中国式现代化视野下草原生态治理的对策初探
草原生态治理是中国式现代化的重要命题之一，我国草原生态治理已取得了突破，但还面临草原承包权改革引发的分散化治理难题、草原有害生物的危害、草原生态环境损害行为追责难等诸多挑战。这既有历史原因，也有发展中的新问题，又有社会思想理念变迁、现实制度设计等原因。草原治理目标责任的偏差、统筹协调能力的不足、草原治理空心化等问题均妨碍了草原生态保护修复工作的开展，弱化了生态治理的成效。本文对当前中国草原生态治理中存在的问题进行了剖析，提出了确立系统治理和综合治理模式、优化多元主体协同治理的目标责任体系、完善草原生态治理法规体系建设、加强草原精细化管理，以及加大牧区经济投入、培育新兴草原生态经济等对策，为协同推动草原生态治理、健全山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理机制提供了参考。
English
-
参考文献
[1] 国务院办公厅. 国务院办公厅关于加强草原保护修复的若干意见. (2021-03-12) [2023-05-22]. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5600082.htm. General Office of the State Council. Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Grassland Protection and Restoration. (2021-03-12) [2023-05-22]. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5600082.htm.
[2] 郝天象, 杨萌, 于贵瑞. 统筹草地生态系统五库功能 构建国家生态安全屏障. 中国科学基金, 2023, 37(4): 603-612. HAO T X, YANG M, YU G R. Integrating the five functions of grassland ecosystems to build a national ecological security barrier. China Science Foundation, 2023, 37(4): 603-612.
[3] 周莉. 青藏高原草原畜牧业绿色发展研究. 成都: 四川大学博士学位论文, 2023. ZHOU L. Research on green development of grassland animal husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PhD Thesis. Chengdu: Sichuan University, 2023.
[4] 国家林草局. 全国防沙治沙规划(2021-2030年). (2023-01-03)[2023-05-18]. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/586/20230103/104817639175469.html. National Forestry and Grassland Administration. National Sand Prevention and Control Plan (2021-2030). (2023-01-03) [2023-05-18]. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/586/20230103/104817639175469.html.
[5] 任继周. 中国草原未来可期. 森林与人类, 2020(1): 40. REN J Z. The future of China’s grassland is promising. Forests and Humanity, 2020(1): 40.
[6] 董战峰, 冀云卿. 中国绿色发展十年回顾与展望. 科技导报, 2022, 40(19): 43-52. DONG Z F, JI Y Q. Ten-year review and outlook of China’s green development. Science and Technology Herald, 2022, 40(19): 43-52.
[7] 李世东, 刘某承. 中国退耕还林还草发展历程、建设现状与前景展望(英文). Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(1): 120-128. LI S D, LIU M C. Development history, construction status and prospect of returning farmland to forest and grassland in China (in English). Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(1): 120-128.
[8] 酒泉市林业和草原局. 加强草原保护修复持续提升生态功能. (2023-02-23)[2023-05-28]. http://lyhcy.jiuquan.gov.cn/lyhcyj/c106643/202301/5125520c7fdd417dab1a55c4daf3d30f.shtml. Jiuquan Forestry and Grassland Bureau. Strengthen grassland protection and restoration to continuously improve ecological functions. (2023-02-23) [2023-05-28]. http://lyhcy.jiuquan.gov.cn/lyhcyj/c106643/202301/5125520c7fdd417dab1a55c4daf3d30f.shtml.
[9] PARKS S, GOWDY G. What have economists learned about valuing nature? A review essay. Ecosystem Services, 2013, 3: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.01.001
[10] 陈琪, 杨九艳, 闫瑞玲, 李娜娜, 贾喆亭. 荒漠区不同植被类型NDVI变化特征分析:以内蒙古阿拉善盟为例. 中国草地学报, 2022, 44(3): 17-28. CHEN Q, YANG J Y, YAN R L, LI N N, JIA Z T. Characterization of NDVI changes of different vegetation types in desert areas: Taking Alashan League of Inner Mongolia as an example. China Grassland Journal, 2022, 44(3): 17-28.
[11] 侯向阳. 西部半干旱地区应大力发展旱作栽培草地. 草业科学, 2017, 34(1): 161-164. HOU X Y. Semiarid area should develop dry farming grasslands. Pratacultural Science, 2017, 34(1): 161-164.
[12] 全国畜牧总站. 天然草地承包面积. (2023-03-06) [2023-05-20]. http://www.nahs.org.cn/jchsjcm/cysj/. National Animal Husbandry Station. Contracted area of natural grassland. (2023-03-06) [2023-05-20]. http://www.nahs.org.cn/jchsjcm/cysj/.
[13] 关士琪, 董芮彤, 唐增. 牧户超载过牧行为的研究:基于可持续生计的视角. 中国草地学报, 2021, 43(7): 86-94. GUAN S Q, DONG R T, TANG Z. Study on overgrazing behavior of herdsmen from the perspective of sustainable livelihood. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2021, 43(7): 86-94.
[14] 褚力其. 基于牧户行为的草畜平衡实现机制研究. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学博士学位论文, 2022. CHU L Q. Research on the mechanism of achieving grass-animal balance based on herdsmen’s behavior. PhD Thesis. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2022.
[15] 俞树毅, 王睿. 草原生态文明建设进路中“围栏困境”的破解. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版), 2022, 50(4): 63-73. YU S Y, WANG R. The solution of "fence dilemma" in the construction of grassland ecological civilization. Journal of Lanzhou University (Social Science Edition), 2022, 50(4): 63-73.
