豆科牧草抗逆基因工程研究进展
豆科牧草是饲草的重要组成部分，也是支撑畜牧业发展、尤其是乳产业的重要基础。我国豆科牧草育种研究基础薄弱，干草和优质草种依赖进口，是我国畜牧业发展的短板之一。因此，加强豆科牧草的育种，尤其是当前发展迅速的生物技术育种，是促进我国草业发展和“弯车道超车”的重要途径。由于我国优质土地主要用于粮食生产，畜牧业主要分布在自然气候条件恶劣的地区，因此，我国草产业对抗逆性强的优质牧草品种极其依赖。鉴于生物技术育种的巨大潜力，本文就豆科牧草组织培养体系、遗传转化方法及近年来豆科牧草在抗生物、非生物胁迫等方面的研究成果加以综述，并对未来研究方向进行展望。
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参考文献
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表 1 不同豆科牧草的再生体系
Table 1 Regeneration systems of different legume forages
物种
Species最佳外植体
Best explant培养基 Medium 参考文献
Reference诱导愈伤
Callus
induction诱导不定芽
Induction of
adventitious buds诱导生根
Root
induction紫花苜蓿
Medicago sativa下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.25 mg·L−1 KT MS + 0.4 mg·L−1 KT 1/2 MS [9] 紫花苜蓿‘NFF2’
M. sativa ‘NFF2’叶柄
PetioleSH2K MSO 1/2 MS [10] 黄花苜蓿
M. falcata下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 0.5 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.8 mg·L−1 LKT MS + 0.2 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.4 mg·L−1 KT +
1 g·L−1 CH1/2 MS [11] ‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿
Medicago sativa ‘Gannong 3’下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT MS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT + 0.5 mg·L−1 NAA MS + 0.2 mg·L−1 NAA [12] ‘和田’紫花苜蓿
M. sativa ‘Hetian’下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT MS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT + 0.05 mg·L−1 NAA MS + 0.1 mg·L−1 NAA ‘甘农1号’杂花苜蓿
M. media ‘Gannong 1’下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT MS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT + 0.05 mg·L−1 NAA MS + 0.1 mg·L−1 NAA ‘蒙农’红豆草
Onobrychis viciaefolia ‘Mengnong’下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 2.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 1.0 mg·L−1 KT + 1.0 mg·L−1 6-BA MS + 0.1 mg·L−1 NAA + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 1.0 mg·L−1 CH [14] 普通红豆草
O. viciaefolia下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 0.01 mg·L−1 NAA + 0.1 mg·L−1 6-BA + 1.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT MS + 1.0 mg·L−1 NAA + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 2.0 mg·L−1 CH ‘雷蒙特’红豆草
O. viciaefolia ‘Reymont’下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 0.5 mg·L−1 6-BA + 1.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT MS + 0.1 mg·L−1 NAA + 1.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT ‘埃斯基’红豆草
O. viciaefolia ‘Eski’下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 0.5 mg·L−1 6-BA + 4.0 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg·L−1 KT MS + 0.1 mg·L−1 NAA + 1.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 2.0 mg·L−1 CH + 2.0 mg·L−1 KT 柱花草
Stylosanthes spp.下胚轴
HypocotylMS + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 3%蔗糖sucrose
MS + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 3%蔗糖sucroseMS + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 3%蔗糖sucrose
MS + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 3%蔗糖sucrose1/2 MS + 0.5 mg·L−1 IAA + 0.5 mg·L−1 IBA + 0.2%蔗糖sucrose + 0.8%活性炭activated carbon
1/2 MS + 0.5 mg·L−1 IAA + 0.5 mg·L−1 IBA + 0.2%蔗糖sucrose + 0.8%活性炭 activated carbon[15] MS，Murashig Skoog培养基；CH，水解络蛋白；KT，6-糠基氨基嘌呤；IAA，吲哚乙酸；NAA，萘乙酸；2,4-D，2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸。
MS, Murashig Skoog culture medium; CH，casein hydrolysate；KT, kinetin; IAA, 3-indoleacetic acid; NAA, naphthlcetic acid; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
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表 2 豆科牧草遗传转化方法
Table 2 Methods for the genetic transformation of legume forages
种类
Classification系统
