口感化及颗粒化开食料对早期断奶羔羊生长和胃肠道发育的影响
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羔羊早期断奶是加快母羊周转、提高舍饲养羊效益的重要技术措施。但早期断奶常常会由于母子分离和由母乳转为固体饲料而使羔羊产生应激[1]。为了减少这种应激和实现早期断奶，最好的方法是采取一定的措施促进瘤胃尽早发育。研究表明，及早采食开食料是实现羔羊早期断奶、促进瘤胃早期发育和保证羔羊健康生长的重要因素[2]。固体开食料对瘤胃发育的影响包括物理机械刺激和饲料发酵产物(各种挥发性脂肪酸等)的化学刺激等[3]。
在众多影响动物生长发育的开食料因素中，物理形态(粒度、均匀度和硬度等)是重要因素之一[4]。目前见到的有关反刍动物的研究所涉及到的物理形态主要包括颗粒化开食料(pelleted starter)、粉末状开食料(meal starter)、多颗粒开食料(multiparticle starter)、粉碎开食料(ground starter)、压碎开食料(mashed starter)、粗压碎开食料(coarse mash starter)和口感化开食料(textured starter)等。大量研究表明，开食料的物理形态会影响饲料的适口性[5]、瘤胃的发育[6]、反刍开始时间[7]、肠道发育[8]、幼龄动物的腹泻率[9-10]以及生长性能等[11-12]。且相对于其他物理形态，口感化开食料更有利于反刍动物的瘤胃发育和生产性能的发挥等。口感化开食料是指将配方中的玉米（Zea mays）等能量饲料单独进行蒸汽压片等处理、其他原料制作成颗粒饲料，然后二者混合。但以上这些研究多以犊牛为研究对象，有关羔羊的研究较少。尤其缺乏开食料物理形态对羔羊早期断奶前后阶段生长和胃肠道发育变化的影响研究。因此，本研究以湖羊公羔为对象，研究两种物理形态(颗粒化和口感化)的开食料对羔羊早期断奶前后阶段生长和胃肠道发育的影响，为肉羊生产中开食料的研发提供依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
采用随机对照试验设计，分别为两种物理形态的开食料，颗粒化开食料(将各种饲料原料粉碎后环模制粒)和口感化开食料(蒸汽压片玉米做破碎处理，4～5 mm小片；其他原料粉碎、环模制粒：温度84～86 ℃，4.5 mm，压缩比1 ꞉ 5；二者单独存放，喂料时按配方比例分别称量饲喂)。参照NRC(2007)[13]标准设计开食料配方，其组成及营养水平如表1所列。
表 1 开食料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1. Composition and nutritive levels of starter feed (air-dry basis)原料
Ingredient开食料 Starter feed 营养指标
Chemical composition开食料 Starter feed 颗粒化 Pelleted 口感化 Textured 颗粒化 Pelleted 口感化 Textured 玉米 Corn/% 65.00 0.00 干物质DM 89.24 88.50 蒸汽压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn/% 0.00 65.00 粗蛋白质/干物质CP/DM 20.01 20.23 麦麸 Wheat bran/% 5.00 5.00 粗脂肪/干物质EE/DM 2.72 2.79 膨化大豆 Extruded soybean/% 6.00 6.00 2) 消化能/干物质DE/DM (MJ·kg−1) 13.75 13.82 豆粕 Soybean meal/% 16.50 16.50 中性洗涤纤维/干物质NDF/DM 12.80 12.88 苜蓿 Alfalfa hay/% 5.00 5.00 钙/干物质 Ca/DM 0.75 0.71 食盐 NaCl/% 0.30 0.30 磷/干物质 P/DM 0.45 0.45 石粉 Limestone/% 1.18 1.18 甜味剂 Sweetening agent/% 0.02 0.02 1) 预混料 Premix/% 1.00 1.00 合计 Total/% 100.00 100.00 1) 每千克预混料组成：铁1 mg，锌3 mg，铜1 mg，锰1.2 mg，碘25 mg，硒50 mg，钴10 mg，维生素A 200 000 IU，维生素D3 27500 IU，维生素E 1 900 IU；