[16] 曾奕丰, 张芊妤, 侯扶江. 青藏高原气候变化对牧场生产的影响. 草学, 2022(3): 13-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-3971.2022.03.003 ZENG Y F, ZHANG Q Y, HOU F J. The impact of climate change on pasture production in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Agrostology, 2022(3): 13-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-3971.2022.03.003
[17] 国家林业和草原局, 国家发展和改革委员会. “十四五”林业草原保护发展规划纲要. (2021-08-30) [2023-05-22]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/19/content_5632156.htm. National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Development and Reform Commission. Outline of the 14th Five Year Plan for the Protection and Development of Forestry and Grassland. (2021-08-30) [2023-05-22]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/19/content_5632156.htm.
[18] 花蕊, 包达尔罕, 董瑞, 唐庄生, 楚彬, 郝媛媛, 花立民. 基于无人机遥感的天然草原鼠害发生面积调查方法研究. 草业学报, 2023, 32(5): 71-82. HUA R, Baodaerhan, DONG R, TANG Z S, CHU B, HAO Y Y, HUA L M. Research on the survey method of natural grassland rodent infestation area based on drone remote sensing. Journal of Grassland Science, 2023, 32(5): 71-82.
[19] 岳方正, 高书晶, 程通通, 徐林波, 韩海斌, 丁伟, 柴守权. 中国草原有害生物防治工作现状及展望. 草地学报, 2021, 29(8): 1615-1620. YUE F Z, GAO S J, CHENG T T , XU L B, HAN H B, DING W, CHAI S Q. Current situation and outlook of grassland pest control in China. Grassland Journal, 2021, 29(8): 1615-1620.
[20] 张凯, 陈彦宾, 张昭, 杨礼胜. 中国“十四五”重大病虫害防控综合技术研发实施展望. 植物保护学报, 2022, 49(1): 69-75. ZHANG K, CHEN Y b, ZHANG Z, YANG L S. Prospects for the implementation of integrated technology research and development for the prevention and control of major pests and diseases in China during the “14th Five-Year Plan”. Journal of Plant Protection, 2022, 49(1): 69-75.
[21] 束锡红, 陈祎. 生态文明视阈下西北区域环境变迁与绿色转型发展. 西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2020, 50(5): 127-134. SHU X H, CHEN W. Environmental change and green transformation development in northwest China from the perspective of ecological civilization. Journal of Northwest University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2020, 50(5): 127-134.
[22] 侯鑫狄, 张东红, 姚贵敏, 张彩云, 张小栋. 典型草原鼠虫害不同施药方式防治综合对比. 中国森林病虫, 2023, 42(4): 46-50. HOU X D, ZHANG D H , YAO G M, ZHANG C Y, ZHANG X D. Comprehensive comparison of control of rodent and insect pests in typical grassland by different application methods. Forest Pests and Diseases in China, 2023, 42(4): 46-50.
[23] 杨旭兵, 韩海斌, 王宁, 高海燕, 高书晶. 植物源杀虫剂在蝗虫防治中的研究进展. 中国草地学报, 2023, 45(8): 139-148. YANG X B, HAN H B, WANG N, GAO H Y, GAO S J. Research progress of plant-derived insecticides in locust control. Chinese Journal of Grassland Science, 2023, 45(8): 139-148.
[24] 岳方正, 李荣才, 王志鹏, 徐震霆, 柴守权. 2019年我国草原生物灾害防治工作调查与分析. 中国森林病虫, 2020, 39(4): 45-48. YUE F Z, LI R C, WANG Z P, XU Z T, CHAI S Q. Survey and analysis of grassland biohazard prevention and control in China in 2019. China Forest Diseases and Insects, 2020, 39(4): 45-48.
[25] JUVAN E, DOLNICAR S. Drivers of pro-environmental tourist behaviours are not universal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 166: 879-890. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.087
[26] 洪军, 杜桂林, 贠旭疆, 何新天, 张焕强, 林峻. 近10年来我国草原虫害生物防控综合配套技术的研究与推广进展. 草业学报, 2014, 23(5): 303-311. HONG J, DU G L, YUN X J, HE X T, ZHANG H Q, LIN J. Progress of research and promotion of integrated supporting technologies for grassland pest biological prevention and control in China in the past 10 years. Journal of Grass Industry, 2014, 23(5): 303-311.
[27] 吴俏燕, 何应学, 陈海鹰, 纪凤仙, 胡巍, 王晶, 武生荣. 乱采滥挖野生药用植物对甘南草原生态环境的破坏. 草业科学, 2011, 28(12): 2225-2227. WU Q Y, HE Y X, CHEN H Y, JI F X, HU W, WANG J, WU S R. Destruction of Gannan grassland ecological environment by indiscriminate mining of wild medicinal plants. Grassland Science, 2011, 28(12): 2225-2227.
[28] 唐池. 西藏冬虫夏草资源法律保护研究. 西藏民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2017, 38(4): 82-86. TANG C. Research on legal protection of cordyceps resources in Tibet. Journal of Tibet University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2017, 38(4): 82-86.
[29] 高雪. 我国野生植物保护法律制度完善研究. 北京: 北京农学院博士学位论文, 2021. GAO X. Research on the Improvement of the Legal System of Wild Plant Protection in China. PhD Thesis. Beijing: Beijing Agricultural College, 2021.
[30] 苗使. 国家林草局首次开展森林草原联合执法专项行动. 绿色中国, 2019(8): 56-57. MIAO S. The State Forestry and Grassland Administration carries out the first joint law enforcement special operation on forest and grassland. Green China, 2019(8): 56-57.
[31] 周伟. 生态环境保护与修复的多元主体协同治理: 以祁连山为例. 甘肃社会科学, 2018(2): 250-255. ZHOU W. Synergistic governance of multiple subjects in ecological environmental protection and restoration: Taking the Qilian Mountains as an Example. Gansu Social Science, 2018(2): 250-255.