System特点
Characteristic优势
Strength缺点
Limitation参考文献
Reference传统遗传转化
Traditional genetic transformation农杆菌
Agrobacterium农杆菌通过感染植物伤口进入细胞，并将T-DNA插入植物基因组
Agrobacterium enters cells by infecting plant wounds and inserts T-DNA into the plant genome效率高、成本低、
转化稳定
High efficiency, low cost, stable, allows transformation宿主范围受限、
随机整合
Limited host range, random integration[17] 显微注射
Biolistic particle delivery把基因包裹在重金属粒子上，脱水后将其高速推进细胞内
Genes are coated and dehydrated onto heavy metal particles, which are propelled into cells at high velocities物种独立性、操作简单、基因传递量大
Species independence, simple operation, large-size gene delivery效率低、细胞或
组织有害、成本高、随机整合
Low efficiency, cell or tissue damage, high cost, random integration[18] 电激法
Electroporation在电场脉冲作用下，基因通过瞬时气孔转移到细胞质中
Genes are transferred into the cytoplasm by transient pores under electric field pulses快捷、经济、效率高
Fast, inexpensive, high efficiency物种范围有限、
难穿过细胞壁、
有害
Limited range of plant species, difficult to pass walled cells, toxicity[19] PEG介导法
PEG-mediated deliveryPEG可使细胞膜不稳定，使DNA进入植物细胞质
PEG destabilizes the cell membrane and allows DNA to enter the plant cytoplasm高效的原生质体转化
Highly efficient protoplast transformation仅限原生质体
随机整合
Limited to protoplasts, random integration[20] 纳米材料
Nanomaterial-mediated gene delivery system碳纳米颗粒、磁性纳米颗粒、硅基纳米材料、层状双氢氧化物、聚合物基纳米材料、肽基纳米材料、纳米材料DNA、脂质体金属纳米颗粒
Carbon nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, silicon-based nanomaterials
layered double hydroxide, polymer-based nanomaterials, peptide-based gene delivery DNA, nanostructures, liposome metal nanostructures纳米材料通过内吞或非内吞途径将外源性基因传递到细胞质或细胞器
Nanomaterials deliver exogenous genes into cytoplasm or organelles via an endocytic or nonendocytic pathway物种独立性、操作简单、生物相容性、装载力高、转化效率高
Species independence, simple operation, biocompatibility, high cargo-loading capacity, high transformation efficiency载体材料受限,
受载体物理、
化学性质的影响
Limited nanocarriers, affected by physical and chemical properties of carriers[16] 基因组编辑
技术
Genome editingCRISPR-Cas
系统
CRISPR-Cas systems将CRISRP-Cas系统送入细胞内，在sgRNA的引导下进行基因切割
The CRISRP-Cas system is delivered into the cell, and gene cleavage is performed under the guidance of sgRNA精确切割基因组,
促进并加速植物
基因组编辑
Precise genetic cutting,
facilitating and accelerating plant genome editing质粒易降解、RNP易失活、转运载体有限
Easy degradation for plasmids, easy deactivation for RNP, restricted to delivery vectors[21]
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表 3 豆科牧草抗逆基因工程研究
Table 3 Studies on resistance gene engineering of legume forages
抗逆类型
Stress tolerance type基因
Gene作用
Effect基因工程
Genetic engineering结果
Result参考文献
Reference抗旱
Drought tolerance霸王ZxABCG11
Zygophyllum xanthoxylon ZxABCG11角质层脂转运蛋白
Encoding cuticle lipid transporter农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method获得转ZxABCG11基因的紫花苜蓿
Alfalfa derived from transgene ZxABCG11[71] 玉米ZmABP9
Zea mays ZmABP9编码一个bZIP家族的转录因子
Transcription factors encoding a bZIP family of transcription factors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method增强保定苜蓿的抗旱性
Enhanced drought resistance of Baoding alfalfa[73] 拟南芥AtDREB1A
Arabidopsis thaliana AtDREB1A转录因子
Transcription factors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method降低鹰嘴豆蒸腾作用，增加其地上部生物量
Decreased transpiration and increased shoot biomass of chickpea[74] 紫花苜蓿MsSPL8
Medicago sativa MsSPL8编码鳞片启动子结合蛋白样8
Encoding squamosa promoter-binding protein-like 8CRISPR/Cas9 突变体苜蓿对水分亏缺更为敏感
The mutant alfalfa is more sensitive to water deficit[78] 耐盐
Salt tolerance角果碱蓬ScVHA-B, ScVHA-C, ScVHA-H
Suaeda corniculata ScVHA-B, ScVHA-C, ScVHA-H编码V-H+-ATP酶亚基
Encoding the V-H+ -ATPase subunit农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method增强紫花苜蓿耐盐性
