我国桑树蛋白质产业的实践与发展
English
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桑树(Morus alba)是全球历史悠久的传统饲草作物，为古代“丝绸之路”的起源、发展和维持提供了物质和能量，推动了世界文明的交融和草地农业系统的进化。在中国，自嫘祖植桑养蚕以来(《史记·五帝本纪》)，桑蚕业已有五千年的历史，是世界蚕业发源地[1]。历史上，农业系统中，桑叶作为家蚕的饲料，不仅促进植物生产层与动物生产层之间物质和能量的流动，而且为丝绸加工、蚕砂生产等后生物生产层源源不断地提供物质和能量，在我国长江三角洲发育了以桑树－蚕的系统耦合为特征，与作物生产、家畜生产、商品储运等广泛的系统耦合为基础的草地农业系统，两千多年来作为联通欧亚大陆干旱区、世界大洋及沿途各类系统的规模最大、历史最悠久的巨型草业系统，为人类历史和文明格局奠定了无可替代的草业系统的基础。
随着人类社会的高速发展，人畜争粮的矛盾越来越突出，饲料资源的开发已成为草业发展的重要命题[2]。桑树以其丰富、全面的营养成分和独特的功能因子，具有较大的饲料开发潜力和利用价值[3]。桑树的用途不局限于饲蚕，在草食畜生产和人类医疗保健中发挥更大作用[3-4]。联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，FAO)自2000年连续召开了“桑树在动物生产应用(mulberry for animal production)”与“利用桑叶资源发展畜牧业生产”的国际会议，我国也于2012年将桑白皮、桑堪、桑叶、桑枝列入饲料原料目录中[5]，桑树资源的开发利用在国内外受到广泛关注，其潜在价值远未得到充分发掘利用。
随着人类对食品安全与生态安全愈来愈重视，这对畜禽产品的营养性与安全性，以及农牧业的可持续发展也提出了更高的要求与挑战。桑树蛋白产业可成为保障食品安全与生态安全的重要基础。桑树的适应性强，生长速度快，第2年以后饲草产量可稳定在22 t·hm−2左右[6]。桑叶含有丰富的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪酸、纤维素及维生素等微量矿物质元素，是一种营养较为全面的优质饲料资源[7]。20世纪初，意大利已开始发掘桑叶饲喂奶牛的价值[8]，印度开展了桑叶饲养家畜的研究[9]。20世纪80年代，美洲国家将桑树纳入主要的饲料[10]，日本、法国和中国也开展了桑叶作为草食家畜营养物质的试验[11-13]。目前，我国桑树种植面积约106万hm2 [14]，是世界桑树产业大国、强国，“丝绸之路”成为中国久负盛名的“外贸”品牌[7]。饲料桑是一种杂交桑树品种，桑叶、桑枝可用作畜禽饲料。近年来，随着饲料桑的培育，我国桑树的生产和利用进入快速发展阶段，开发了越来越多的桑树产品(如桑叶、桑枝、桑粕和桑汁等)用于畜禽养殖，对我国草业高速优质发展具有重要价值。因此，本文以发展我国桑树蛋白质产业的角度，从桑树产品的营养品质、营养功能因子及加工方式等方面，对桑树产品饲用价值和应用前景进行总结，由此表明发展我国桑树蛋白产业对推动草畜耦合、提高草地农业的生产力和稳定性，具有较大的开发潜力和利用价值。
1. 桑树的饲用价值
桑树的产品主要有桑枝、桑叶、桑树皮、桑粕和桑树浓缩液。桑枝和桑叶是桑树目前被广泛研究的饲草产品。桑枝叶的营养成分因产地、品种、收获时间和加工方式不同而有较大差异[15-18]。生长期桑叶的含水率在73%～89%，粗蛋白含量在20%～30%，与同生育期的苜蓿(Medicago sativa)相近，比高羊茅(Festuca elata)等禾本科牧草高出1倍左右[6-7]；粗纤维的含量约为15%，是苜蓿草粉的43% (表1)。桑叶中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量仅次于大豆(Glycine max)籽实，鲜桑叶产量在种植第2年达到稳定，每年约22 t·hm−2，粗蛋白年产量可达5.04 t·hm−2 [6]。桑叶的营养物质含量与大豆接近，优于苜蓿，可作为草食家畜的优质蛋白质饲料。桑叶的粗蛋白和干物质有效降解率均在70%左右，而中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber, NDF)与酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber, ADF)的有效降解率较高(表2)。生长期桑叶的干物质有效降解率大于苜蓿、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、青贮玉米(Zea mays)和燕麦草(Arrhenatherum elatius)，反刍家畜对桑叶具有较高的转化潜力。
表 1 桑树与其他几种植物的营养成分比较Table 1. The chemical composition of Morus alba and other plants植物名
Plant
name生育期
Growth
period干物质
Dry
matter/%粗蛋白
CP/%粗脂肪
EE/%灰分
Ash/%粗纤维
CF/%无氮浸
出物
NFE/%中性洗
涤纤维
NDF/%酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/%总能
GE/
(MJ·kg−1)文献
Reference桑树