[32] 于恩逸, 崔宁, 吴迪, 唐明方, 付晓, 吴钢. 草原生态环境损害因果关系判定路径. 生态学报, 2021, 41(2): 943-948. YU E Y, CUI N, WU D, TANG M F, FU X, WU G. Judgment path of causal relationship of grassland ecological environment damage. Journal of Ecology, 2021, 41(2): 943-948.
[33] 唐芳林, 杨智, 王卓然, 孙暖, 韩丰泽, 赵金龙. 生态文明视域下草原治理体系构建研究. 草地学报, 2021, 29(11): 2381-2390. TANG F L, YANG Z, WANG Z R, SUN N, HAN F Z, ZHAO J L. Study on the construction of grassland management system from the perspective of ecological civilization. Journal of Grassland, 2021, 29(11): 2381-2390.
[34] 严海, 刘晓莉. 地方政府草原生态治理能动性的限制因素分析: 以草原生态补偿实施现状的考察为视角. 辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2020, 48(3): 123-127. YAN H, LIU X L. Analysis on the restrictive factors of the initiative of local governments in grassland ecological governance: From the perspective of the investigation of the implementation status of grassland ecological compensation. Journal of Liaoning University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2020, 48(3): 123-127.
[35] 强国民, 王春豪. 草原生态治理的多重逻辑分析. 云南行政学院学报, 2022(4): 32-45. QIANG G M, WANG C H. Multiple logic analysis of grassland ecological governance. Journal of Yunnan University of Administration, 2022(4): 32-45.
[36] 杜三强, 程云湘, 周国利, 武建双, 常生华, 马海玲. 生态奖补政策下的牧民收入影响因素分析: 以肃南、甘南为例. 中国草地学报, 2019, 41(4): 118-127. DU S Q, CHENG Y X, ZHOU G L, WU J S, CHANG S H, MA H L. Analysis of herders’ income influencing factors under the ecological reward and subsidy policy: Taking Sunan and Gannan as an example. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2019, 41(4): 118-127.
[37] 陈金元, 杜维波, 苏旭. 青海省国家重点保护野生植物名录: 基于国家重点保护野生植物名录(2021版). 草业学报, 2022, 31(9): 1-12. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2021502 CHEN J Y, DU W B, SU X. List of wild plants under national key protection in Qinghai Province: Based on the list of wild plants under national key protection (2021 edition). Journal of Grass Industry, 2022, 31(9): 1-12. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2021502
[38] 王政. 禁牧休牧监管立法的分析与探讨. 草业科学, 2016, 33(7): 1440-1446. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0565 WANG Z. Discussion on the regulatory legislation of banning grazing and delay grazing. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(7): 1440-1446. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0565
[39] 李静. 我国草原生态补偿制度的问题与对策: 以甘肃省为例. 草业科学, 2015, 32(6): 1027-1032. LI J. The problems and strategy analysis of grassland ecological compensation system: A case of Gansu Province. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(6): 1027-1032.
[40] 张如心, 谭淑豪. 第二轮草原生态保护补助奖励政策的减畜效应及其对新一轮政策的启示: 基于内蒙古牧区微观时序追踪数据的分析. 中国农村经济, 2022(5): 55-71. ZHANG R X, TAN S H. The livestock reduction effect of the second round of grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward policy and its enlightenment for the new round of policy: Analysis based on micro time series tracking data in Inner Mongolia Pastoral Areas. China Rural Economy, 2022(5): 55-71.
[41] 包智明, 石腾飞. 牧区城镇化与草原生态治理. 中国社会科学, 2020(3): 146-162, 207. BAO Z M, SHI T F. Pastoral urbanization and grassland ecological governance. China Social Science, 2020(3): 146-162, 207.
[42] 崔思朋. 以优秀传统民族文化推动铸牢中华民族共同体意识: 基于北方草原游牧生产方式及其生态价值分析视角. 内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2022, 54(5): 5-12. CUI S P. Promoting the consciousness of chinese national community by excellent traditional national culture: Based on the analysis perspective of nomadic production mode and its ecological value in the northern grassland. Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2022, 54(5): 5-12.
[43] 阿拉衣·阿不都艾力, 马椿栋, 刘滨谊. 草原人居环境保护与发展三元论: 以新疆伊犁河谷为例. 中国园林, 2019, 35(9): 30-35. Alayi·Abuduaili, MA C D, LIU B Y. Three-dimensional theory on protection and development of grassland human settlement environment: A case study of Ili Valley in Xinjiang. Classical Chinese Garden, 2019, 35(9): 30-35.
[44] 侯扶江, 苟晓伟, 任继周. 为什么不能废除放牧. 中国科学人, 2016(7): 10-17. HOU F J, GOU X W, REN J Z. Why can't grazing be abolished. Chinese Scientist, 2016(7): 10-17.
[45] 阿卜杜热合曼·吾斯曼, 玉素甫江·如素力, 张发, 茹克亚·萨吾提, 张旭辉. 基于遥感监测的天山新疆段草地退化时空特征及其与气候因子的关系. 草业科学, 2023, 40(7): 1779-1792. Abudureheman·Wusiman, Yusupijiang·Rusuli, ZHANG F, Rukeya·Sawuti, ZHANG X H. Spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in Xinjiang section of Tianshan Mountain and its relationship with climate factors based on remote sensing monitoring. Grassland Science, 2023, 40(7): 1779-1792.
[46] 包秀慧. 生态文明建设视域中的内蒙古地区游牧文化的变迁. 贵州民族研究, 2020, 41(6): 83-90. BAO H X. The changes of nomadic culture in Inner Mongolia from the perspective of ecological civilization construction. Guizhou Ethnic Studies, 2020, 41(6): 83-90.
