光照和水分对紫花苜蓿生长和水分利用的影响
水分影响牧草的生长和生产，光能驱动牧草水资源利用和生产地上生物量，二者均是限制黄土高原畜牧业发展的重要因素。结合黄土高原光照时间长、水分短缺的特点，深入了解水分和光照强度对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生长的影响，可为优化紫花苜蓿的种植模式和栽培管理提供一定依据。采用盆栽试验，研究两种供水水平(高水：田间持水量的70%～100%；低水：田间持水量的50%～70%)和两种光照强度[高光：总辐射接受量约为20.7 MJ·(m2·d)−1，相当于晴天的太阳辐射；低光总辐射接受量约为14.8 MJ·(m2·d)−1，相当于半阴天的太阳辐射]下紫花苜蓿生长动态、地上生物量和水分利用的变化规律，阐明光照强度和水分对紫花苜蓿的的影响。结果表明，高水低光处理下，紫花苜蓿的叶片数、叶面积最大，单株地上生物量最高。在两种光照强度下，高水处理的紫花苜蓿较低水处理地上生物量平均增加158.1%，耗水量平均增加68.8%，水分利用效率平均增加65.5%。两种水分条件下，低光处理下的紫花苜蓿较高光处理地上生物量平均增加89.8%，耗水量平均减少9.5%，水分利用效率平均增加60.0%，因此降低光照强度可提高紫花苜蓿的地上生物量与水分利用效率。
English
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参考文献
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图 1 不同光照强度和水分水平下的紫花苜蓿叶片数
Figure 1. Changes in alfalfa leaf number under different light intensities and water levels
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图 2 不同光照强度和水分水平下的紫花苜蓿叶面积
Figure 2. Changes in alfalfa leaf area under different light intensities and water levels
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图 3 不同光照强度和水分水平下的紫花苜蓿地上生物量
不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。相同光照强度或水分水平组间，“**”表示差异极显著(P < 0.001)，“*”表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。下图同。
Figure 3. Aboveground biomass of alfalfa under different light intensities and water levels
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at the 0.05 level. “**” indicates significant differences among light intensity or water level at the 0.001 level, “*” indicates significant differences among light intensity or water level at the 0.05 level. This is applicable for the following figures as well.
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图 4 不同光照强度和水分水平下的紫花苜蓿根系生物量
Figure 4. Root biomass of alfalfa under different light intensities and water levels
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图 5 不同光照强度和水分水平下的紫花苜蓿根冠比
NS表示光照强度和水分交互无显著影响。
Figure 5. Root to shoot ratio of alfalfa under different light intensities and water levels
NS indicates no significant difference between light intensity and water levels.
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图 6 不同光照和水分处理下的紫花苜蓿全生育期耗水量
Figure 6. Water consumption during the whole growth period of alfalfa under different light intensities and water levels
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图 7 不同光照和水分处理下紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率
Figure 7. Water-use efficiency of alfalfa under different light intensities and water levels
表 1 不同光照和水分处理下紫花苜蓿不同生长阶段的耗水量
Table 1 Water consumption of alfalfa during different growth periods under different light intensities and water levels
mm 处理
Treatment播种后
0～29 d
0～29 days
after sowing播种后
29～40 d
29～40 days
after sowing播种后
40～50 d
40～50 days
after sowing播种后
50～60 d
50～60 days
after sowing播种后
60～70 d
60～70 days
after sowing播种后
70～82 d
70～82 days
after sowing高水低光
High water low light16.14 ± 0.48c 43.18 ± 3.76b 51.80 ± 2.00b 67.27 ± 4.97b 74.64 ± 3.33b 63.22 ± 1.08b 高水高光
High water high light22.03 ± 0.38a 59.09 ± 4.12a 69.78 ± 3.71a 82.45 ± 1.74a 91.81 ± 2.05a 76.93 ± 0.79a 低水高光
Low water high light16.06 ± 0.55c 32.64 ± 0.91c 36.77 ± 3.18c 46.94 ± 0.73c 47.67 ± 0.10c 47.23 ± 0.28c 低水低光
Low water low light20.78 ± 0.18b 30.36 ± 2.01c 41.12 ± 5.20c 39.05 ± 8.36c 38.24 ± 7.59c 28.74 ± 0.36d 同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Different lowercase letters within the same row indicate significant difference between different treatments at the 0.05 level.
