基于CiteSpace文献计量的草地资源生态补偿研究：特征、机制及政策
为明晰草地资源生态补偿领域的研究脉络与热点动态，本文基于WOS (Web of Science，科学网)和CNKI (中国知网)数据，使用CiteSpace文献计量软件，分析国内外草地生态补偿研究的国家分布、国际热点及国内核心作者分布、机构分布、热点变化。结果表明：1)美国是该领域发文量第一的国家，中国次之，两国国际合作影响力较高；2)国际研究主要涵盖补偿政策设计、受偿意愿影响因素、补偿标准估算、政策成效等方面；3)国内研究重点突出，未形成稳固的核心作者网络；4)国内研究先后经历理论探索、政策实践和政策完善等阶段；5)除国际普遍关注的热点外，国内还结合我国牧区的具体情况进行研究。本文成果有助于全面了解我国牧区草地资源生态补偿领域的发展特征、学科前沿，并为未来该领域的深入研究提供参考。
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图 1 基于CiteSpace文献计量的草地资源生态补偿特征及进展研究思路图
Figure 1. Research characteristics and progress of ecological compensation for grassland resources based on CiteSpace bibliometrics
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图 2 草原生态补偿研究国家分布图
Figure 2. Country distribution of grassland ecological compensation research
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图 3 国际草原生态补偿研究关键词聚类图
Figure 3. Keywords clustering of international grassland ecological compensation research
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图 4 草地生态补偿国际热点地域分布图
数据来源：草地的类型数据来自欧空局ESA-CCI植被分类数据集2020。
Figure 4. Grassland ecological compensation international hotspot geographical distribution map
Data source: Grassland-type data from ESA-CCI Vegetation Classification Dataset 2020. (http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/).
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图 5 草原生态补偿研究中文核心作者合作网络图
Figure 5. Chinese core author cooperative network of grassland ecological compensation research
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图 6 国内草原生态补偿研究机构合作网络图
Figure 6. Institution cooperation network of grassland ecological compensation in China
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图 7 国内草原生态补偿研究文献量年度分布图
Figure 7. Annual number of publications of grassland ecological compensation research in China
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图 8 国内草原生态补偿研究关键词网络图谱
Figure 8. Keyword network of grassland ecological compensation research in China
表 1 不同草地类型主要植被组成及典型特征
Table 1 Main vegetation composition and typical characteristics of different grassland types
草地类型
Grassland type植被组成主要种类
Main types of vegetation composition典型特征
Typical characteristic温性草甸草原
Temperate meadow grassland旱生丛生禾草、混生中生、中旱生草种
Arid tufted grasses, mixed mesic grasses, medium and arid grasses多分布于气候湿润的山坡，高原、丘陵地带
Mostly distributed in the humid climate of the mountain slopes, plateau, and hilly areas温性草原
Temperate grassland旱生丛生禾草
Arid tufted grass多分布于气候温暖的谷地和盆地
Mostly found in warm climate valleys and basins温性荒漠草原
Temperate desert grassland中旱生小禾草、旱生半灌木
Medium and dry small grasses, dry semi-shrubs发育于温带，多分布于年降水量少的干旱区Develops in temperate zones, mostly in arid zones with low annual precipitation 草原化荒漠
Grasslandization desert强旱生荒漠植物
Highly arid desert plants发育于温带，多分布于半干旱区
Developed in temperate zones, mostly in semi-arid areas温性荒漠
Temperate desert超旱生小半乔木、灌木、半灌木
Small semi-arid trees, shrubs, semi-shrubs发育于温带，多分布于极干旱区
Develops in temperate zones, mostly in very dry areas山地草甸
Mountain meadow中生禾草、杂草
Mesic grasses, weeds多分布于气温低、降水多的山地森林
Mostly found in montane forests with low temperatures and high precipitation低地草甸
Lowland meadow中生乔木、豆科草、杂草
Mesic trees, leguminous grasses, weeds发育于温带、亚热带、热带，主要受地表径流或地下水影响而形成的隐域性草地
Cryptic grassland that develops in temperate, subtropical, and tropical zones and is mainly influenced by surface runoff or groundwater高寒草甸
Alpine meadow莎草、小杂草
Sedge, small weeds发育于高原和高山，分布于年气温在0 ℃以下的寒冷地带
Developed in highlands and mountains, distributed in cold areas where the annual temperature is below 0 ℃资料来源：2017年《草业调查与研究》，仅列示我国的8种主要草地类型。
Source: 2017 Leafy Grass Survey and Research, showing only the eight major grassland types in the China.