Mulberry生长期－成熟期
Growing stage－
maturity11～21 16～30 3～6 8～12 15 34～48 41～65 34～38 14～17 [6, 19-23] 苜蓿
Alfalfa现蕾期－初花期
Budding－
flowering19～25 15～29 1～2.7 7～12 10～29 40～54 35～48 31～40 15～19 [24-27] 菊苣
Chicory分蘖期－成熟期
Tillering stage－
maturity10～12 10～24 4～5 14.02 16.38 40.18 12～40 10～30 14～16 [28] 羊茅
Fescue分蘖期－抽穗期
Tillering stage－
heading stage11～45 11～21 2～5 8～12 25～35 30～47 − − 15～17 [29-30] 青贮桑叶
Mulberry leaf
silage成熟期
Maturity21～37 16～23 5.21 − − 2.53 − − − [31-32] 青贮玉米
Corn silage成熟期
Maturity18 7～9 − − − − 55～84 30～50 − [27, 33-35] 青贮苜蓿
Alfalfa silage成熟期
Maturity38～47 26～27 − − − − 32～40 22～27 − [36-37] CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; CF: crude fiber; NFE: nitrogen-free extract; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; ADF: acid detergent fiber; GE: gross energy. This is applicable for the following tables as well. 表 2 桑树与几种粗饲料的瘤胃降解率比较Table 2. A comparison of rumen degradation rate between mulberry branches and selected roughages植物
Plant生育期
Growth
period干物质有效
降解率
Degradation
rate of DM/%粗蛋白有效
降解率
Degradation
rate of CP/%中性洗涤纤维
有效降解率
Degradation
rate of NDF/%酸性洗涤纤维
有效降解率
Degradation
rate of ADF/%文献
Reference桑树
Mulberry生长期－成熟期
Growing stage－ maturity38～73 74.6 54.59 15.04 [38-39] 苜蓿
Alfalfa现蕾期－初花期
Budding－flowering55～57 77.94 26～37 22～31 [27, 40-41] 黑麦草
Ryegrass分蘖期－成熟期
Tillering stage － maturity50～55 61～67 39.85 31.86 [42-43] 燕麦
Oats分蘖期－成熟期
Tillering stage－maturity40～67 59.53 35～40 41.64 [44-45] 青贮玉米
Corn silage成熟期
Maturity65～66 69.39 43～50 19～47 [43, 46] 2. 桑树的营养功能因子
桑树具有药食同源的特性，在桑树产品中提取到诸多生理活性物质。如桑叶中的氨基酸种类丰富，达到18种，占桑叶干物质的10%以上，含有赖氨酸、蛋氨酸等多种动物所必需的限制性氨基酸，与大豆的氨基酸种类及含量接近(表3)，尤其是赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、胱氨酸、谷氨酸含量较高。天冬氨酸和谷氨酸占桑叶中氨基酸总量的12%以上，谷氨酸参与蛋白质代谢、动植物和微生物生命活动中多种生物化学反应，有利于降低及消除动物机体内的血氨，保护动物的脑组织[22]。
表 3 桑叶与大豆中的氨基酸种类及含量对比Table 3. A comparison of amino acid types and contents in Mulberry leaves and soybean% 氨基酸
Amino acid桑叶
Mulberry leaves大豆
Soybean赖氨酸 Lysine 1.20 2.24 亮氨酸 Leucine 1.83 2.82 异亮氨酸 Isoleucine 1.50 1.85 蛋氨酸 Methionine 0.25 0.39 苯丙氨酸 Phenylalanine 1.94 1.84 缬氨酸 Valine 1.76 1.73 组氨酸 Histidine 1.13 0.97 苏氨酸 Threonine 1.80 1.44 半胱氨酸 Cysteine 0.30 0.52 酪氨酸 Tyrosine 0.96 1.17 谷氨酸 Glutamic acid 3.33 6.26 天冬氨酸 Aspartic acid 3.06 4.00 脯氨酸 Proline 1.31 1.86 甘氨酸 Glycine 2.20 1.60 丙氨酸 Alanine 1.54 1.54 桑叶数值来源于文献[47-48]，大豆数值来源于文献[49-50]。