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[1] 王鑫, 马永祥, 李娟. 紫花苜蓿营养成分及主要生物学特性. 草业科学, 2003, 20(10): 39-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0629.2003.10.011 WANG X, MA Y X, LI J. Nutrient composition and main biological properties of alfalfa. Pratacultural Science, 2003, 20(10): 39-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0629.2003.10.011
[2] 陆姣云, 熊军波, 张鹤山, 田宏, 杨惠敏, 刘洋. 水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿产量、品质和微量元素的影响. 草业学报, 2020, 29(8): 126-133. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2019462 LU J Y, XIONG J B, ZHANG H S, TIAN H, YANG H M, LIU Y. Effects of water stress on yield, quality and trace element composition of alfalfa. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(8): 126-133. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2019462
[3] 张明华. 略论草地农业系统. 草地学报, 1994, 2(1): 83-88. ZHANG M H. A brief discussion of grassland agricultural system. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 1994, 2(1): 83-88.
[4] 彭珂珊, 邓西平, 徐学选. 黄土高原农业高效调水关键技术研究. 节水灌溉, 2000, 19(1): 6-9, 43. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-4929.2000.01.003 PENG K S, DENG X P, XU X X. A discussion on several problems of sprinkler irrigation technique development in China. Water Saving Irrigation, 2000, 19(1): 6-9, 43. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-4929.2000.01.003
[5] KUSLU Y, SAHIN U, TUNC T, KIZILOGLU F M. Determining water-yield relation-ship, water use efficiency, seasonal crop and pan coefficients for alfalfa in a semiarid region with high altitude. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 2010, 16(4): 482-492.
[6] 李军, 陈兵, 李小芳, 程积民, 郝明德. 黄土高原不同干旱类型区苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应. 生态学报, 2007, 27(1): 75-89. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.01.009 LI J, CHEN B, LI X F, CHENG J M, HAO M D. Effects of deep soil desiccations on alfalfa grasslands in different rainfall areas of the Loess Plateau of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 75-89. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.01.009
[7] 程积民, 万惠娥, 王静. 黄土丘陵区紫花苜蓿生长与土壤水分变化. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(3): 435-438. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2005.03.008 CHENG J M, WAN H E, WANG J. Alfalfa growth and its relation with soil water status in loess hilly and gully region. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(3): 435-438. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2005.03.008
[8] THOMPSON T E, FICK G W. Growth-response of alfalfa to duration of soil flooding and to temperature. Agronomy Journal, 1981, 73(2): 329-332. doi: 10.2134/agronj1981.00021962007300020020x
[9] 李新乐, 侯向阳, 穆怀彬. 不同降水年型灌溉模式对苜蓿草产量及土壤水分动态的影响. 中国草地学报, 2013, 35(5): 46-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5021.2013.05.009 LI X L, HOU X Y, MU H B. Effect of irrigation under different annual precipitation patterns modes on alfalfa yield and dynamic changes of soil moisture. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2013, 35(5): 46-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5021.2013.05.009
[10] CAO X S, FENG Y Y, LI H P, ZHENG H X, WANG, J, TONG C F. Effects of subsurface drip irrigation on water consumption and yields of alfalfa under different water and fertilizer conditions. Journal of Sensors, 2021: 1-12.
[11] 史静, 张虎, 尹国丽, 陈伟, 陈本建. 遮荫对头茬苜蓿生长及生理的影响. 中国草地学报, 2014, 36(2): 20-24, 60. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5021.2014.02.004 SHI J, ZHANG H, YIN G L, CHEN W, CHEN B J. Effect of shade on growth and physiology of first crop alfalfa. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2014, 36(2): 20-24, 60. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5021.2014.02.004
[12] 覃凤飞, 沈益新, 周建国, 王庆师, 孙志成, 王波. 遮荫条件下9个紫花苜蓿品种苗期形态及生长响应. 草业学报, 2010, 19(3): 204-211. doi: 10.11686/cyxb20100327 QIN F F, SHEN Y X, ZHOU J G, WANG Q S, SUN Z C, WANG B. Seeding morphology and growth responses of nine Medicago sativa varieties to shade conditions. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(3): 204-211. doi: 10.11686/cyxb20100327
[13] 马志良, 杨万勤, 吴福忠, 高顺. 遮荫对紫花苜蓿地上生物量和化学计量特征的影响. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(11): 3139-3144. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.20140829.010 MA Z L, YANG W Q, WU F Z, GAO S. Effects of shading on the aboveground biomass and stiochiomety characteristics of Medicago sativa. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(11): 3139-3144. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.20140829.010
[14] 曹亦芳, 曹致中, 师尚礼, 田有风. 苜蓿叶面积简易测定方法的研究. 草业科学, 1990, 7(3): 60-62. CAO Y F, CAO Z Z, SHI S L, TIAN Y F. A modified technique measuring leaf area of alfalfa. Pratacultural Science, 1990, 7(3): 60-62.
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