[47] 张英俊, 殷国梅, 刘楠, 王成杰, 黄顶, 李向林, 董全民, 孙宗玖. 草畜平衡评价技术规范 LY/T 3320-2022. 北京: 由国家林业和草原局标准化技术委员会, 2021. ZHANG Y J, YIN G M, LIU N, WANG C J, HUANG D, LI X L, DONG Q M, SUN Z J. Technical Code for Evaluation of Grass-Livestock Balance LY/T 3320-2022. Beijing: National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2021.
[48] 任继周. 祁连山生态安全的相关建议. 草业科学, 2023, 40(1): 1-3. REN J Z. Suggestions on Ecological Security of Qilian Mountains. Pratacultural Science, 2023, 40(1): 1-3.
[49] 韩秀珍, 唐孝辉. 我国《草原法》立法问题研究. 内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版), 2021, 47(2): 110-115. HAN X Z, TANG X H. Study on the legislation of grassland law in China. Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (Social Science Edition), 2021, 47(2): 110-115.
[50] BOUKAS N, ZIAKAS V. Impacts of the global economic crisis on Cyprus tourism and policy responses. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2013, 15(4): 329-345. doi: 10.1002/jtr.1878
[51] 康涛. 青藏高原草原牧区边界治理法治化思考. 西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2020(10): 87-92. KANG T. Thoughts on the legalization of border management in grassland and pastoral areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2020(10): 87-92.
[52] 董世魁, 任继周. 牧业文明与草地健康: 认识草地畜牧业自然生态:人文社会耦合系统. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版), 2015, 43(4): 105-110. DONG S K, REN J Z. Animal husbandry civilization and grassland health: Understanding the natural ecology humanistic society coupling system of grassland animal husbandry. Journal of Lanzhou University (Social Sciences Edition), 2015, 43(4): 105-110.
[53] AKINCIS, KIYMALIOGLU A, ATILGAN I E. How golf players’ satisfaction from golf experience intentions? Mediating role of perceived value. International Journal of Culture Tourism & Hospitality Research, 2015, 9(2): 117-132.
[54] 王洪波, 韩爱惠. 中国草原管理政策探讨. 林业资源管理, 2019(11): 8-13. WANG H B, HAN A H. Discussion on grassland management policy in China. Forest Resource Management, 2019(11): 8-13.
[55] 高媛, 张祖欣, 张榕, 胡小文. 我国草种质量认证现状、实施途径与技术瓶颈. 草业科学, 2022, 39(2): 391-398. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2021-0114 GAO Y, ZHANG Z X, ZHANG R, HU X W. Current situation, implementation methods, and technical bottlenecks in forage seed quality certification in China. Pratacultural Science, 2022, 39(2): 391-398. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2021-0114
-
![]()
图 1 2012-2021年中国栽培草地新增面积
数据来源Data source：http://www.nahs.org.cn/jchsjcm/cysj/.
Figure 1. New area of cultivated grassland in China from 2012 to 2021
![]()
图 2 2012－2021年中国天然草地承包面积
数据来源Data source：http://www.nahs.org.cn/jchsjcm/cysj/
Figure 2. Contracted area of natural grassland in China from 2012 to 2021
![]()
图 3 2020年中国草原鼠虫害发生面积
数据来源Data source：https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/19/content_5632156.htm和《“十四五”林业草原保护发展规划纲要》。
Figure 3. Grassland rodent and pest infestation areas in China, 2020
![]()
图 4 2012－2021年中国天然草地禁牧、休牧、轮牧面积
数据来源Data source：http://www.nahs.org.cn/jchsjcm/cysj/
Figure 4. Area of natural grassland forbidden grazing, closed grazing, and rotational grazing in China from 2012 to 2021
表 1 中国关于草原生态文明建设的指导思想、方针政策
Table 1 The guiding ideology, principles and policies of China on the construction of grassland ecological civilization
时间
Time重要论述
Important remark1956年1月23日
January 23, 1956国家发布《1956年到1967年全国农业发展纲要草案》，第十八条规定：“发展林业，绿化一切可能绿化的荒地荒山”。
Our country issued the Draft of the National Agricultural Development Outline from 1956 to 1967, which stipulated in Article 18: “Develop forestry and green all possible barren land and mountains.”1984年12月13日
December 13, 1984第五届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过《关于开展全民义务植树运动的决议》。
The Fourth Session of the 5th National People’s Congress adopted the Resolution on Carrying out the National Voluntary Tree Planting Campaign.1985年6月18日
June 18, 1985第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议通过《中华人民共和国草原法》。最近一次修订即根据2021年4月29日第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国道路交通安全法〉等八部法律的决定》第三次修正。
Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China was scrutinized by Eleventh Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People’s Congress. The latest revision, the Third Amendment, was part of the Decision on Amending the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China and Eight Other Laws, adopted at the Twenty-eighth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on April 29, 2021.2012年11月
November 2012中国共产党十八大报告提出“把生态文明建设放在突出地位……努力建设美丽中国，实现中华民族永续发展。”
Report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China innotes “Put the construction of ecological civilization in a prominent position……and strive to build a beautiful China and realize the sustainable development of the Chinese nation.”2017年10月
October 2017中国共产党十九大报告提出“像对待生命一样对待生态环境，统筹山水林田湖草系统治理……”
Report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China innotes “ Treat the ecological environment as if it were life, coordinate the management of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses……”2020年3月12日
March 12, 2020国务院办公厅颁布《国务院办公厅关于加强草原保护修复的若干意见》(国办发〔2021〕7号)，指出草原保护修复工作取得显著成效，草原生态持续恶化的状况得到初步遏制，部分地区草原生态明显恢复。但当前我国草原生态系统整体仍较脆弱，保护修复力度不够、利用管理水平不高、科技支撑能力不足、草原资源底数不清等问题依然突出，草原生态形势依然严峻。
