氮的含量,探讨其与CO2排放的相关性.结果发现:不同样地群落的CO2排放与其土壤中不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关,相关系数(R)均0.8以上,说明在环境因子相对稳定的情况下,土壤有机碳和全氮含量直接或间接地决定生态系统CO2排放通量的变化.另外,土壤不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量随深度增加递减,其中70%以上集中在0～30cm土层中,说明它们主要是来自地表有机质的分解;在0～100cm的土层中,土壤有机碳和全氮的总含量从贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原依次减少,表明降水量、蒸发量和干燥度是影响土壤有机碳、全氮分布的重要因子.

1996

0.0

2004

0.0

方运霆, 莫江明, Brown

, 周国逸, 张倩媚, 李德军. 鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳贮量和分配特征. 生态学报, 2004, 24(1): 135-142.

Fang Y

, Mo J

, Brown

, Zhou G

, Zhang Q

, Li D

Storage and distribution of soil organic carbon in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(1): 135-142.

Land-use change that influences soil carbon storage and release within the tropics can have large implications for global carbon cycling. Changes in soil carbon following land-use change have become an international policy concern in terms of both sustained production at a local or regional scale, and the global consequences relating to increased emissions of CO_2 from terrestrial systems. There are eight types of vegetation in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve (DHSBR), Guangdong province, and these vegetations ...

基于 6 1个土壤剖面的数据 ,分析了鼎湖山自然保护区 4种自然植被类型 (沟谷雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林和山地灌木草丛 )和 4种次生植被类型 (马尾松针叶林、针阔混交林、次生季风常绿阔叶林和常绿灌丛 )的土壤有机碳贮量及其分配特征。结果如下 :(1)各植被类型土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而减少 ,但植被类型不同其减少程度不同。除 >4 0 cm土层外 ,自然植被类型的土壤有机碳含量明显高于次生植被类型。 (2 )土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳含量一样随深度增加而减少。两大植被类型间比较 ,除山地灌木草丛 >4 0 cm土层外 ,自然植被类型各个土层土壤碳密度都高于所有的次生植被类型对应的碳密度。对于整个土层而言 ,各植被类型土壤碳密度在 30 .9～ 12 7.9t/ hm2间 ,总平均为 73.9t/ hm2。 (3)各植被类型的土壤厚度平均为36 .7～ 73.3cm,总平均为 5 6 .4 cm。除了山地常绿阔叶林外 ,土壤厚度基本上沿海拔高度增加而减少。 (4)保护区各植被类型总面积为 10 2 8.4 hm2 ,土壤总碳贮量为 72 2 87.0 t,其中 0～ 10、10～ 2 0、2 0～ 40cm和>40cm四个土层分别占32.0%、20.6%、25.8%和21.6%。自然植被土壤碳贮量在表层（0~20cm）的比重比次生植被的高。所有的植被类型中，混交林碳贮量贡献最大、季风常绿阔叶林次之。自然植被类型土壤在碳贮存方面发挥积极的作用。（5）通过比较，鼎湖山保护区土壤碳密度整个较低，表层土壤碳贮量贡献较大。分析表明人为干扰是制约土壤碳贮存量大小的重要因素。

1993

0.0

2010

0.0

赵锦梅, 高超, 张德罡. 祁连山东段不同退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳密度研究. 草地学报, 2010, 18(1): 21-25.

Zhao J

, Gao

, Zhang D

Study on the soil organic carbon density of alpine meadow with different degradation degrees in eastern Qilian Mountains.

Acta Agrestla Sinica, 2010, 18(1): 21-25. (in Chinese)

Alpine grassland degradation has an important impact on the carbon cycle of grassland ecosystems.To investigate the soil organic carbon density changes during different process of grassland degradation will have important theoretical value to the evaluation of alpine grassland soil carbon sequestration capacity and maintenance of climate change.The objective was mainly to discuss the variation characteristics of soil organic carbon density under the interference of grassland degradation.Three different degradation degrees,namely light,moderate,and heavy,of alpine grasslands were chosen in Tianzhu area located in the eastern of Qilian Mountain in 2008.Research results show that the soil water content decreased and bulk density and pH value increased along with the increasing of degradation degree.Soil organic matter and total nitrogen showed similar change trend and significant difference existed between moderate and light or heavy degradation degree( P light degradation degree>heavy degradation degree.