2) DM, DE,CP, EE, NDF, Ca, P均为实测值，其中DE = GE － FE。
1) Composition of premix: Fe 1 mg，Zn 3 mg，Cu 1 mg，Mn 1.2 mg，I 25 mg，Se 50 mg，Co 10 mg，VA 200 000 IU，VD3 27 500 IU，VE 1 900 IU;
2) DM, DE, CP, EE, NDF, Ca, and P are measured values, and DE = GE － FE. Chemical components: DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; DE, digestible energy; NDF, Neutral detergent fiber; CA, calcium; P, phosphorus.1.2 试验动物与饲养管理
动物饲养试验于2019年4月至6月在甘肃省白银康瑞种羊养殖有限公司进行。选取42只初生重相近(3.81 ± 0.55 kg)的湖羊公羔(来自产双羔母羊)，母乳喂养至7日龄，于8日龄和母羊分离，单笼饲养，随机分配到两个处理组中，每个处理21只羔羊，开始饲喂代乳粉和开食料。开食料由甘肃傲农饲料科技有限公司(武威)生产加工。代乳粉按8日龄体重的2%进行饲喂，分早(08:00)、中(14:00)、晚(20:00) 3次等量饲喂，直至35日龄断奶(断代乳粉)，整个试验期间自由采食开食料，自由饮水。其他按照肉羊饲养管理常规程序进行，直至42日龄。
1.3 测定指标及方法
1.3.1 生长发育指标
体重及体尺：分别于8、14、21、28、35和42日龄晨饲前空腹称羔羊个体重，同时测量体尺(包括体长、体斜长、体高、胸围、腹围、管围)[14]。
管围：指前掌骨上1/3最细处的水平周径长度，以卷尺量之。
绝对生长量和相对生长率按照以下公式计算[15]：
绝对生长量 = (BW2 − BW1)/(t2 − t1)；
相对生长率 = (BW2 − BW1)/(BW2 + BW1)/2 × 100%。
式中：BW1和BW2分别为计算期羔羊的初始体重和末重；t1和t2分别为计算期的起始时间和结束时间。
采食量：从8日龄开始，每天记录开食料的添加量及剩余量，计算羔羊的采食量。
育肥指数和体尺指数按如下公式计算[16]：
育肥指数 = 体重/体高 × 100%；
体长指数 = 体长/体高 × 100%；
体躯指数 = 胸围/体斜长 × 100%；
胸围指数 = 胸围/体高 × 100%；
管围指数 = 管前管围/体高 × 100%。
1.3.2 胃肠道发育指标
于8日、21日和42日龄每组随机选取6只羔羊屠宰。屠宰后，迅速分离消化道，将各胃室结扎、分离，倾出各部内容物，用PBS缓冲液冲洗内壁，称各部分空质量，并计算其相对质量。随后将小肠自然平放在磁盘中，将各肠段结扎并分离，除去肠系膜与肠道外部脂肪，用软尺测量各肠段长度，倾出各部内容物后，用PBS缓冲液冲洗内壁，再称其空质量。
1.4 数据统计
采用Excel 2016进行初步整理，采用SPSS 17.0进行独立样本的t检验分析，以P < 0.05作为差异显著的标准。
2. 结果
2.1 开食料物理形态对羔羊体重变化的影响
两种开食料对羔羊21日龄之前体重的影响基本相同(图1)，但从21日龄开始，口感化开食料组羔羊的体重开始大于颗粒化开食料组，42日龄时两者间差异显著(P = 0.039)，此时口感化组的体重比颗粒化组高25.19%。
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图 1 羔羊采食量、绝对生长、体重及相对生长率变化曲线各时间段的样本数分别为0～7日龄(n = 21)、8～21日龄(n = 15)、22～42日龄(n = 7)；* 表示不同开食料间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Figure 1. Change curve of lamb feed intake, absolute growth, body weight and relative growth rateThe number of samples in each time period in figures are 0～7 days old (n = 21), 8～21 days old (n = 15), 22～42 days old (n = 7). * indicates a significant difference between different starters at the 0.05 level.两种开食料组羔羊8～21日龄的绝对生长基本相同(图1)。从22日龄起，口感化料组羔羊的绝对生长量明显大于颗粒化料组，尤其22～35日龄阶段增长迅速，这两周口感化料组比颗粒化料组羔羊绝对生长量分别高81.30%和63.10%。