The value of mulberry leaves comes from literature [47-48]; The value of soybean comes from literature [49-50].桑叶含有丰富的矿物质及维生素外，还含有天然的活性物质成分[7, 51]。抑制脂质氧化作用的黄酮类物质含量丰富，100 g干物质中含甾醇46 mg，异槲皮苷200～500 mg，槲皮苷30 mg，槲皮苦素100 mg等。桑叶中含有多种氨基酸神经传达物质，如1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-Deoxynojirimycin, 1-DNJ)是一种天然的生物碱，桑叶中1-DNJ含量在0.15%～0.33% [51]。桑枝叶中的总生物碱含量在2.942～6.511 mg·g−1，1-DNJ含量为0.430～1.350 mg·g−1，多糖含量为7.558～14.096 mg·g−1，总黄酮含量为0.810～1.743 mg·g−1 [22, 51]，远高于目前发现的其他几种植物[如风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis)、野拓草(Commelina communis)等]，是一种糖普酶的抑制剂。这些活性物质对家畜具有免疫保健作用，饲喂桑叶提升家畜血清的生化免疫指标[22]，免疫球蛋白、葡萄糖与碱性磷酸酶含量都高于燕麦草、苜蓿和羊草(Leymus chinensis)饲喂的家畜[52-56]。饲喂桑粕后羊肉总蛋白含量均值比普通羊肉产品蛋白质含量增加了15.90%，胆固醇含量降低38.90%，维生素A、C、E含量的均值分别增加了193.46%、738.61%和248.25% (表4)。
表 4 饲喂桑粕对羊肉品质的影响Table 4. Effects of feeding mulberry meal on mutton quality% 项目
Item桑粕
Mulberry meal对照
Control总蛋白 Total phosphorus (TP) 19.50 14.60 胆固醇 Cholesterol (CHO1) 66.80 70.00 钙 Calcium (Ca) 51.10 9.00 锌 Zinc (Zn) 26.90 6.60 硒 Selenium (Se) 0.03 0.01 维生素 Vitamin A 0.02 0.01 维生素 Vitamin C 10.20 1.00 维生素 Vitamin E 2.58 0.31 桑粕数值来源于文献[57]。
The value of mulberry leaves comes from literature [57].桑枝叶富含蛋白质、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、矿物质、维生素、黄酮、生物碱、多糖、多酚等物质，是畜禽的优良饲料原料，可以促进动物生长，改善反刍动物瘤胃内的生态环境，促进瘤胃内纤维分解菌的繁殖，提高饲料消化率，增加反刍动物的采食量[5-6, 51, 57]。在育肥牛日粮中添加一定量的饲料桑，能促进牛对饲料的消化吸收，提高饲料报酬，增加生长速度[58]。在肉羊基础日粮中添加桑叶粉，可提高肉羊日增重，提高羊肉蛋白质、总氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量，增强肉羊血清中的总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活力及总抗氧化能力，并降低丙二醛含量，提高肉羊的免疫力[55]。
3. 桑树的生态价值
桑树不仅具有良好的营养价值，也具有一定的防风固沙、水土保持和土壤改良作用(表5)。中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)上以“桑树”和“生态价值”、“土壤改良”、“水土保持”为关键词的搜索结果显示，自2004年我国开始对桑树生态价值进行挖掘研究。桑树因其发达的根系和较强的光合能力，对干旱、洪涝、盐碱和重金属污染都具有良好的抗性和改良能力。桑树是典型的丛枝菌根植物，与丛枝菌根真菌的相互作用使得桑树的光合能力和水分利用都有所提高[59]。桑树生态价值的深入挖掘、生产与生态兼顾，使得桑树在草地农业生产潜力巨大。
表 5 桑树的生态价值部分研究结果Table 5. Research results highlighting the ecological value of mulberry生态功能
Ecological value研究区域
Research area研究结果
Research result参考文献
Reference水土保持
Soil and water
conservation三峡库区消落带
The water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir桑树根系发达，抗涝抗旱能力强
Developed mulberry root system, waterlogging tolerance, and drought resistance[60] < 100 mm区域新疆年降水
< 100 mm annual precipitation in Xinjiang Province桑树良好生长，防风固沙