于2008年在祁连山东段天祝地区选取轻度、中度和重度3个不同退化程度的高寒草地,以土壤有机碳密度为研究对象,探讨高寒草地在不同退化程度干扰下土壤有机碳密度的变化特征。结果表明:随着高寒草地退化程度的加重,土壤含水量降低,容重和pH值增大;土壤有机质和全氮有相似的变化趋势,中度与轻度或重度退化草地土壤有机质和全氮差异显著( P P 轻度>重度退化草地。

... 赵锦梅等^[29]研究无论草地退化程度如何,土壤有机碳密度均在0-10 cm土层最大,并与其它土层差异显著 ...

2005

0.0

... 这与其它地区土壤有机碳密度大体随着土层的加深而降低的变化特征基本一致^[30,31] ...

2016

0.0

刘淑丽, 林丽, 张法伟, 杜岩功, 李以康, 郭小伟, 欧阳经政, 曹广民. 放牧季节及退化程度对高寒草甸土壤有机碳的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 3(1): 11-18.

Liu S

, Lin

, Zhang F

, Du Y

, Li Y

, Guo X

, Ouyang J

, Cao G

Effects of grazing season and degradation degree on the soil organic carbon in alpine meadow.

Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(1): 11-18. (in Chinese)

Alpine meadow is the major vegetation type in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study investigated the differences in soil organic carbon content and storage under different grazing seasons and degradation degree alpine meadow of Qinghai Province. The result of this study showed that soil organic carbon content decreased with the decrease of soil depth from surface to 30 cm depth, and itwas not significantly different between cold-season grazing meadow and warm-season grazing meadow at 0―30 cm soil layer. Soil physical properties and biomass at 0-30 cm soil layer varied with different grazing seasons. Soil organic carbon content was the biggest in non-degradation meadow at0-5 cm layer and in the light-degradation meadow except for0-5 cmlayer. Soil physical properties varied with different degradation stages. The underground biomassincreased at first and then decreased while the aboveground biomassdecreased as the degradation degree of meadow increased. The soil organic carbon decreased within the cold-season grazing meadow while itincreased at first and then decreased in the warm-season grazing meadow. The soil organic carbon density was lower in the cold-season grazing meadow than that in the warm-season grazing meadow but it was not significant. These resultsimplied that the degradation degree played great impact on soil organic carbon.

高寒草甸是青藏高原的主要植被类型,本研究以青海省高寒草甸为研究对象,探讨不同放牧季节及退化程度下高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量及密度的分异特征。结果表明,在0-30 cm土层内,土壤有机碳含量随土层深度逐渐减小。土壤有机碳含量暖季放牧与冷季放牧之间无显著差异( P ＞0.05),且在不同土壤深度中一致。不同放牧季节下土壤理化性质及生物量各不相同。0-30 cm土层内,除0-5 cm未退化阶段土壤有机碳含量最高,其余各层土壤有机碳含量均在轻度退化阶段达到最大。土壤理化性质在不同退化阶段也变化各异,地下生物量随草地退化呈先增加后减小的趋势,而地上生物量随草地退化呈逐渐减小的趋势。冷季放牧高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量随草地退化呈逐渐减小的趋势,而暖季放牧土壤有机碳含量随草地退化呈先增加后减小的趋势。0-30 cm土层冷季放牧不同阶段土壤有机碳储量均低于暖季放牧,但未达到显著水平。可见,放牧强度的不同会对土壤有机碳的影响比放牧季节更大。

... 这与其它地区土壤有机碳密度大体随着土层的加深而降低的变化特征基本一致^[30,31] ...

2004

0.0

傅华, 陈亚明, 王彦荣, 万长贵. 阿拉善主要草地类型土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素. 生态学报, 2004, 24(3): 199-201.