两种开食料组羔羊8～14日龄的相对生长率无明显变化(图1)，15日龄后口感化组明显大于颗粒化组，且在15～21日龄差异显著(P = 0.001)，口感化组比颗粒化组高94.74%。
另外，两个处理组分别有2只羔羊因发生腹泻在21日龄后被淘汰。
2.2 开食料物理形态对羔羊开食料采食量变化的影响
随着日龄的增加，两组羔羊的开食料采食量不断升高(图1)，且口感化组始终高于颗粒化组，后两周达到显著差异(P < 0.05)，分别比颗粒化组高25.83%和12.85%。
2.3 开食料物理形态对羔羊体尺发育的影响
开食料的物理形态会显著影响羔羊的育肥及体尺发育(表2)。42日龄时的育肥指数、体长指数、胸围指数和管围指数均在口感化组显著(P < 0.05)高于颗粒化组，分别提高了23.20%、5.91%、6.41%和7.14%。其他指标在两组间差异不显著(P > 0.05)。
表 2 羔羊育肥指数及体尺指数Table 2. Fattening index and body size indices of lambs指标
Parameter日龄
Day of age/d颗粒化开食料
Pelleted starter口感化开食料
Texturized starterP 育肥指数
Fattening index8 12.89 ± 1.40a 12.42 ± 1.31a 0.427 14 12.00 ± 1.09a 11.80 ± 1.21a 0.632 21 12.27 ± 0.98a 12.54 ± 1.38a 0.548 28 13.20 ± 1.55a 15.05 ± 1.47a 0.088 35 14.29 ± 2.67a 17.29 ± 2.96a 0.111 42 16.12 ± 2.57b 19.86 ± 2.58a 0.040 体长指数
Body length index8 90.45 ± 6.81a 90.58 ± 7.09a 0.950 14 90.84 ± 2.74a 91.66 ± 5.89a 0.613 21 91.48 ± 4.46a 93.27 ± 5.25a 0.341 28 95.63 ± 4.53a 94.41 ± 4.37a 0.604 35 96.31 ± 3.67a 96.61 ± 2.75a 0.861 42 96.09 ± 6.31b 101.77 ± 2.41a 0.034 体躯指数
Body index8 107.19 ± 7.26a 105.47 ± 7.28a 0.518 14 99.36 ± 5.79a 101.09 ± 4.89a 0.377 21 100.43 ± 7.32a 99.53 ± 4.77a 0.703 28 101.42 ± 7.61a 103.19 ± 4.34a 0.583 35 98.78 ± 6.49a 100.74 ± 6.49a 0.571 42 99.76 ± 6.21a 100.00 ± 3.20a 0.925 胸围指数
Chest circumference index8 96.71 ± 7.06a 95.12 ± 3.82a 0.455 14 90.17 ± 4.14a 92.49 ± 4.41a 0.144 21 91.79 ± 6.80a 92.70 ± 4.59a 0.681 28 96.77 ± 5.08a 97.36 ± 5.01a 0.823 35 95.04 ± 5.65a 97.32 ± 6.81a 0.497 42 95.65 ± 5.33b 101.78 ± 4.19a 0.027 管围指数
Tube circumference index8 14.28 ± 0.96a 14.39 ± 0.67a 0.328 14 13.50 ± 0.64a 13.86 ± 0.91a 0.216 21 13.40 ± 1.25a 13.21 ± 1.00a 0.673 28 13.10 ± 1.10a 13.04 ± 0.88a 0.911 35 12.50 ± 1.14a 12.76 ± 0.81a 0.611 42 11.90 ± 0.88b 12.75 ± 0.63a 0.047 2.4 开食料物理形态对羔羊胃肠道发育的影响