Mulberry trees thrive and have strong wind resistance[61] 土壤改良
Soil
improvement黑龙江盐碱土壤
Saline–alkali soil of Heilongjiang Province桑树降低土壤容重和土壤含盐量
Mulberry lowers soil bulk density and salt concentrations[62] 湖南浏阳七宝山矿区
Qibaoshan mining area, Liuyang, Hunan Province桑树对1 m耕作层土壤重金属离子的修复年限为0.3～2年
In a 1 m tilled layer of mulberry soil, the heavy metal ion repair time is 0.3～2 years[63] 盆栽试验
Pot experiment桑树通过提高过氧化物歧化酶等酶活性抵御干旱
Mulberry can resist drought by increasing the activity of enzymes such assuperoxide dismutase[64] 河北
Hebei Province栽培年限提高桑树根际土壤真菌相对丰度
The relative abundance of fungi in rhizosphere soil of mulberry increased during cultivation years[65] 盆栽试验
Pot experiment桑树提高沙化土壤养分含量
Mulberry increases the nutrient content of sandy soil[66] 净化空气
Atmospheric
purification长江流域
Yangtze River basin单位产量的CO2固定量可达49 000 kg·hm−2
The fixed amount of CO2 per unit yield can reach 49 000 kg·hm−2[67] 北方树林
The Northern forest桑树吸氟量高于其他31个树种
The fluorine absorption of mulberry was higher than that of 31 other species[68] 4. 桑树的加工
目前，桑树作为畜禽饲料的加工利用方式主要为饲喂鲜叶、制粉、有效成分提取制成添加剂，青贮和微贮等[69]，以及利用萃取技术研制出了桑粕和桑树浓缩液。从桑树中提取的桑粕含有20%的高级蛋白质，其消化率、吸收率高于豆粕。萃取的桑树浓缩液能够留存桑树绝大部分的生命活性物质[57]。
饲喂鲜桑枝叶对反刍动物来说适口性好，易操作、成本低，但鲜桑受生长刈割时间限制冬季无法供应。青贮桑枝叶是一种可以长期保存鲜桑枝叶的经济有效方法，但需要与玉米秸秆、酶制剂、有机酸、微生态青贮剂等一起青贮效果较好[70]。
目前，制作桑枝叶粉有干燥粉碎和膨化粉碎两种方式，桑枝经膨化后粉碎所得的膨化桑枝粉的饲用价值要高于干燥后粉碎[35]。因为膨化可以使桑枝叶中的淀粉糊化和蛋白质变性，降低了抗营养因子含量，提高了可溶性纤维素含量[70-71]。在桑枝叶粉中添加精料后可以制作成全价饲料直接投喂畜禽或者做成颗粒饲料后使用，也可以进一步提取其有效成分作为饲料添加剂，或者制作成微贮发酵饲料再利用[44]。将桑枝叶粉添加饲料发酵剂后密封发酵后制成桑枝叶微贮饲料[72]，可以降解粗纤维、大分子蛋白、抗营养因子等物质，提高总黄酮等生命活性物质的含量和利用率[73]。
5. 展望
全世界人畜争粮、人畜争地的矛盾日益尖锐，我国尤其如此，对大豆、苜蓿等饲草资源的进口量持续增加[74]。土地危机、水资源危机严重威胁人类的食物安全和生态安全，尤其是动物性食物的保障，开发乡土饲用植物资源，特别是优质蛋白饲草资源迫在眉睫，桑树作为一种产量稳定、营养全面的木本饲草资源，具有巨大的开发潜力。
桑树适应性强，生长速度快，抗干旱、抗风沙、耐贫瘠、耐严寒，在荒山荒滩、石山沙漠能迅速生长繁衍，根系发达可保土、保水，具有重要的生态价值[7, 57, 75-76]，因此我国历史上有“以法护桑”、“立法保桑”的传统，桑树在我国各类草地农业生态系统中有一席之地。自明朝开始我国就有了桑基鱼塘，形成了初始的作物－家畜综合生产系统[61]。桑树枝叶富含家畜所需的全价性营养物质，能提高动物免疫力的功能性物质，其中蛋白质含量和产量位于各种作物前列(表1) [6-7, 51]。但是，目前有关桑树栽植以及家畜饲喂桑叶后温室气体排放的研究尚不多见。我国桑树资源超过100万hm2 [4, 57]，按桑叶内含20%～25%的蛋白质折算，每年可生产4 000万t蛋白质。桑叶还含60%～70%碳水化合物和膳食纤维、2%的生物钙，以及脂肪、微量元素、维生素和抗衰老物质，是粮饲药兼用的多功能作物，其利用开发趋于多元化。远景规划，利用各种边际土地种植桑树1 300万hm2，不与粮、草、林争地，全国桑树饲草产量每年达2亿t，可以替代进口1亿t饲料粮，富足有余，缓解世界粮食危机。
桑树蛋白是与大豆蛋白一样的优质蛋白质。饲喂桑叶后的畜禽抗病性增强，兽药用量减少，养殖效益增加，重金属残留降低；用桑树浓缩液作为饮水添加剂饲喂畜禽能够增强畜禽在高温环境下的免疫力，牛(羊)奶制品中添加桑蛋白粉加进牛(羊)奶制品，既能提高其蛋白质含量，还能增加植物钙、锌、铁等微量营养元素的含量[57]。桑粕蛋白的吸收率是豆粕的两倍[57]，含有丰富的膳食纤维和钙、铁、锌等动物必需元素，以桑粕替代豆粕，可缓解我国畜牧业蛋白质饲料缺口。
