苜蓿干草与青贮的调制技术及其在反刍动物日粮中的应用进展
苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草和青贮均是可长期保存的优质粗饲料，但两者氮组分和乳酸菌发酵产物的不同使其部分营养价值存在差异。本文总结了国内外苜蓿干草和青贮在动物饲养中的研究，发现其对反刍动物生产性能、瘤胃发酵特性、乳肉品质和甲烷排放的影响主要取决于三点：1)其本身质量的高低。苜蓿调制后的优劣会影响其采食量及肠道消化率；2)与其他饲料的组合效应。瘤胃可降解能氮平衡可改善瘤胃发酵参数；3)替换饲喂比例。低比例同质量替换饲喂对机体影响甚微；并列出部分苜蓿干草(收割、干燥及饲喂)和青贮(添加剂、菌剂及打包)的调制进展，旨在为苜蓿的高效利用提供理论依据。
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表 1 苜蓿干草和青贮营养价值比较
Table 1 Comparison of the nutritional value of alfalfa hay and silage
调制方式
Forage
finishing
method样本量
Sample
size营养成分 Nutrition fact 干物质
Dry
matter/
% FM粗蛋白
Crude
protein/
% DM水溶氮
Water soluble
nitrogen/
% CP瘤胃可
降解蛋白
Rumen
degradable
protein/% CP中性洗
涤纤维
Neutral
detergent
fiber/% DM酸性洗
涤纤维
Acid
detergent
fiber/% DM糖
Sugar/
% DM淀粉
Starch/
% DM粗脂肪
Ether
extract/
% DM灰分
Ash/
% DM苜蓿干草
Alfalfa hay5 925 91.7 ± 2.3 19.5 ± 3.5 40.5 ± 9.2 13.7 ± 2.4 40.5 ± 6.9 33.8 ± 5.8 6.67 ± 2.13 2.00 ± 1.11 2.56 ± 0.62 11.0 ± 1.6 苜蓿青贮
Alfalfa silage1 453 38.1 ± 8.5 19.5 ± 2.6 61.7 ± 9.7 15.8 ± 2.5 41.7 ± 5.2 36.3 ± 4.5 2.45 ± 1.62 1.18 ± 0.81 3.27 ± 0.44 13.9 ± 2.7 数据由唐山科博兰谷饲料检测技术服务有限公司提供。FM： 鲜物质基础；DM：干物质基础；CP：粗蛋白含量；下表同。
The data were provided by Cumberland Valley Analytical Service, located in Tangshan. FM: fresh material basis; DM: dry material basis; CP: crude protein content. This is applicbale for the following tables as well.
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表 2 苜蓿干草和青贮氮组分比较
Table 2 Comparison of nitrogen composition between alfalfa hay and silage
调制方式
Forage
finishing
methods干物质
Dry matter/
(g·kg−1)粗蛋白
Crude protein/
(g·kg−1) DM中性洗涤纤维
Neutral
detergent fiber/
(g·kg−1) DM酸性洗涤纤维
Acid detergent
fiber/
(g·kg−1) DM氨氮
NH3-N/
%Totle N游离氨基酸
Free amino
acid A/
%Total N水溶氮
Water soluble
nitrogen/
%Total N非蛋白氮
Non-protein
nitrogen/
%Total N参考文献
Reference苜蓿干草
Alfalfa hay862.0 183.0 479.0 1.3 8.0 14.00 [19] 苜蓿青贮
Alfalfa silage388.0 209.0 449.0 7.8 29.2 47.00 苜蓿干草
Alfalfa hay875.0 226.0 461.0 350.0 0.8 5.9 20.60 [20] 苜蓿青贮
Alfalfa silage265.0 185.0 434.0 331.0 10.9 44.4 61.90 苜蓿干草
Alfalfa hay853.2 181.9 383.4 286.1 24.83 22.73 [21] 苜蓿青贮
Alfalfa silage405.3 201.2 377.4 290.3 42.78 42.28
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表 3 苜蓿干草和青贮饲喂对奶牛总表观消化率的影响
Table 3 Effects of alfalfa hay and silage feeding on total apparent digestibility of dairy
调制方式与饲喂量
Forage finishing
methods and the
ratio of feeds总表观消化率 Total apparent digestibility/(g·kg−1) DM 参考文献
Reference干物质
Dry matter有机物
Organic
matter中性洗涤纤维
Neutral
detergent fiber酸性洗涤纤维
Acid
detergent fiber粗蛋白
Crude
protein100%苜蓿干草
100% alfalfa hay548 553 408 430 665 [19] 100%苜蓿青贮
100% alfalfa silage564 566 417 451 667 25%苜蓿干草
25% alfalfa hay645 671 385 318 556 [25] 25%苜蓿青贮
25% alfalfa silage714* 747* 474* 292 584 *， P < 0.05。下表同。
*, P < 0.05. This is applicable for the following tables as well.
