绿肥对主作物农艺性状、病虫草害及土壤的影响
绿肥在用地养地、保障粮食安全和改善生态环境等方面具有重要的作用。为了探究绿肥对主作物系统的影响，本文查阅了2015年以来主作物耦合绿肥的相关文献，归纳了绿肥对主作物农艺性状、病虫草害的防控以及对土壤理化性质等的影响。总体上，绿肥可有效改善土壤理化性质，促进养分转化，提高主作物对养分、水分的利用效率；影响主作物生理生化，促进主作物生长，提高主作物产量和品质，有效降低主作物病虫害的发生和危害，是实现绿色循环农业的重要途径。本文根据研究现状，对未来的研究方向进行了展望，提出加强对绿肥种植经济效益的评估和绿肥－主作物一体化病虫害防控方面的研究，进一步强化绿肥产品的推出与销售。
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[73] 庞建光, 朱铮, 武龙. 桑园生草对土壤养分、微生物及桑葚品质的影响. 河北大学学报 (自然科学版), 2017, 37(3): 267-273. PANG J G, ZHU Z, WU L. Effects of inter row planting grasses on soil nutrient, microbial quantity and fruit quality in mulberry field. Journal of Hebei University (Natural Science Edition), 2017, 37(3): 267-273.
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图 1 不同绿肥研究方向的文章数量
GA：绿肥 + 农艺性状；GD：绿肥 + 病害；GP：绿肥 + 虫害；GW：绿肥 + 杂草；GS：绿肥 + 土壤。
Figure 1. Numbers of articles on different green manure research directions
GA: green manure + agronomic trait; GD: green manure + diseases; GP: green manure + pests; GW: green manure + weeds; GS: green manure + soil.
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图 2 绿肥对于主作物农艺性状的影响
Figure 2. Effects of green manure on the agronomic characteristics of main crops
表 1 绿肥对主作物病害的影响
Table 1 Effects of green manure on main crop diseases
绿肥
Green manure crop主作物
Main crop病原
Pathogen影响
Influence参考文献
Reference白芥
Sinapis alba
白三叶
Trifolium repens小麦
Triticum aestivum禾谷镰刀菌
Fusarium graminearum降低深耕和直接播种处理下小麦赤霉病的发病率29%和21%，降低浅耕处理下小麦赤霉病发病率91%
Reduced the incidence of wheat Gibberella by 29% and 21% under deep tillage and direct sowing treatment, and reduced the incidence of wheat Gibberella under shallow tillage treatment by 91%[28] 芥菜
Brassica juncea水稻
Oryza sativa立枯丝核菌
Rhizoctonia solani降低水稻纹枯病严重度10%～39%
Reduced the severity of rice sheath blight by 10%～39%[29] 田菁
Sesbania cannabina
白三叶
Trifolium repens香蕉
Musa nana尖孢镰刀菌
Fusarium oxysporum香蕉枯萎病发病率降低33.09%～79.92%
The incidence of banana wilt disease decreased by 33.09%～79.92%[30] 芥菜
Brassica juncea
芜菁 Brassica rapa
肥田萝卜
Raphanus sativus
暗紫野豌豆
Vicia benghalensis向日葵
Helianthus annuus大丽轮枝菌
Verticillium dahliae降低向日葵黄萎病35.8%的病情指数
Reduced the disease index of sunflower Verticillium wilt by 35.8%[31] 红三叶
Trifolium pratense红枫
Acer palmatum ‘Atropurpureum’立枯丝核菌
Rhizoctonia solani
钟器疫霉菌
Phytopythium vexans
烟草疫霉菌
Phytophthora nicotianae红三叶连续两年降低红枫根部病害55.07%和61.46%的严重度
Red clover reduced the severity of root diseases of red maple by 55.07% and 61.46% for two consecutive years[32] 白芥
Sinapis alba
芥菜
Brassica juncea
高粱
Sorghum bicolor
欧洲油菜
Brassica napus
大豆 Glycine max
大麦
Hordeum Vulgare
红三叶
Trifolium pratense马铃薯
Solanum tuberosum立枯丝核菌
Rhizoctonia solani
链霉菌疥疮链霉菌Streptomyces scabies降低马铃薯块茎上黑痣病的病斑面积0.5%～1.0%，降低发病率15%～41%;降低马铃薯疮痂病病斑面积8%～14%，降低发病率11%～13%
Reduced the spot area of potato black scurf by 0.5～1.0%, and reduced the incidence rate by 15%～41%；Reduced potato scab disease area by 8%～14%, and reduced incidence by 11%～13%[33] 芥菜
Brassica juncea
欧洲油菜
Brassica napus大豆
Glycine max立枯丝核菌
Rhizoctonia solani
镰刀菌
Fusarium virguliforme降低大豆根系的立枯丝核菌和镰刀菌的数量，增加大豆产量
Reduced the number of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium virguliforme in soybean roots and increased soybean yield[34] 芥菜
Brassica juncea
白芥
Sinapis alba豌豆
Pisum sativum根腐丝囊霉
Aphanomyces euteiches芥菜和白芥产生组成多样化的代谢产物，如异硫氰酸盐，可降低豌豆根腐病发病率
Mustard greens and white mustard produce metabolites of diverse composition, such as isothiocyanate, which reduce the incidence of pea root rot[35] 花生
Arachis hypogaea玉米
Zea mays不明确
Unspecified间作花生使得玉米之间形成屏蔽，降低玉米茎腐病发病率42.5%