The General Office of the State Council promulgated Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Grassland Protection and Restoration (State Council [2021] 7) note that Grassland protection and restoration work has achieved remarkable results, with the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology being initially curbed and grassland ecology in some areas significantly restored. However, China’s grassland ecosystem as a whole is still fragile, and problems such as insufficient protection and restoration efforts, low utilization and management levels, insufficient scientific and technological support capacity, and unclear grassland resources are still prominent, and the grassland ecological situation is still serious.2022年10月
October 2022中国共产党二十大报告“坚持山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理，统筹产业结构调整、污染治理、生态保护、应对气候变化……”
Report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China innotes “Adhere to the integrated protection and systematic management of mountains, forests, fields, lakes, grass, and sand, coordinate industrial restructuring, pollution control, ecological protection……”2023年2月13日
February 13, 2023《中共中央、国务院关于做好2023年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作的意见》发布，提出深入推进草原畜牧业转型升级，合理利用草地资源，推进划区轮牧；提升重点区域森林草原火灾综合防控水平；加大草原保护修复力度；巩固退耕还林还草成果，落实相关补助政策。
Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Doing a Good Job in Comprehensively Promoting the Key Work of Rural Revitalization in 2023 emphasizes the following: deepening the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry, rationalizing the use of grassland resources, and promoting the allocation of areas for rotational grazing. It also highlights the need to enhance comprehensive prevention and control of forest and grassland fires in key areas, strengthen the efforts for grassland protection and restoration, and consolidate the results of converting farmland back to forest and grassland, with continued implementation of relevant subsidy policies.
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 中国中央草原管理行政机构演变历程
Table 2 The evolution of grassland administrative organization in China
时间
Time/(YYYY-MM)中央草原管理行政机构
Grassland management administration职责
Responsibility1949-10 农业部畜牧业司草原处成立
The Grassland Division of the Department of Animal Husbandry of the Ministry of Agriculture was established负责草原监督管理、草原保护、草原合理开发利用及生态建设、草原鼠虫害防治、草原防火等工作
Responsible for the supervision and management of grasslands, including their protection, rational development and utilization, ecological construction, pests and rodents control, and fire prevention.1982-10 全国畜牧总站草业处成立
The Grassland Division of the National Livestock Husbandry Administration was established承担草牧业、饲草业经济及发展战略，宏观政策研究，法律法规起草，灾害的监测预警，草业统计，农牧民补助奖励等
Undertake economic and development strategies for the grass and forage industry, macro policy research, drafting of laws and regulations, monitoring and early warning of disasters, grassland statistics, subsidies and incentives for farmers and herdsmen, etc.2003-04 农业部草原监理中心成立
The Grassland Supervision Center of the Ministry of Agriculture was established全国草原保护、草原法律法规的执行与监督、草原自然灾害预防减灾、草原资源保护与利用等。
National grassland protection, implementation and supervision of grassland laws and regulations, prevention and mitigation of grassland natural disasters, and protection and utilization of grassland resources.2018-03 国家林业和草原局草原管理司成立
The Grassland Management Division of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Department was established负责全国草原行政执法监督工作；指导全国草原生态保护、修复治理、防灾减灾、开发利用等。
Responsible for national grassland administration and law enforcement supervision; guiding national grassland ecological protection, restoration and management, disaster prevention and mitigation, development and utilization.
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 国务院办公厅. 国务院办公厅关于加强草原保护修复的若干意见. (2021-03-12) [2023-05-22]. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5600082.htm. General Office of the State Council. Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Grassland Protection and Restoration. (2021-03-12) [2023-05-22]. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5600082.htm.
[2] 郝天象, 杨萌, 于贵瑞. 统筹草地生态系统五库功能 构建国家生态安全屏障. 中国科学基金, 2023, 37(4): 603-612. HAO T X, YANG M, YU G R. Integrating the five functions of grassland ecosystems to build a national ecological security barrier. China Science Foundation, 2023, 37(4): 603-612.
[3] 周莉. 青藏高原草原畜牧业绿色发展研究. 成都: 四川大学博士学位论文, 2023. ZHOU L. Research on green development of grassland animal husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PhD Thesis. Chengdu: Sichuan University, 2023.
[4] 国家林草局. 全国防沙治沙规划(2021-2030年). (2023-01-03)[2023-05-18]. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/586/20230103/104817639175469.html. National Forestry and Grassland Administration. National Sand Prevention and Control Plan (2021-2030). (2023-01-03) [2023-05-18]. http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/586/20230103/104817639175469.html.
[5] 任继周. 中国草原未来可期. 森林与人类, 2020(1): 40. REN J Z. The future of China’s grassland is promising. Forests and Humanity, 2020(1): 40.
[6] 董战峰, 冀云卿. 中国绿色发展十年回顾与展望. 科技导报, 2022, 40(19): 43-52. DONG Z F, JI Y Q. Ten-year review and outlook of China’s green development. Science and Technology Herald, 2022, 40(19): 43-52.
[7] 李世东, 刘某承. 中国退耕还林还草发展历程、建设现状与前景展望(英文). Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(1): 120-128. LI S D, LIU M C. Development history, construction status and prospect of returning farmland to forest and grassland in China (in English). Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(1): 120-128.