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表 2 国际草原生态补偿研究排名前10国家中介中心性
Table 2 Betweenness centrality of the top 10 countries in international grassland ecological compensation research
排序
Serial
number国家
Country发文量
Number of
articles issued中介中心性
Betweenness
centrality1 美国 America 127 0.38 2 中国 China 115 0.25 3 英国 England 28 0.21 4 德国 Germany 22 0.11 5 澳大利亚 Australia 22 0.01 6 加拿大 Canada 21 0.04 7 巴西 Brazil 17 0.01 8 荷兰 Netherlands 13 0.06 9 法国 France 12 0.07 11 西班牙 Spain 11 0.01
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表 3 国际草原生态补偿研究关键词聚类信息表
Table 3 Information of keywords clustering in international grassland ecological compensation research
聚类号
Cluster-ID聚类名称
Cluster
name节点数
Node
number轮廓值
Silhouette
coefficient关键词(对数似然比, P)
Keyword (Log-likelihood
ratio, P)#0 计划
Programs43 0.982 生态系统服务付费(8.71, 0.005)；计划(8.7, 0.005)；生态多样性保护(8.59, 0.005)；环境服务(7.3, 0.01)；生态系统服务付费(6.99, 0.01)
Payment for ecosystem services (8.71, 0.005); Programs (8.7, 0.005); Ecological diversity conservation (8.59, 0.005); Environmental services (7.3, 0.01); Payment for ecosystem services (6.99, 0.01)#1 生态补偿
Ecological compensation40 0.840 生态补偿(7.84, 0.01)；土地管理(7.54, 0.01)；环境感观(7.54, 0.01)；生计策略(7.54, 0.01)；生态系统服务价值(7.54, 0.01)
Ecological compensation (7.84, 0.01); Land management (7.54, 0.01); Environmental perceptions (7.54, 0.01); Livelihood strategies (7.54, 0.01); Ecosystem service values (7.54, 0.01)#2 物种组成
Species
composition37 0.951 物种组成(10.46, 0.005)；协调博弈(6.79, 0.01)；集聚奖励(6.79, 0.01)；盐池县(6.79, 0.01)；法经济学(5.22, 0.05)
Species composition (10.46, 0.005); Coordination game (6.79, 0.01); agglomeration incentives (6.79, 0.01); Salt Lake County (6.79, 0.01); Legal economics (5.22, 0.05)#3 生态系统
Ecosystems35 0.899 生态系统(10.86, 0.001)；可持续的家庭生计(10.12, 0.005)；退牧还草(10.12, 0.005)；黄土高原(8.79, 0.005)；公共产品(6.46, 0.05)
Ecosystems (10.86, 0.001); Sustainable household livelihoods (10.12, 0.005); Returning pasture to grass (10.12, 0.005); Loess Plateau (8.79, 0.005); Public goods (6.46, 0.05)#4 选择实验法
Selection of experimental method33 0.801 选择实验法(8.13, 0.005)；群落保护(6.78, 0.01)；碳汇(6.78, 0.01)；扶贫(6.69, 0.01)；野蚕丝(6.05, 0.05)
Selection of experimental method (8.13, 0.005); Community conservation (6.78, 0.01); Carbon sinks (6.78, 0.01); Poverty alleviation (6.69, 0.01); Wild silk (6.05, 0.05)#5 接受意愿
Willingness to accept33 0.913 接受意愿(8.08, 0.005)；支付意愿(5.4, 0.05)；环境服务(5.4, 0.05)；生态补偿(4.15, 0.05)；荒野(4.15, 0.05)
Willingness to accept (8.08, 0.005); Willingness to pay (5.4, 0.05);
Environmental services (5.4, 0.05); Ecological compensation (4.15, 0.05); Wilderness (4.15, 0.05)#6 生态系统
服务
Ecosystem
services30 0.905 生态系统服务(10.1, 0.005)；黄河源国家公园(7.22, 0.01)；生态系统服务付费(4.64, 0.05)；生态保护(3.77, 0.1)；诱因排挤(3.77, 0.1)