Intercropping peanuts formed shields between maize, reducing the incidence of maize stem rot by 42.5%[36] 白芥
Sinapis alba辣椒
Capsicum annuum辣椒疫霉
Phytophthora capsici种植白芥的第1年和第2年，降低辣椒疫霉引起的辣椒疫病83%和75%的致死率
In the first and second years of planting white mustard, the fatality rate of pepper blight caused by P. capsici was reduced by 83% and 75%[37] 
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表 2 绿肥对主作物虫害的影响
Table 2 Effects of green manure on main crop pests
绿肥
Green manure crop主作物
Main crop病虫
Pests影响
Influence参考文献
Reference芥菜
Brassica juncea
肥田萝卜
Raphanus sativus
芝麻菜
Eruca sativa马铃薯
Solanum tuberosum囊肿线虫
Globodera可有效降低马铃薯囊肿线虫的种群数量
Reduced the population of Globodera[43] 芜菁
Brassica rapa
芥菜
Brassica juncea
油菜
Brassica napus烟草
Nicotiana tabacum根结线虫
Meloidogyne降低根结线虫病发病率38.5%、27.5%、50.5%，增加烤烟产量8.7%、15.5%、24.7%
The incidence of root-knot nematode disease was reduced by 38.5%, 27.5% and 50.5%, and the flue-cured tobacco production was increased by 8.7%, 15.5% and 24.7%[44] 大托叶猪屎豆
Crotalaria spectabilis
御谷
Pennisetum glaucum秋葵
Abelmoschus esculentus根结线虫
Meloidogyne绿肥单播时降低秋葵上的根结线虫种群数量达61%，混播时降低根结线虫种群数量85%
The population of root-knot nematodes on okra was reduced by 61% during single sowing of green manure and by 85% during mixed sowing[45] 苏丹草
Sorghum sudanense多种蔬菜
Vegetables根结线虫
Meloidogyne降低田间77%～94%根结线虫种群密度
Reduced the population density of root-knot nematodes by 77%～94% in the field[46] 紫云英
Astragalus sinicus
毛叶苕子
Vicia villosa
箭筈豌豆
Vicia sativa玉米
Zea mays黏虫
Mythimna
separata降低黏虫5龄幼虫相对生长率、相对取食率、食物利用率和食物转化率，缩短害虫生长发育历期，减轻危害
Reduced the relative growth rate, relative feeding rate, food utilization rate and food conversion rate of armyworm fifth instar larvae, shortened the growth and development period of pests, and decreased damage[47] 菽麻
Crotalaria juncea
荞麦
Fagopyrum esculentum咖啡
Coffea
arabica咖啡潜叶蛾
Leucoptera
coffeella招募咖啡潜叶蛾的天敌胡蜂的物种数和多样性指数间接促进对于病虫的防控
Increased the species number and diversity index of wasps, the natural enemy of L. coffeella; indirectly promotes the control of pests and diseases[48] 菜豆
Phaseolus vulgaris
穇
Eleusine coracana玉米
Zea mays叶蝉
Cicadellidea通过干扰叶蝉的求偶行为来阻止玉米病毒病的传播，阻止了害虫本身的大面积爆发
By interfering with the leafhopper’s courtship behavior, the spread of maize virus disease was stopped, preventing a large outbreak of the pest itself[49]
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表 3 绿肥对主作物杂草的影响
Table 3 Effects of green manure on main crop weeds
绿肥
Green manure crop主作物
Main crop影响
Influence参考文献
Reference地三叶草
Trifolium subterraneum反枝苋
Amaranthus retroflflexus抑制反枝苋田间杂草生长，降低总杂草干重69.4%
It inhibited the growth of weeds and reduced their total dry weight by 69.4%[51] 糙伏毛燕麦
Avena strigosa
多花黑麦草
Lolium multiflorum
箭筈豌豆
Vicia sativa
肥田萝卜
Raphanus sativus玉米
Zea mays降低了玉米田间杂草干重57.24%
The dry weight of weeds in a maize field was reduced by 57.24%[52] 高粱
Sorghum bicolor
尾稃草属植物
Urochloa brizantha
刚果臂形草
Urochloa ruziziensis大豆
Glycine max降低大豆田中杂草的竞争力、阻止杂草蔓延和扩展，降低杂草多样性
Reduced the competitiveness of weeds in soybean fields, prevented the spread and expansion of weeds, and reduce their diversitys[53] 芸薹类植物
Brassica大豆
Glycine max大豆田中，芸薹类植物对杂草的抑制作用优于禾本科和其他绿肥作物
In soybean fields, Brassica species exhibited better weed inhibition than grasses and other green manure crops[54] 多种绿肥
Many species of green manure不明确
Unspecified绿肥增加杂草的主要采食者脊角步甲属昆虫(Poecilus chalcites、P. lucumblandus)和斑步甲属昆虫(Anisodactylus rusticus)的数量，从而间接防控主作物草害
Green manure crops increase the populations of the main weed feeders Poecilus chalcites, P. lucumblandus, and Anisodactylus rusticus, thereby indirectly controlling damage to the main crops[55]