[8] 酒泉市林业和草原局. 加强草原保护修复持续提升生态功能. (2023-02-23)[2023-05-28]. http://lyhcy.jiuquan.gov.cn/lyhcyj/c106643/202301/5125520c7fdd417dab1a55c4daf3d30f.shtml. Jiuquan Forestry and Grassland Bureau. Strengthen grassland protection and restoration to continuously improve ecological functions. (2023-02-23) [2023-05-28]. http://lyhcy.jiuquan.gov.cn/lyhcyj/c106643/202301/5125520c7fdd417dab1a55c4daf3d30f.shtml.
[9] PARKS S, GOWDY G. What have economists learned about valuing nature? A review essay. Ecosystem Services, 2013, 3: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.01.001
[10] 陈琪, 杨九艳, 闫瑞玲, 李娜娜, 贾喆亭. 荒漠区不同植被类型NDVI变化特征分析:以内蒙古阿拉善盟为例. 中国草地学报, 2022, 44(3): 17-28. CHEN Q, YANG J Y, YAN R L, LI N N, JIA Z T. Characterization of NDVI changes of different vegetation types in desert areas: Taking Alashan League of Inner Mongolia as an example. China Grassland Journal, 2022, 44(3): 17-28.
[11] 侯向阳. 西部半干旱地区应大力发展旱作栽培草地. 草业科学, 2017, 34(1): 161-164. HOU X Y. Semiarid area should develop dry farming grasslands. Pratacultural Science, 2017, 34(1): 161-164.
[12] 全国畜牧总站. 天然草地承包面积. (2023-03-06) [2023-05-20]. http://www.nahs.org.cn/jchsjcm/cysj/. National Animal Husbandry Station. Contracted area of natural grassland. (2023-03-06) [2023-05-20]. http://www.nahs.org.cn/jchsjcm/cysj/.
[13] 关士琪, 董芮彤, 唐增. 牧户超载过牧行为的研究:基于可持续生计的视角. 中国草地学报, 2021, 43(7): 86-94. GUAN S Q, DONG R T, TANG Z. Study on overgrazing behavior of herdsmen from the perspective of sustainable livelihood. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2021, 43(7): 86-94.
[14] 褚力其. 基于牧户行为的草畜平衡实现机制研究. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学博士学位论文, 2022. CHU L Q. Research on the mechanism of achieving grass-animal balance based on herdsmen’s behavior. PhD Thesis. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2022.
[15] 俞树毅, 王睿. 草原生态文明建设进路中“围栏困境”的破解. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版), 2022, 50(4): 63-73. YU S Y, WANG R. The solution of "fence dilemma" in the construction of grassland ecological civilization. Journal of Lanzhou University (Social Science Edition), 2022, 50(4): 63-73.
[16] 曾奕丰, 张芊妤, 侯扶江. 青藏高原气候变化对牧场生产的影响. 草学, 2022(3): 13-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-3971.2022.03.003 ZENG Y F, ZHANG Q Y, HOU F J. The impact of climate change on pasture production in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Agrostology, 2022(3): 13-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-3971.2022.03.003
[17] 国家林业和草原局, 国家发展和改革委员会. “十四五”林业草原保护发展规划纲要. (2021-08-30) [2023-05-22]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/19/content_5632156.htm. National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Development and Reform Commission. Outline of the 14th Five Year Plan for the Protection and Development of Forestry and Grassland. (2021-08-30) [2023-05-22]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/19/content_5632156.htm.
[18] 花蕊, 包达尔罕, 董瑞, 唐庄生, 楚彬, 郝媛媛, 花立民. 基于无人机遥感的天然草原鼠害发生面积调查方法研究. 草业学报, 2023, 32(5): 71-82. HUA R, Baodaerhan, DONG R, TANG Z S, CHU B, HAO Y Y, HUA L M. Research on the survey method of natural grassland rodent infestation area based on drone remote sensing. Journal of Grassland Science, 2023, 32(5): 71-82.
[19] 岳方正, 高书晶, 程通通, 徐林波, 韩海斌, 丁伟, 柴守权. 中国草原有害生物防治工作现状及展望. 草地学报, 2021, 29(8): 1615-1620. YUE F Z, GAO S J, CHENG T T , XU L B, HAN H B, DING W, CHAI S Q. Current situation and outlook of grassland pest control in China. Grassland Journal, 2021, 29(8): 1615-1620.
[20] 张凯, 陈彦宾, 张昭, 杨礼胜. 中国“十四五”重大病虫害防控综合技术研发实施展望. 植物保护学报, 2022, 49(1): 69-75. ZHANG K, CHEN Y b, ZHANG Z, YANG L S. Prospects for the implementation of integrated technology research and development for the prevention and control of major pests and diseases in China during the “14th Five-Year Plan”. Journal of Plant Protection, 2022, 49(1): 69-75.
[21] 束锡红, 陈祎. 生态文明视阈下西北区域环境变迁与绿色转型发展. 西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2020, 50(5): 127-134. SHU X H, CHEN W. Environmental change and green transformation development in northwest China from the perspective of ecological civilization. Journal of Northwest University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2020, 50(5): 127-134.
[22] 侯鑫狄, 张东红, 姚贵敏, 张彩云, 张小栋. 典型草原鼠虫害不同施药方式防治综合对比. 中国森林病虫, 2023, 42(4): 46-50. HOU X D, ZHANG D H , YAO G M, ZHANG C Y, ZHANG X D. Comprehensive comparison of control of rodent and insect pests in typical grassland by different application methods. Forest Pests and Diseases in China, 2023, 42(4): 46-50.
[23] 杨旭兵, 韩海斌, 王宁, 高海燕, 高书晶. 植物源杀虫剂在蝗虫防治中的研究进展. 中国草地学报, 2023, 45(8): 139-148. YANG X B, HAN H B, WANG N, GAO H Y, GAO S J. Research progress of plant-derived insecticides in locust control. Chinese Journal of Grassland Science, 2023, 45(8): 139-148.