与颗粒化开食料相比，口感化开食料显著提高了羔羊早期断奶前的瘤胃质量(表3，P = 0.039) 和瘤胃/胴体(P = 0.026)，分别比颗粒化组提高了59.34%和62.93%。其他胃室质量和比例在两组间无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
表 3 各胃室空重及相对质量 (n = 6)Table 3. Weight and relative weight of each stomach chamber (n = 6)项目 Item 日龄 Day of age/d 颗粒化开食料 Pelleted starter 口感化开食料 Texturized starter P 瘤胃 Rumen/g 21 32.29 ± 10.69 51.45 ± 16.65 0.039 42 160.10 ± 38.97 178.79 ± 60.46 0.539 网胃 Reticulum/g 21 8.29 ± 2.10 10.13 ± 4.03 0.347 42 25.34 ± 6.88 27.49 ± 6.27 0.584 瓣胃 Omasum/g 21 4.59 ± 1.28 4.59 ± 1.10 0.998 42 14.43 ± 5.80 13.89 ± 3.95 0.853 皱胃 Abomasum/g 21 33.92 ± 6.02 35.54 ± 6.67 0.668 42 45.44 ± 10.45 50.68 ± 13.12 0.462 瘤胃/胴体 Rumen/carcass 21 1.16 ± 0.33 1.89 ± 0.61 0.026 42 4.95 ± 0.62 4.63 ± 0.68 0.416 网胃/胴体 Reticulum/carcass 21 0.30 ± 0.07 0.36 ± 0.11 0.272 42 0.79 ± 0.18 0.73 ± 0.08 0.507 瓣胃/胴体 Omasum/carcass 21 0.17 ± 0.07 0.17 ± 0.02 0.843 42 0.45 ± 0.16 0.38 ± 0.10 0.428 皱胃/胴体 Abomasum/carcass 21 1.25 ± 0.32 1.29 ± 0.15 0.768 42 1.43 ± 0.33 1.35 ± 0.20 0.627 两种物理形态开食料对羔羊早期断奶前后的各肠段质量和长度均无显著影响(表4，P > 0.05)。
表 4 肠道质量及长度 (n = 6)Table 4. Weight and length of gut (n = 6)部位 Portion 项目 Item 日龄 Day of age/d 颗粒化开食料 Pelleted starter 口感化开食料 Texturized starter P 十二指肠
Duodenum质量 Weight/g 21 5.29 ± 0.81 5.22 ± 0.39 0.859 42 7.93 ± 2.62 8.27 ± 1.77 0.797 长度 Length/cm 21 31.00 ± 4.79 30.87 ± 4.77 0.962 42 35.17 ± 4.54 33.95 ± 8.21 0.757 空肠
Jejunum质量 Weight/g 21 165.67 ± 41.32 170.47 ± 20.97 0.805 42 238.58 ± 72.91 230.97 ± 46.71 0.834 长度 Length/cm 21 1 339.95 ± 93.87 1 262.62 ± 135.90 0.278 42 1 556.92 ± 156.82 1 453.33 ± 142.19 0.258 回肠
Ileum质量 Weight/g 21 4.78 ± 1.66 6.04 ± 1.10 0.153 42 11.11 ± 4.32 12.42 ± 2.98 0.555 长度 Length/cm 21 13.02 ± 2.34 14.62 ± 1.89 0.222 42 19.67 ± 4.36 19.42 ± 3.54 0.915 盲肠
Cecum质量 Weight/g 21 8.82 ± 1.48 9.04 ± 1.55 0.809 42 14.42 ± 2.49 15.36 ± 2.54 0.534 长度 Length/cm 21 10.48 ± 1.27 11.02 ± 0.82 0.408 42 13.55 ± 2.42 14.22 ± 3.47 0.707 结肠