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表 4 绿肥对土壤的影响
Table 4 Effects of green manure on soil
绿肥
Green manure crop主作物
Main crop影响
Influence参考文献
Reference小须芒草
Schizachyrium
scoparium苹果
Malus pumila2年后，苹果园土壤pH较无绿肥处理降低6.83%～7.19%
After two years, the soil pH of the apple orchard decreased by 6.83%～7.19% compared with that of non-green manure treatment[61] 圆叶决明
Chamaecrista rotundifolia
油菜 Brassica napus
宿根羽扇豆
Lupinus perennis茶树
Camellia sinensis提高茶园土壤pH达11.94%
Increased the soil pH of tea trees by 11.94%[62] 花生
Arachis hypogaea
鹰嘴豆
Cicer arietinum
白花草木樨
Melilotus albus玉米
Zea mays
油菜
Brassica napus提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷达40.43%、50.00%、10.00%、27.93%、76.75%、45.13%，增加玉米和油菜地上生物量23.19%和16.68%
The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus reached 40.43%, 50.00%, 10.00%, 27.93%, 76.75%, and 45.13%, respectively; increased the aboveground biomass of maize and rapeseed by 23.19% and 16.68%, respectively[63] 木豆 Cajanus cajan
刀豆
Canavalia brasiliensis
高粱 Sorghum bicolor
刚果臂形草
Urochloa ruziziensis玉米
Zea mays增加玉米田中土壤总氮、微粒氮、矿物氮等各种形式氮的含量
Increased the content of total soil nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, and other forms of nitrogen in maize fields[64] 木豆 Cajanus cajan
洋刀豆
Canavalia ensiformis
花生 Arachis hypogaea玫瑰
Rosa rugosa增加玫瑰田中K、Mg、B含量达46.15%、16.67%、31.58%外，减少土壤Zn、Fe、S含量达34.80%、50.23%、18.00% The contents of K, Mg and B in rose fields increased by 46.15%, 16.67%, and 31.58%, respectively, and the contents of soil Zn, Fe and S decreased by 34.80%, 50.23%, and 18.00%, respectively [65] 多种绿肥
Many species of green玉米
Zea mays
大豆
Glycine max减少因地表径流、泥沙流失造成的养分流失，还可以减少硝酸盐等营养物质的淋失，降幅高达95%
Reduced nutrient loss due to surface runoff and sediment loss; can also reduce the leaching of nutrients such as nitrates by up to 95%[66] 多种绿肥
Many species of green manure大豆
Glycine max
玉米 Zea mays多种绿肥作物混播使土壤饱和导水率逐年增加，最高可增加64.6%
The mixed planting of a variety of green manure crops increased the water conductivity of soil saturation year by year, up to 64.6%[67] 黑麦草
Lolium perenne苹果 黑麦草降低苹果园0－5 cm土层1.80%～5.77% 的含水量 Ryegrass reduces the water content of the 0－5 cm soil layer in an apple field by 1.80%～5.77% [68] 黑麦
Secale cereale
绛三叶草
Trifolium incarnatum大豆
Glycine max增加土壤中的微生物和可分解利用的基质含量，从而显著增加大豆田中与有机质分解相关的磷酸酶和二乙酸荧光素水解酶活性
The phosphatase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase activities related to the decomposition of organic matter in soybean fields were significantly increased by increasing the content of microorganisms and degradable substrates in soil[69] 白三叶
Trifolium repens富士苹果
Malus pumila增加了富士苹果园中各种土壤酶活性，如CBH (纤维素酶)、NAG (N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶)和PHOS (磷酸酶)等 The activity levels of various soil enzymes, such as CBH, NAG, and PHOS, were increased [70] 平托花生 Arachis pintoi
毛蔓豆 Calopogonium mucunoides
洋刀豆
Canavalia ensiformis
距瓣豆
Centrosema pubescens可可
Theobroma cacao提高革兰氏阴性菌与革兰氏阳性菌的比例，降低了真菌生物量 Increased the ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria; reduced fungal biomass [71] 多种绿肥混播
Mixed sowing of various green manures增加了真菌和革兰氏阳性菌的比例，使土壤微生物群落组成发生了显著变化
Increased the ratio of fungi to gram-positive bacteria, the soil microbial community composition was affected[72] 毛叶苕子
Vicia villosa桑
Morus alba提高桑园中土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量86.8%、151.7%和168.4%
The number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in the mulberry fields increased by 86.8%, 151.7%, and 168.4%, respectively[73]
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