[24] 岳方正, 李荣才, 王志鹏, 徐震霆, 柴守权. 2019年我国草原生物灾害防治工作调查与分析. 中国森林病虫, 2020, 39(4): 45-48. YUE F Z, LI R C, WANG Z P, XU Z T, CHAI S Q. Survey and analysis of grassland biohazard prevention and control in China in 2019. China Forest Diseases and Insects, 2020, 39(4): 45-48.
[25] JUVAN E, DOLNICAR S. Drivers of pro-environmental tourist behaviours are not universal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 166: 879-890. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.087
[26] 洪军, 杜桂林, 贠旭疆, 何新天, 张焕强, 林峻. 近10年来我国草原虫害生物防控综合配套技术的研究与推广进展. 草业学报, 2014, 23(5): 303-311. HONG J, DU G L, YUN X J, HE X T, ZHANG H Q, LIN J. Progress of research and promotion of integrated supporting technologies for grassland pest biological prevention and control in China in the past 10 years. Journal of Grass Industry, 2014, 23(5): 303-311.
[27] 吴俏燕, 何应学, 陈海鹰, 纪凤仙, 胡巍, 王晶, 武生荣. 乱采滥挖野生药用植物对甘南草原生态环境的破坏. 草业科学, 2011, 28(12): 2225-2227. WU Q Y, HE Y X, CHEN H Y, JI F X, HU W, WANG J, WU S R. Destruction of Gannan grassland ecological environment by indiscriminate mining of wild medicinal plants. Grassland Science, 2011, 28(12): 2225-2227.
[28] 唐池. 西藏冬虫夏草资源法律保护研究. 西藏民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2017, 38(4): 82-86. TANG C. Research on legal protection of cordyceps resources in Tibet. Journal of Tibet University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2017, 38(4): 82-86.
[29] 高雪. 我国野生植物保护法律制度完善研究. 北京: 北京农学院博士学位论文, 2021. GAO X. Research on the Improvement of the Legal System of Wild Plant Protection in China. PhD Thesis. Beijing: Beijing Agricultural College, 2021.
[30] 苗使. 国家林草局首次开展森林草原联合执法专项行动. 绿色中国, 2019(8): 56-57. MIAO S. The State Forestry and Grassland Administration carries out the first joint law enforcement special operation on forest and grassland. Green China, 2019(8): 56-57.
[31] 周伟. 生态环境保护与修复的多元主体协同治理: 以祁连山为例. 甘肃社会科学, 2018(2): 250-255. ZHOU W. Synergistic governance of multiple subjects in ecological environmental protection and restoration: Taking the Qilian Mountains as an Example. Gansu Social Science, 2018(2): 250-255.
[32] 于恩逸, 崔宁, 吴迪, 唐明方, 付晓, 吴钢. 草原生态环境损害因果关系判定路径. 生态学报, 2021, 41(2): 943-948. YU E Y, CUI N, WU D, TANG M F, FU X, WU G. Judgment path of causal relationship of grassland ecological environment damage. Journal of Ecology, 2021, 41(2): 943-948.
[33] 唐芳林, 杨智, 王卓然, 孙暖, 韩丰泽, 赵金龙. 生态文明视域下草原治理体系构建研究. 草地学报, 2021, 29(11): 2381-2390. TANG F L, YANG Z, WANG Z R, SUN N, HAN F Z, ZHAO J L. Study on the construction of grassland management system from the perspective of ecological civilization. Journal of Grassland, 2021, 29(11): 2381-2390.
[34] 严海, 刘晓莉. 地方政府草原生态治理能动性的限制因素分析: 以草原生态补偿实施现状的考察为视角. 辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2020, 48(3): 123-127. YAN H, LIU X L. Analysis on the restrictive factors of the initiative of local governments in grassland ecological governance: From the perspective of the investigation of the implementation status of grassland ecological compensation. Journal of Liaoning University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2020, 48(3): 123-127.
[35] 强国民, 王春豪. 草原生态治理的多重逻辑分析. 云南行政学院学报, 2022(4): 32-45. QIANG G M, WANG C H. Multiple logic analysis of grassland ecological governance. Journal of Yunnan University of Administration, 2022(4): 32-45.
[36] 杜三强, 程云湘, 周国利, 武建双, 常生华, 马海玲. 生态奖补政策下的牧民收入影响因素分析: 以肃南、甘南为例. 中国草地学报, 2019, 41(4): 118-127. DU S Q, CHENG Y X, ZHOU G L, WU J S, CHANG S H, MA H L. Analysis of herders’ income influencing factors under the ecological reward and subsidy policy: Taking Sunan and Gannan as an example. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2019, 41(4): 118-127.
[37] 陈金元, 杜维波, 苏旭. 青海省国家重点保护野生植物名录: 基于国家重点保护野生植物名录(2021版). 草业学报, 2022, 31(9): 1-12. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2021502 CHEN J Y, DU W B, SU X. List of wild plants under national key protection in Qinghai Province: Based on the list of wild plants under national key protection (2021 edition). Journal of Grass Industry, 2022, 31(9): 1-12. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2021502
[38] 王政. 禁牧休牧监管立法的分析与探讨. 草业科学, 2016, 33(7): 1440-1446. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0565 WANG Z. Discussion on the regulatory legislation of banning grazing and delay grazing. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(7): 1440-1446. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0565
[39] 李静. 我国草原生态补偿制度的问题与对策: 以甘肃省为例. 草业科学, 2015, 32(6): 1027-1032. LI J. The problems and strategy analysis of grassland ecological compensation system: A case of Gansu Province. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(6): 1027-1032.
