不同父系和性别对育肥尕力巴牛生产性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和经济效益的影响
本研究旨在通过舍饲育肥试验，探究不同父系和性别对尕力巴牛生产性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及经济效益的影响，以期为甘南州提高该畜种的资源利用率和实现科学养殖提供理论依据。试验采用2 × 2双因子设计，选取3周岁、体况相近、体重[(151 ± 9.2) kg]的健康尕力巴牛24头，其中黄尕力巴和牦尕力巴牛各12头(公母各半)。试验饲粮由精料和粗料两部分构成，其中精料饲喂量为每头牛2.50 kg·d−1，粗料自由采食。结果表明：1)黄尕力巴牛终末体重和日增重均显著高于牦尕力巴牛(P < 0.05)，且尕力巴公牛的日增重显著高于母牛(P < 0.001)。黄尕力巴牛的料重比显著低于牦尕力巴牛(P < 0.001)，且尕力巴公牛的料重比具有低于母牛的趋势(P = 0.057)；2)黄尕力巴牛育肥前的体斜长和育肥后的胸围显著高于牦尕力巴牛(P < 0.05)；3)黄尕力巴牛宰前活重和胴体重显著高于牦尕力巴牛(P < 0.05)，且尕力巴公牛的胴体重具有大于母牛的趋势(P = 0.084)；4)尕力巴牛牛肉的剪切力、熟肉率和失水率不受其父系、性别及其交互作用的影响(P > 0.10)；5)黄尕力巴牛的增重价值和育肥收入均显著高于牦尕力巴牛(P < 0.001)，且公牛的增重价值和育肥收入显著高于母牛(P < 0 .001)。综上所述，在甘南州开展尕力巴牛的舍饲育肥工作是可行的，其育肥经济效益排序为黄尕力巴公牛 > 黄尕力巴母牛 > 牦尕力巴公牛 > 牦尕力巴母牛。
English
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表 1 饲粮原料组成与营养水平
Table 1 Experimental diet ingredients and chemical compositions
原料成分
Ingredient小麦秸秆
Wheat straw精料
Concentrate营养水平
Nutrient level小麦秸秆
Wheat straw精料
Concentrate玉米 Corn/% − 56.0 干物质 Dry matter/% 92.21 90.59 豆粕 Soybean meal/% − 9.8 粗蛋白质 Crude protein/% 4.30 16.22 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal/% − 9.2 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber/% 78.82 20.27 麦芽根 Barley malt sprout/% − 10.0 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber/% 46.33 10.61 玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal/% − 9.0 粗脂肪 Ether extract/% 1.67 3.27 大豆油 Soybean oil/% − 1.0 灰分 Ash/% 9.52 6.00 氯化钠 NaCl/% − 1.0 代谢能 Metabolizable energy2)/(MJ·kg−1) 6.09 9.98 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3/% − 1.5 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4/% − 1.0 氯化镁 MgCl2/% − 0.5 预混料 Premix1)/% − 1.0 合计 Total/% − 100.0 1)为每千克预混料提供：VA 150 000 IU、VD3 30 000 IU、VE 600 IU、VK3 10 mg、VB1 10 mg、VB2 28 mg、VB12 100 μg、VB9 4 mg、VB3 200 mg、VB5 50 mg、VB7 2 mg、碘16.5 mg、硒6 mg、钴4 mg、铜0.2 g、铁2.25 g、锌1.1 g、钙130 g、 磷21 g、镁15.5 g、锰1.6 g。2)代谢能根据中国饲料成分及营养价值表进行计算，其余为实测值。
1) The premix provided the following per kg components: Vitamin A 150 000 IU, Vitamin D3 30 000 IU, Vitamin E 600 IU, Vitamin K3 10 mg, Vitamin B1 10 mg, Vitamin B2 28 mg, Vitamin B12 100 μg, Vitamin B9 4 mg, Vitamin B3 200 mg, Vitamin B5 50 mg, Vitamin B7 2 mg, I 16.5 mg, Se 6 mg, Co 4 mg, Cu 0.2 g, Fe 2.25 g, Zn 1.1 g, Ca 130 g, P 21 g, Mg 15.5 g, and Mn 1.6 g. 2) ME was calculated according to the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutrition Values in China, while the others were measured values.
