Research progress and prospects of microRNAs in forage crops

microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs ubiquitously present in eukaryotes, play essential roles in the different life processes of plants and animals. In this article, we review the functions of miRNAs in the growth, development, and ecological adaptation of forage crops, with a particular focus on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in the nodule formation of leguminous forage plants, tillering of grass forage plants, and autumn dormancy of alfalfa. We also examine the roles of miRNAs in the responses to abiotic stresses, such as phosphorus, salt, and drought stresses, and biotic stresses associated with pathogens and insects. The potential applications of miRNA in molecular breeding and pest management of forage crops are also discussed. Research on miRNAs in forage crops has both scientific value and practical significance and will contribute to future advances in the fields of forage cultivation and livestock husbandry.