, Chen Y

, Wang Y

, Wan C

Organic carbon content in major grassland types in Alex, Inner Mongolia.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(3): 199-201. (in Chinese)

This study analyzed soil organic carbon content (SOC) in major types of grassland along the middle range of Helan mountain in Alex,Inner Mongolia. Factors affecting carbon distribution such as annual precipitation, temperature, plant cover and productivity, soil water content, mountainous desert steppe>steppe desert>G...

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段 (西坡 )及其山前地带主要草地类型为研究对象 ,分析了不同草地类型土壤有机碳 (SOC)的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系。结果表明 :土壤有机碳含量随海拔高度的降低而逐渐降低 ,其垂直分异规律是 :山地荒漠草原沿土壤剖面依次降低 ,高山草甸、草原化荒漠和沙砾质草原化荒漠 0～ 2 0 cm与 2 0～ 40 cm土层差异不显著 ,但高于 40～ 60 cm土层。 0～ 2 0 cm和 2 0～ 40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量与年降水量、植被盖度、草地生产力、土壤含水量和<0 .0 5mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关 ,与年均温、土壤 p H值呈极显著负相关 (P<0 .0 0 1)。偏相关分析显示 ,影响 0～ 2 0 cm土层有机碳含量最主要的因素是植被盖度、草地生产力和年降水量 ,而影响 2 0～ 40 cm土层有机碳含量的最主要因素是草地生产力和植被盖度。放牧与围封对荒漠草地土壤有机碳含量有显著影响 ,在重度放牧下 0～ 2 0 cm土壤有机碳含量明显低于轻、中度放牧处理 (P<0 .0 5) ;重度退化草地围封 3 a后土壤有机碳含量比自由放牧草地显著增加。研究区沙砾草原化荒漠区0~20cm土层土壤有机碳含量在15a持续过度放牧后下降了25.2%。

... 表明土壤有机碳随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而逐渐增加,这与傅华等^[32]对阿拉善草地的研究结果相同 ...

2002

0.0

... 土壤水分变化可以调节植物根际代谢,对土壤有机碳的累积产生一定的影响,因此土壤含水率被认为是与土壤有机碳含量相关的因素之一^[33,34] ...

2000

0.0

... 土壤水分变化可以调节植物根际代谢,对土壤有机碳的累积产生一定的影响,因此土壤含水率被认为是与土壤有机碳含量相关的因素之一^[33,34] ...

2015

0.0

杨勇, 宋向阳, 咏梅, 李兰花, 陈海军, 王保林, 陈国清, 王瑞利, 刘爱军, 王明玖. 不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤有机碳和全氮的影响. 生态环境学报, 2015, 24(2): 204-210.

Yang

, Song X

, Yong

, Li L

, Chen H

, Wang B

, Chen G

, Wang R

, Liu A

, Wang M

Impacts of different disturbances on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia.

Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2015, 24(2): 204-210. (in Chinese)

摘　要：为准确把握草原生态保护与修复工程的实施效果,并为北方草地生态保护和优化管理提供有效的科学支持,选择内蒙古典型草原退牧还草工程区为研究对象,采用野外成对取样（围栏内-围栏外）与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了休牧、补播和自由放牧3种人为干扰方式对土壤容重、含水量、有机碳和全氮含量的影响。结果表明：在0~30 cm土层,随深度的增加,不同干扰方式对各指标的影响不同,但总体上草原土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮含量表现为补播﹥休牧﹥自由放牧（P〈0.05）;土壤容重为自由放牧〉休牧〉补播（P〈0.05）。随土层深度增加,除土壤容重无显著变化外（P〉0.05）,土壤有机碳和全氮含量均呈现显著下降（P〈0.05）;土壤含水量则相反,其中,补播处理降幅最小,自由放牧处理降幅最大。0~30 cm各土层土壤容重与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和全氮含量都成极显著负相关关系（P〈0.000 1）,而土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮3项指标间相互成显著正相关关系（P〈0.000 1）。综上所述,不同干扰方式对草地土壤理化性状有明显影响,自由放牧加速了草地土壤有机碳和全氮的损失,而补播和休牧对遏制草地退化、恢复草地功能起到了积极的作用。

... 这与杨勇等^[35]在内蒙古的研究结果一致 ...