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表 2 不同父系和性别对尕力巴牛生产性能的影响
Table 2 Effects of different paternities and genders on Galiba cattle production performance
项目
Item牦尕力巴
Mao-Galiba黄尕力巴
Huang-GalibaSEM P ♂ ♁ ♂ ♁ 父系
Paternity性别
Gender交互
Interaction初始体重 Initial body weight/kg 148 142 160 153 9.20 0.159 0.431 0.990 终末体重 Final body weight/kg 205 194 231 215 10.20 0.012 0.115 0.738 干物质采食量 Dry matter intake/(kg·d−1) 7.19 6.88 7.43 7.15 0.34 0.131 0.085 0.900 平均日增重 Average daily gain/(g·d−1) 630 577 798 686 23.90 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.112 料重比 Feed/gain 12.3 12.8 10.0 11.3 0.61 < 0.001 0.057 0.230
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表 3 不同父系和性别对尕力巴牛体尺指标的影响
Table 3 Effects of different paternities and genders on Galiba cattle body size
项目
Item牦尕力巴
Mao-Galiba黄尕力巴
Huang-GalibaSEM P ♂ ♁ ♂ ♁ 父系
Paternity性别
Gender交互
Interaction育肥前 Before fattening 体斜长 Body oblique length/cm 56.7 52.0 71.8 68.6 6.50 < 0.01 0.272 0.825 体高 Body height/cm 104 101 107 103 3.70 0.505 0.270 0.838 胸围 Chest circumference/cm 137 128 143 135 5.60 0.730 0.642 0.595 管围 Cannon circumference/cm 25.7 23.4 26.9 24.8 2.64 0.326 0.157 0.737 育肥后 After fattening 体斜长 Body oblique length/cm 123 120 128 124 7.00 0.175 0.364 0.841 体高 Body height/cm 102 105 107 105 6.40 0.584 0.942 0.529 胸围 Chest circumference/cm 154 149 164 158 4.80 0.029 0.087 0.831 管围 Cannon circumference/cm 33.6 33.7 34.6 34.5 3.17 0.826 0.757 0.732
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表 4 不同父系和性别对尕力巴牛屠宰性能和肉品质的影响
Table 4 Effects of different paternities and genders on Galiba cattle slaughter performance and meat quality
项目
Item牦尕力巴
Mao-Galiba黄尕力巴
Huang-GalibaSEM P ♂ ♁ ♂ ♁ 父系
Paternity性别
Gender交互
Interaction宰前活重 Live weight before slaughter/kg 204 195 233 215 10.20 0.012 0.115 0.738 胴体重 Carcass weight/kg 106 99 121 113 7.80 < 0.001 0.084 0.786 屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% 51.9 50.8 51.9 52.6 0.95 0.130 0.268 0.451 眼肌面积 Loin muscle area/cm2 68.2 67.3 68.8 69.1 1.36 0.180 0.672 0.348 剪切力 Shear force/kg 6.95 7.09 7.09 6.97 0.36 0.866 0.882 0.516 熟肉率 Cooked meat rate/% 65.3 65.8 66.2 65.0 2.36 0.902 0.767 0.513 失水率 Driage/% 23.6 22.8 22.8 23.3 1.28 0.808 0.830 0.361
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表 5 不同父系和性别对尕力巴牛育肥经济效益的影响
Table 5 Effects of different paternities and genders on Galiba cattle economic benefits
项目
Item牦尕力巴
Mao-Galiba黄尕力巴
Huang-GalibaSEM P ♂ ♁ ♂ ♁ 父系
Paternity性别
Gender交互
Interaction饲料成本
Feed cost/(yuan·head−1)1409 1374 1435 1405 24.6 0.225 0.142 0.743 增重价值
Economic value of
weight gain/(yuan·head−1)1759 1585 2253 1932 80.4 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.342 育肥收入
Economic income
of fattening/(yuan·head−1)350 211 818 527 67.5 < 0.001 < 0.01 0.127
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