Colon质量 Weight/g 21 30.35 ± 4.96 27.71 ± 3.54 0.312 42 52.38 ± 15.63 55.41 ± 11.56 0.710 长度 Length/cm 21 125.98 ± 102.73 114.65 ± 13.80 0.143 42 156.68 ± 29.88 181.16 ± 17.03 0.140 直肠
Rectum质量 Weight/g 21 35.28 ± 4.04 35.17 ± 4.65 0.965 42 49.80 ± 17.48 49.73 ± 11.89 0.994 长度 Length/cm 21 107.43 ± 22.68 107.42 ± 16.09 0.999 42 131.13 ± 23.55 126.03 ± 24.76 0.722 3. 讨论
3.1 开食料物理形态对羔羊早期断奶前后生长变化的影响
本研究中，由于羔羊在21日龄之前对开食料的摄入较少，瘤胃发育不完全，对固体饲料的消化能力较弱，从而使两组羔羊21日龄之前的采食量、体重和绝对生长都比较相似。21日龄以后，两组羔羊开食料的采食量均比21日龄前明显增加，开食料的效果显现，口感化组羔羊的采食量、体重、绝对生长和相对生长均大于颗粒化组，说明开食料的物理形态对羔羊早期断奶前后阶段的生长性能有显著的影响。口感化组羔羊明显优于颗粒化组的原因可能是口感化开食料的硬度比颗粒化开食料的高、颗粒多，刺激了瘤胃的早期发育。另外，口感化组的玉米经过了蒸汽压片处理，其胚芽中淀粉颗粒周围的胚层和蛋白基质遭到破坏，导致淀粉颗粒中半结晶结构也随之破坏，从而提高了其淀粉的糊化度和消化率，增加了适口性[17-20]，促进了采食量的增加。采食量增加后，体重、绝对生长和相对生长也得到提高。有研究表明，口感化开食料组犊牛断奶前的采食量和平均日增重(ADG) 都比颗粒化组高[21]；口感化开食料组犊牛的采食量和体重都显著高于颗粒化组[22]；口感化比颗粒化开食料更能促进犊牛断奶后的采食量和ADG的提高[23]。但也有研究发现，颗粒化和口感化开食料对犊牛的采食量、ADG等的影响均没有差异[24]。造成这些不同研究结果差异的原因可能是各研究所采用的动物、动物年龄、开食料的原料组成和营养水平等不同所致。
育肥指数及体尺指数是衡量动物生长发育的重要指标。本研究中口感化开食料组羔羊42日龄时的育肥指数、体长指数、胸围指数和管围指数均显著高于颗粒化开食料组的结果说明，口感化开食料更有利于羔羊早期断奶前后的育肥及体尺发育。这与羔羊采食量、体重的变化结果相一致。原因是两种开食料的营养水平相同，采食量高的情况下采食进入体内的养分也高，从而促进了体尺的发育和体重的提高。其他用犊牛所做的研究得出了不同的结果，如Nejad等[25]、Pazoki等[26]均得出口感化和颗粒化开食料对犊牛的体尺发育无差异影响的结果。产生这种差异的原因可能是试验动物、开食料配方及饲养管理等不同所致。
3.2 开食料物理形态对羔羊早期断奶前后胃肠道发育变化的影响
反刍动物复胃的发育对成年后营养物质的消化吸收有重要的影响，尤其是瘤胃的发育。而胃的发育主要表现在质量增加、容积增大、功能完善和胃壁组织学变化及其内部营养物质消化、吸收和代谢特点等方面[27-28]。研究表明，瘤胃的生长与开食料的物理刺激和发酵产物的化学刺激作用密切相关。其中，物理刺激主要是固体饲料的颗粒大小和硬度等，化学刺激则主要是饲料在瘤胃降解产生的各种挥发性脂肪酸[29]。固体饲料的物理形态能影响犊牛瘤胃的细胞增殖[30]。粗糙颗粒能增加瘤胃壁的物理性刺激作用，促进瘤胃的运动和肌肉生长，进而增加瘤胃容积和质量[31]。本研究中口感化料组羔羊21日龄的瘤胃质量和瘤胃/胴体显著高于颗粒化组，说明口感化开食料更有利于羔羊瘤胃的早期发育。造成此结果的原因可能是口感化开食料的物理刺激作用强于颗粒化开食料，同时，口感化开食料组的羔羊有较高的采食量，其能提供的化学刺激作用也强，从而促进了瘤胃的发育[6, 8, 10]。
肠道特别是小肠是营养物质消化吸收的主要部位，出生时发育已经较为完善，与皱胃共同承担消化作用，其质量的改变影响营养物质的消化吸收[32]。本研究表明，开食料的物理形态对羔羊各肠段的质量和长度均没有影响。原因可能是反刍动物对固体饲料的消化主要在瘤胃，随着开食料在瘤胃大部分被消化，其对各肠段的物理刺激作用变弱，而由于两种开食料的营养成分相同，化学刺激作用也相似。口感化开食料和颗粒化开食料对犊牛小肠质量和长度的影响无显著差异[10]。