Enhanced salt tolerance of alfalfa[85] 霸王ZxNHX1-ZxVP1-1
Zygophyllum xanthoxylon ZxNHX1-ZxVP1-1编码液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白
Encoding tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method增强紫花苜蓿耐盐胁迫能力
Enhanced salt tolerance of alfalfa[86] 碱茅PdNHX-PdCAX
Puccinellia distans PdNHX-CAX编码液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白
Encoding tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method增强紫花苜蓿耐盐胁迫能力
Enhanced salt tolerance of alfalfa[87] 甜菜BvNHX
Beta vulgaris BvNHX编码液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白
Encoding tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method增强红豆草的耐盐性
Enhance salt tolerance of Onobrychis viciaefolia[88] 拟南芥AtSOS
Arabidopsis thaliana AtSOS编码SOS
Encoding SOS protein农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method减轻盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿的伤害
Reduced the damage of salt stress on alfalfa[89] 水稻OsMT
Oryza sativa OsMT编码金属硫蛋白
Encoding metallothionein农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method提高转基因苜蓿耐盐性
Improved salt tolerance of transgenic alfalfa[90] 无芒隐子草CsLEA
Cleistogenes songorica CsLEA编码脱氢蛋白
Encoding dehydrogenated protein农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method提高苜蓿对盐胁迫的抗性
Improved the resistance of alfalfa to salt stress[91] 甜菜BvSTI
Beta vulgaris BvSTI编码丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂
Encoding serine protease Inhibitors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method减小盐胁迫对百脉根的影响
Reduced the effect of salt stress on Lotus corniculatus[92] 耐盐
Salt tolerance截形苜蓿MtRAV3
Medicago truncatula MtRAV3编码转录因子
Encoding transcription factors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method增强了转基因截形苜蓿对甘露醇、干旱和盐胁迫的耐受性
Enhanced the tolerance of transgenic alfalfa to mannitol, drought, and salt stress[96] 紫花苜蓿MsMYB2L
Medicago sativa MsMYB2L编码转录因子
Encoding transcription factors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated methodMsMYB2L可作为一个用于调控紫花苜蓿耐盐性和耐旱性的潜在候选基因
MsMYB2L can be used as a potential candidate gene for regulating alfalfa salt and drought tolerance[97] 紫花苜蓿miR156
Medicago sativa miR156沉默SPL13
Silencing SPL13提高紫花苜蓿对
盐碱胁迫的耐受性
Improved the tolerance of alfalfa to saline alkali stress[106] 百脉根LcERF056
Lotus corniculatu LcERF056编码乙烯反应因子
Encoding ethylene response factors调节活性氧相关基因，提高百脉根耐
盐性
Regulated reactive oxygen species-related genes and improved salt tolerance of Lotus corniculatus[102] 苜蓿MsCSase
Medicago sativa MsCSase编码半胱氨酸合成酶
Encoding cysteine synthetase通过调节渗透调节物质和提高抗氧化能力来增强苜蓿耐碱性
Alkaline tolerance of alfalfa was enhanced by adjusting osmotic regulating substances and improving antioxidant
capacity[108] 耐寒
Resistant to cold拟南芥AtCBF1
Arabidopsis thaliana AtCBF1编码冷诱导转录因子
Encoding cold-inducible transcription factors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated method使得转基因紫花苜蓿抗寒、高产
It makes the transgenic alfalfa cold resistant and high yield[112] 抗金属离子
Metal ion resistance豇豆属VaP5CS
Vigna aconitifolia VaP5CS编码△1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶
Encoding △1-pyrrolin-5-carboxylic acid synthetase固根并提高了紫花苜蓿耐铬性
Fixed root and improved chromium tolerance of alfalfa[114] 紫花苜蓿MsWRKY19
Medicago sativa MsWRKY19编码转录因子
Encoding transcription factors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated methodImproved chromium tolerance of alfalfa [115] 紫花苜蓿MsMYB
Medicago sativa MsMYB编码转录因子
Encoding transcription factors农杆菌介导法
Agrobacterium mediated methodMade alfalfa resistant to aluminum stress [116]
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