Ecosystem services (10.1, 0.005); Yellow River Headwaters National Park (7.22, 0.01); Payment for ecosystem services (4.64, 0.05); Ecological protection (3.77, 0.1); Induced exclusion (3.77, 0.1)#7 草原生态
Grassland
ecology30 0.973 草原生态(16.69, 1.0×10−4)；群落(8.63, 0.005)；教育(8.63, 0.005)；草原石鵖(8.63, 0.005)；环境辅助性(8.63, 0.005)
Grassland ecology (16.69, 1.0×10−4); Communities (8.63, 0.005); Education (8.63, 0.005); Grassland stonehoopoe (8.63, 0.005); Environmental subsidiarity (8.63, 0.005)#8 可持续生计
Sustainable livelihoods27 0.926 可持续生计(13.46, 0.001)；拉丁美洲(10.96, 0.001)；农业发展(6.71, 0.01)；农户生计资产(6.71, 0.01)；碳农业倡议(6.71, 0.01)
Sustainable livelihoods (13.46, 0.001); Latin America (10.96, 0.001);
Agricultural development (6.71, 0.01); Farmers’ livelihood assets (6.71, 0.01); Carbon Agriculture Initiative (6.71, 0.01)#9 土地退化
Land
degradation24 0.919 组合组成(7.35, 0.01)；提高(7.35, 0.01)；南美大草原(7.35, 0.01)；长期(7.35, 0.01)；扰动(7.35, 0.01)
Portfolio composition (7.35, 0.01); Enhancement (7.35, 0.01); South American Savannah (7.35, 0.01); Long-term (7.35, 0.01); Disturbance (7.35, 0.01)
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表 4 国际典型区域草原生态补偿实践对比表
Table 4 Comparison table of grassland ecological compensation practices in typical international regions
类型 Item 中国
China北美
North America欧洲
Europe成因
Causes超载过牧，人畜草关系失衡
Overloading and overgrazing, imbalance in the human-animal-grass relationship过度开发草地资源
Over-exploitation of grassland resources过度放牧、土壤侵蚀、杂草侵害、草地管理过度
Overgrazing, soil erosion, weed infestation, over-managed grasslands机制
Mechanism草原生态保护补助奖励机制
Grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward mechanism以保护草地资源为目标的项目迭代，如：退(休)耕还草还林项目(CRP)、草地保护项目
Iteration of projects aiming at protecting grassland resources, e.g., Cultivation Retirement Program (CRP), Grassland Conservation Project以保护草地资源为目标的项目迭代，如：“环境敏感项目”
Iteration of projects aimed at protecting grassland resources, e.g., “Environmentally Sensitive Projects”特征
Features资金来源、补偿形式和补偿标准比较单一；补偿力度整体偏低；草原生态补偿实施成本偏高，补偿资金效益低下
Sources of funds, forms of compensation, and compensation standards are relatively single; compensation efforts are on the low side; the implementation cost of grassland ecological compensation is on the high side, and the effectiveness of compensation funds is low政策实施具有稳定性；补偿机制建设具有完善性；政府与市场高度协调
Policy implementation has stability; compensation mechanism construction has perfection; high coordination between government and market补偿标准存在差异性；补偿机制实现政策、科研、技术、应用四维一体；严格的政策监督评价
Compensation standards are differentiated; the compensation mechanism realizes a four-dimensional integration of policy, research, technology, and application; strict policy monitoring and evaluation
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表 5 国内草原生态补偿研究突现词统计表
Table 5 Burst terms of grassland ecological compensation research in China
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