4. 结论
本研究表明，与颗粒化开食料相比，口感化开食料更有利于羔羊早期断奶前后的瘤胃质量、瘤胃质量/胴体质量、采食量、育肥指数、体长指数、胸围指数、管围指数、相对生长和体重的提高，但对其他胃室及肠道的发育没有显著影响。可以认为，口感化开食料更有利于早期断奶前后湖羊羔羊的瘤胃发育和生长。
参考文献
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图 1 羔羊采食量、绝对生长、体重及相对生长率变化曲线
各时间段的样本数分别为0～7日龄(n = 21)、8～21日龄(n = 15)、22～42日龄(n = 7)；* 表示不同开食料间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure 1. Change curve of lamb feed intake, absolute growth, body weight and relative growth rate
The number of samples in each time period in figures are 0～7 days old (n = 21), 8～21 days old (n = 15), 22～42 days old (n = 7). * indicates a significant difference between different starters at the 0.05 level.
表 1 开食料组成及营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutritive levels of starter feed (air-dry basis)
原料
Ingredient开食料 Starter feed 营养指标
Chemical composition开食料 Starter feed 颗粒化 Pelleted 口感化 Textured 颗粒化 Pelleted 口感化 Textured 玉米 Corn/% 65.00 0.00 干物质DM 89.24 88.50 蒸汽压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn/% 0.00 65.00 粗蛋白质/干物质CP/DM 20.01 20.23 麦麸 Wheat bran/% 5.00 5.00 粗脂肪/干物质EE/DM 2.72 2.79 膨化大豆 Extruded soybean/% 6.00 6.00 2) 消化能/干物质DE/DM (MJ·kg−1) 13.75 13.82 豆粕 Soybean meal/% 16.50 16.50 中性洗涤纤维/干物质NDF/DM 12.80 12.88 苜蓿 Alfalfa hay/% 5.00 5.00 钙/干物质 Ca/DM 0.75 0.71 食盐 NaCl/% 0.30 0.30 磷/干物质 P/DM 0.45 0.45 石粉 Limestone/% 1.18 1.18 甜味剂 Sweetening agent/% 0.02 0.02 1) 预混料 Premix/% 1.00 1.00 合计 Total/% 100.00 100.00 1) 每千克预混料组成：铁1 mg，锌3 mg，铜1 mg，锰1.2 mg，碘25 mg，硒50 mg，钴10 mg，维生素A 200 000 IU，维生素D3 27500 IU，维生素E 1 900 IU；
2) DM, DE,CP, EE, NDF, Ca, P均为实测值，其中DE = GE － FE。
1) Composition of premix: Fe 1 mg，Zn 3 mg，Cu 1 mg，Mn 1.2 mg，I 25 mg，Se 50 mg，Co 10 mg，VA 200 000 IU，VD3 27 500 IU，VE 1 900 IU;
2) DM, DE, CP, EE, NDF, Ca, and P are measured values, and DE = GE － FE. Chemical components: DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; DE, digestible energy; NDF, Neutral detergent fiber; CA, calcium; P, phosphorus.