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表 1 桑树与其他几种植物的营养成分比较
Table 1 The chemical composition of Morus alba and other plants
植物名
Plant
name生育期
Growth
period干物质
Dry
matter/%粗蛋白
CP/%粗脂肪
EE/%灰分
Ash/%粗纤维
CF/%无氮浸
出物
NFE/%中性洗
涤纤维
NDF/%酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/%总能
GE/
(MJ·kg−1)文献
Reference桑树
Mulberry生长期－成熟期
Growing stage－
maturity11～21 16～30 3～6 8～12 15 34～48 41～65 34～38 14～17 [6, 19-23] 苜蓿
Alfalfa现蕾期－初花期
Budding－
flowering19～25 15～29 1～2.7 7～12 10～29 40～54 35～48 31～40 15～19 [24-27] 菊苣
Chicory分蘖期－成熟期
Tillering stage－
maturity10～12 10～24 4～5 14.02 16.38 40.18 12～40 10～30 14～16 [28] 羊茅
Fescue分蘖期－抽穗期
Tillering stage－
heading stage11～45 11～21 2～5 8～12 25～35 30～47 − − 15～17 [29-30] 青贮桑叶
Mulberry leaf
silage成熟期
Maturity21～37 16～23 5.21 − − 2.53 − − − [31-32] 青贮玉米
Corn silage成熟期
Maturity18 7～9 − − − − 55～84 30～50 − [27, 33-35] 青贮苜蓿
Alfalfa silage成熟期
Maturity38～47 26～27 − − − − 32～40 22～27 − [36-37] CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; CF: crude fiber; NFE: nitrogen-free extract; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; ADF: acid detergent fiber; GE: gross energy. This is applicable for the following tables as well. 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 桑树与几种粗饲料的瘤胃降解率比较
Table 2 A comparison of rumen degradation rate between mulberry branches and selected roughages
植物
Plant生育期
Growth
period干物质有效
降解率
Degradation
rate of DM/%粗蛋白有效
降解率
Degradation
rate of CP/%中性洗涤纤维
有效降解率
Degradation
rate of NDF/%酸性洗涤纤维
有效降解率
Degradation
rate of ADF/%文献
Reference桑树
Mulberry生长期－成熟期
Growing stage－ maturity38～73 74.6 54.59 15.04 [38-39] 苜蓿
Alfalfa现蕾期－初花期
Budding－flowering55～57 77.94 26～37 22～31 [27, 40-41] 黑麦草
Ryegrass分蘖期－成熟期
Tillering stage － maturity50～55 61～67 39.85 31.86 [42-43] 燕麦
Oats分蘖期－成熟期
Tillering stage－maturity40～67 59.53 35～40 41.64 [44-45] 青贮玉米
Corn silage成熟期
Maturity65～66 69.39 43～50 19～47 [43, 46]
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表 3 桑叶与大豆中的氨基酸种类及含量对比
Table 3 A comparison of amino acid types and contents in Mulberry leaves and soybean
% 氨基酸
Amino acid桑叶
Mulberry leaves大豆