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表 4 苜蓿干草和青贮的营养物质瘤胃降解率
Table 4 Rumen degradation rate of nutrients in alfalfa hay and silage
研究方法
Condition调制方式
Forage finishing
method瘤胃降解率 Rumen digestibility/(g·kg−1) DM 参考文献
Reference干物质
Dry matter中性洗涤纤维
Neutral detergent fiber酸性洗涤纤维
Acid detergent fiber粗蛋白
Crude protein体外24 h
In vitro 24 h苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 825.0* 495.0 [33] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 785.0 490.0 体外48 h
In vitro 48 h苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 692.0 513.0 496.00 [37] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 709.0 551.0 513.00 体外72 h
In vitro 72 h苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 665.6 433.6 511.70 855.8 [38] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 712.8 439.1 523.80 847.8 原位培养72 h
In situ
cultivation 72 h苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 656.4 561.8* 55.41* 833.0* [39] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 623.5 462.6 450.5 702.8
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表 5 苜蓿干草和青贮饲喂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵参数的影响
Table 5 Effects of alfalfa hay and silage feeding on ruminant fermentation parameters
研究方法
Condition调制方式与饲喂量
Forage finishing methods and
the ratio of feeds瘤胃发酵参数 Fermentation in rumen 参考文献
ReferencepH 氨气NH3/
(mL·h−1)挥发性脂肪酸 Volatile
fatty acids/(mmol·L−1)氨氮NH3-N/
(mg·dL−1)体外24 h
In vitro 24 h苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 34.80 23.40 [33] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 30.40 21.50 体外24 h
In vitro 24 h苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 30.04 26.51 [14] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 28.52 27.59 体外48h
In vitro 48 h苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 120.00 21.50 [37] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 119.00 21.80 饲喂
Feeds100%苜蓿干草 100% alfalfa hay 6.44 12.5* 127.00a [19] 100%苜蓿青贮 100% alfalfa silage 6.65* 11.7 117.70b 饲喂
Feeds10%苜蓿干草 10% alfalfa hay 6.27b 6.57 97.10a [11] 10%苜蓿青贮 10% alfalfa silage 6.47* 5.56 79.80b 饲喂
Feeds75%苜蓿干草 75% alfalfa hay 6.12 10.3b 137.00 [27] 75%苜蓿青贮 75% alfalfa silage 6.14 13.8* 147.00 饲喂
Feeds10%苜蓿干草 10% alfalfa hay 5.97 143.40 3.23b [24] 10%苜蓿青贮 10% alfalfa silage 6.18 133.30 4.80* 饲喂
Feeds25%苜蓿干草 25% alfalfa hay 6.60 100.00 [25] 25%苜蓿青贮 25% alfalfa silage 6.47 109.00 饲喂
Feeds23%苜蓿干草 23% alfalfa hay 6.30 12.6 128.71 [29] 26%苜蓿青贮 26% alfalfa silage 6.36 10.7 125.04
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表 6 N15标记下的苜蓿干草和青贮氮组分分布
Table 6 Comparison of nitrogen composition between alfalfa hay and silage
(g·kg−1) DM 调制方式
Forage
finishing
method总氮
Total
nitrogen氨氮
NH3-
Nitrogen非氨非
蛋白氮
Non-ammonia
Non-Protein
nitrogen固相氮
Solid-phase
nitrogen固相非
纤维氮
Solid
nonfiber
nitrogen中性洗涤
不溶氮
Neutral detergent
insoluble
protein酸性洗涤
不溶氮
Acid detergent
insoluble
protein有效纤维
结合氮
Available
fiber-bound
nitrogen总游离
氨基酸
Total free
amino
acid还原糖
Reducing
sugars参考
文献
Reference苜蓿干草
Alfalfa hay40.2 0.17 14.1 25.0 19.1 4.5 1.4 3.1 6.7 17.2 [9] 苜蓿青贮
Alfalfa silage42.4 4.73 23.5 13.1 8.6 2.8 1.7 1.1 67.2 32.1
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表 7 苜蓿干草和半干青贮营养价值比较
Table 7 Comparison of the nutritional value of alfalfa hay and semi-silage
调制方式
Forage finishing
method营养成分 Nutrition facts/(g·kg−1) DM 参考文献
Reference干物质
Dry matter粗蛋白
Crude protein粗纤维
Crude fibre粗脂肪
Ether extract灰分
Ash无氮浸出物
Nitrogen-free extract苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 905.7 212.6 342.5 8.0 83 344.2 [84] 苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 405.0 225.0 329.0 16.5 83 345.6
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