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表 2 羔羊育肥指数及体尺指数
Table 2 Fattening index and body size indices of lambs
指标
Parameter日龄
Day of age/d颗粒化开食料
Pelleted starter口感化开食料
Texturized starterP 育肥指数
Fattening index8 12.89 ± 1.40a 12.42 ± 1.31a 0.427 14 12.00 ± 1.09a 11.80 ± 1.21a 0.632 21 12.27 ± 0.98a 12.54 ± 1.38a 0.548 28 13.20 ± 1.55a 15.05 ± 1.47a 0.088 35 14.29 ± 2.67a 17.29 ± 2.96a 0.111 42 16.12 ± 2.57b 19.86 ± 2.58a 0.040 体长指数
Body length index8 90.45 ± 6.81a 90.58 ± 7.09a 0.950 14 90.84 ± 2.74a 91.66 ± 5.89a 0.613 21 91.48 ± 4.46a 93.27 ± 5.25a 0.341 28 95.63 ± 4.53a 94.41 ± 4.37a 0.604 35 96.31 ± 3.67a 96.61 ± 2.75a 0.861 42 96.09 ± 6.31b 101.77 ± 2.41a 0.034 体躯指数
Body index8 107.19 ± 7.26a 105.47 ± 7.28a 0.518 14 99.36 ± 5.79a 101.09 ± 4.89a 0.377 21 100.43 ± 7.32a 99.53 ± 4.77a 0.703 28 101.42 ± 7.61a 103.19 ± 4.34a 0.583 35 98.78 ± 6.49a 100.74 ± 6.49a 0.571 42 99.76 ± 6.21a 100.00 ± 3.20a 0.925 胸围指数
Chest circumference index8 96.71 ± 7.06a 95.12 ± 3.82a 0.455 14 90.17 ± 4.14a 92.49 ± 4.41a 0.144 21 91.79 ± 6.80a 92.70 ± 4.59a 0.681 28 96.77 ± 5.08a 97.36 ± 5.01a 0.823 35 95.04 ± 5.65a 97.32 ± 6.81a 0.497 42 95.65 ± 5.33b 101.78 ± 4.19a 0.027 管围指数
Tube circumference index8 14.28 ± 0.96a 14.39 ± 0.67a 0.328 14 13.50 ± 0.64a 13.86 ± 0.91a 0.216 21 13.40 ± 1.25a 13.21 ± 1.00a 0.673 28 13.10 ± 1.10a 13.04 ± 0.88a 0.911 35 12.50 ± 1.14a 12.76 ± 0.81a 0.611 42 11.90 ± 0.88b 12.75 ± 0.63a 0.047
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表 3 各胃室空重及相对质量 (n = 6)
Table 3 Weight and relative weight of each stomach chamber (n = 6)
项目 Item 日龄 Day of age/d 颗粒化开食料 Pelleted starter 口感化开食料 Texturized starter P 瘤胃 Rumen/g 21 32.29 ± 10.69 51.45 ± 16.65 0.039 42 160.10 ± 38.97 178.79 ± 60.46 0.539 网胃 Reticulum/g 21 8.29 ± 2.10 10.13 ± 4.03 0.347 42 25.34 ± 6.88 27.49 ± 6.27 0.584 瓣胃 Omasum/g 21 4.59 ± 1.28 4.59 ± 1.10 0.998 42 14.43 ± 5.80 13.89 ± 3.95 0.853 皱胃 Abomasum/g 21 33.92 ± 6.02 35.54 ± 6.67 0.668 42 45.44 ± 10.45 50.68 ± 13.12 0.462 瘤胃/胴体 Rumen/carcass 21 1.16 ± 0.33 1.89 ± 0.61 0.026 42 4.95 ± 0.62 4.63 ± 0.68 0.416 网胃/胴体 Reticulum/carcass 21 0.30 ± 0.07 0.36 ± 0.11 0.272 42 0.79 ± 0.18 0.73 ± 0.08 0.507 瓣胃/胴体 Omasum/carcass 21 0.17 ± 0.07 0.17 ± 0.02 0.843 42 0.45 ± 0.16 0.38 ± 0.10 0.428 皱胃/胴体 Abomasum/carcass 21 1.25 ± 0.32 1.29 ± 0.15 0.768 42 1.43 ± 0.33 1.35 ± 0.20 0.627