Soybean赖氨酸 Lysine 1.20 2.24 亮氨酸 Leucine 1.83 2.82 异亮氨酸 Isoleucine 1.50 1.85 蛋氨酸 Methionine 0.25 0.39 苯丙氨酸 Phenylalanine 1.94 1.84 缬氨酸 Valine 1.76 1.73 组氨酸 Histidine 1.13 0.97 苏氨酸 Threonine 1.80 1.44 半胱氨酸 Cysteine 0.30 0.52 酪氨酸 Tyrosine 0.96 1.17 谷氨酸 Glutamic acid 3.33 6.26 天冬氨酸 Aspartic acid 3.06 4.00 脯氨酸 Proline 1.31 1.86 甘氨酸 Glycine 2.20 1.60 丙氨酸 Alanine 1.54 1.54 桑叶数值来源于文献[47-48]，大豆数值来源于文献[49-50]。
The value of mulberry leaves comes from literature [47-48]; The value of soybean comes from literature [49-50].
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表 4 饲喂桑粕对羊肉品质的影响
Table 4 Effects of feeding mulberry meal on mutton quality
% 项目
Item桑粕
Mulberry meal对照
Control总蛋白 Total phosphorus (TP) 19.50 14.60 胆固醇 Cholesterol (CHO1) 66.80 70.00 钙 Calcium (Ca) 51.10 9.00 锌 Zinc (Zn) 26.90 6.60 硒 Selenium (Se) 0.03 0.01 维生素 Vitamin A 0.02 0.01 维生素 Vitamin C 10.20 1.00 维生素 Vitamin E 2.58 0.31 桑粕数值来源于文献[57]。
The value of mulberry leaves comes from literature [57].
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表 5 桑树的生态价值部分研究结果
Table 5 Research results highlighting the ecological value of mulberry
生态功能
Ecological value研究区域
Research area研究结果
Research result参考文献
Reference水土保持
Soil and water
conservation三峡库区消落带
The water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir桑树根系发达，抗涝抗旱能力强
Developed mulberry root system, waterlogging tolerance, and drought resistance[60] < 100 mm区域新疆年降水
< 100 mm annual precipitation in Xinjiang Province桑树良好生长，防风固沙
Mulberry trees thrive and have strong wind resistance[61] 土壤改良
Soil
improvement黑龙江盐碱土壤
Saline–alkali soil of Heilongjiang Province桑树降低土壤容重和土壤含盐量
Mulberry lowers soil bulk density and salt concentrations[62] 湖南浏阳七宝山矿区
Qibaoshan mining area, Liuyang, Hunan Province桑树对1 m耕作层土壤重金属离子的修复年限为0.3～2年
In a 1 m tilled layer of mulberry soil, the heavy metal ion repair time is 0.3～2 years[63] 盆栽试验
Pot experiment桑树通过提高过氧化物歧化酶等酶活性抵御干旱
Mulberry can resist drought by increasing the activity of enzymes such assuperoxide dismutase[64] 河北
Hebei Province栽培年限提高桑树根际土壤真菌相对丰度
The relative abundance of fungi in rhizosphere soil of mulberry increased during cultivation years[65] 盆栽试验
Pot experiment桑树提高沙化土壤养分含量
Mulberry increases the nutrient content of sandy soil[66] 净化空气
Atmospheric
purification长江流域
Yangtze River basin单位产量的CO2固定量可达49 000 kg·hm−2
The fixed amount of CO2 per unit yield can reach 49 000 kg·hm−2[67] 北方树林
The Northern forest桑树吸氟量高于其他31个树种
The fluorine absorption of mulberry was higher than that of 31 other species[68]
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