[40] 张如心, 谭淑豪. 第二轮草原生态保护补助奖励政策的减畜效应及其对新一轮政策的启示: 基于内蒙古牧区微观时序追踪数据的分析. 中国农村经济, 2022(5): 55-71. ZHANG R X, TAN S H. The livestock reduction effect of the second round of grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward policy and its enlightenment for the new round of policy: Analysis based on micro time series tracking data in Inner Mongolia Pastoral Areas. China Rural Economy, 2022(5): 55-71.
[41] 包智明, 石腾飞. 牧区城镇化与草原生态治理. 中国社会科学, 2020(3): 146-162, 207. BAO Z M, SHI T F. Pastoral urbanization and grassland ecological governance. China Social Science, 2020(3): 146-162, 207.
[42] 崔思朋. 以优秀传统民族文化推动铸牢中华民族共同体意识: 基于北方草原游牧生产方式及其生态价值分析视角. 内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2022, 54(5): 5-12. CUI S P. Promoting the consciousness of chinese national community by excellent traditional national culture: Based on the analysis perspective of nomadic production mode and its ecological value in the northern grassland. Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2022, 54(5): 5-12.
[43] 阿拉衣·阿不都艾力, 马椿栋, 刘滨谊. 草原人居环境保护与发展三元论: 以新疆伊犁河谷为例. 中国园林, 2019, 35(9): 30-35. Alayi·Abuduaili, MA C D, LIU B Y. Three-dimensional theory on protection and development of grassland human settlement environment: A case study of Ili Valley in Xinjiang. Classical Chinese Garden, 2019, 35(9): 30-35.
[44] 侯扶江, 苟晓伟, 任继周. 为什么不能废除放牧. 中国科学人, 2016(7): 10-17. HOU F J, GOU X W, REN J Z. Why can't grazing be abolished. Chinese Scientist, 2016(7): 10-17.
[45] 阿卜杜热合曼·吾斯曼, 玉素甫江·如素力, 张发, 茹克亚·萨吾提, 张旭辉. 基于遥感监测的天山新疆段草地退化时空特征及其与气候因子的关系. 草业科学, 2023, 40(7): 1779-1792. Abudureheman·Wusiman, Yusupijiang·Rusuli, ZHANG F, Rukeya·Sawuti, ZHANG X H. Spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in Xinjiang section of Tianshan Mountain and its relationship with climate factors based on remote sensing monitoring. Grassland Science, 2023, 40(7): 1779-1792.
[46] 包秀慧. 生态文明建设视域中的内蒙古地区游牧文化的变迁. 贵州民族研究, 2020, 41(6): 83-90. BAO H X. The changes of nomadic culture in Inner Mongolia from the perspective of ecological civilization construction. Guizhou Ethnic Studies, 2020, 41(6): 83-90.
[47] 张英俊, 殷国梅, 刘楠, 王成杰, 黄顶, 李向林, 董全民, 孙宗玖. 草畜平衡评价技术规范 LY/T 3320-2022. 北京: 由国家林业和草原局标准化技术委员会, 2021. ZHANG Y J, YIN G M, LIU N, WANG C J, HUANG D, LI X L, DONG Q M, SUN Z J. Technical Code for Evaluation of Grass-Livestock Balance LY/T 3320-2022. Beijing: National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2021.
[48] 任继周. 祁连山生态安全的相关建议. 草业科学, 2023, 40(1): 1-3. REN J Z. Suggestions on Ecological Security of Qilian Mountains. Pratacultural Science, 2023, 40(1): 1-3.
[49] 韩秀珍, 唐孝辉. 我国《草原法》立法问题研究. 内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版), 2021, 47(2): 110-115. HAN X Z, TANG X H. Study on the legislation of grassland law in China. Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (Social Science Edition), 2021, 47(2): 110-115.
[50] BOUKAS N, ZIAKAS V. Impacts of the global economic crisis on Cyprus tourism and policy responses. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2013, 15(4): 329-345. doi: 10.1002/jtr.1878
[51] 康涛. 青藏高原草原牧区边界治理法治化思考. 西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2020(10): 87-92. KANG T. Thoughts on the legalization of border management in grassland and pastoral areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2020(10): 87-92.
[52] 董世魁, 任继周. 牧业文明与草地健康: 认识草地畜牧业自然生态:人文社会耦合系统. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版), 2015, 43(4): 105-110. DONG S K, REN J Z. Animal husbandry civilization and grassland health: Understanding the natural ecology humanistic society coupling system of grassland animal husbandry. Journal of Lanzhou University (Social Sciences Edition), 2015, 43(4): 105-110.
[53] AKINCIS, KIYMALIOGLU A, ATILGAN I E. How golf players’ satisfaction from golf experience intentions? Mediating role of perceived value. International Journal of Culture Tourism & Hospitality Research, 2015, 9(2): 117-132.
[54] 王洪波, 韩爱惠. 中国草原管理政策探讨. 林业资源管理, 2019(11): 8-13. WANG H B, HAN A H. Discussion on grassland management policy in China. Forest Resource Management, 2019(11): 8-13.
[55] 高媛, 张祖欣, 张榕, 胡小文. 我国草种质量认证现状、实施途径与技术瓶颈. 草业科学, 2022, 39(2): 391-398. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2021-0114 GAO Y, ZHANG Z X, ZHANG R, HU X W. Current situation, implementation methods, and technical bottlenecks in forage seed quality certification in China. Pratacultural Science, 2022, 39(2): 391-398. doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2021-0114
计量
- PDF下载量: 29
- 文章访问数: 44
- HTML全文浏览量: 2