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表 4 肠道质量及长度 (n = 6)
Table 4 Weight and length of gut (n = 6)
部位 Portion 项目 Item 日龄 Day of age/d 颗粒化开食料 Pelleted starter 口感化开食料 Texturized starter P 十二指肠
Duodenum质量 Weight/g 21 5.29 ± 0.81 5.22 ± 0.39 0.859 42 7.93 ± 2.62 8.27 ± 1.77 0.797 长度 Length/cm 21 31.00 ± 4.79 30.87 ± 4.77 0.962 42 35.17 ± 4.54 33.95 ± 8.21 0.757 空肠
Jejunum质量 Weight/g 21 165.67 ± 41.32 170.47 ± 20.97 0.805 42 238.58 ± 72.91 230.97 ± 46.71 0.834 长度 Length/cm 21 1 339.95 ± 93.87 1 262.62 ± 135.90 0.278 42 1 556.92 ± 156.82 1 453.33 ± 142.19 0.258 回肠
Ileum质量 Weight/g 21 4.78 ± 1.66 6.04 ± 1.10 0.153 42 11.11 ± 4.32 12.42 ± 2.98 0.555 长度 Length/cm 21 13.02 ± 2.34 14.62 ± 1.89 0.222 42 19.67 ± 4.36 19.42 ± 3.54 0.915 盲肠
Cecum质量 Weight/g 21 8.82 ± 1.48 9.04 ± 1.55 0.809 42 14.42 ± 2.49 15.36 ± 2.54 0.534 长度 Length/cm 21 10.48 ± 1.27 11.02 ± 0.82 0.408 42 13.55 ± 2.42 14.22 ± 3.47 0.707 结肠
Colon质量 Weight/g 21 30.35 ± 4.96 27.71 ± 3.54 0.312 42 52.38 ± 15.63 55.41 ± 11.56 0.710 长度 Length/cm 21 125.98 ± 102.73 114.65 ± 13.80 0.143 42 156.68 ± 29.88 181.16 ± 17.03 0.140 直肠
Rectum质量 Weight/g 21 35.28 ± 4.04 35.17 ± 4.65 0.965 42 49.80 ± 17.48 49.73 ± 11.89 0.994 长度 Length/cm 21 107.43 ± 22.68 107.42 ± 16.09 0.999 42 131.13 ± 23.55 126.03 ± 24.76 0.722
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[1] ENRIQUEZ O, HOETZEL M J and UNGERFEID R. Minimising the stress of weaning of beef calves: Review. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2011, 53(28): 28.
[2] DRACKLEY J K. Calf nutrition from birth to breeding. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice, 2008, 24(1): 55-86. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.01.001
[3] 马俊南, 屠焰. 固液饲料饲喂水平对犊牛生长及胃肠道发育影响的研究进展. 家畜生态学报, 2017, 38(5): 7-12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2017.05.002 MA J N, TU Y. Research progress on the effects of solid-liquid feed on growth and gastrointestinal development of calves. Journal of Livestock Ecology, 2017, 38(5): 7-12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2017.05.002
[4] MIRZAEI M, KHORVASH M, GHORBANI G R, KAZEMI-BONCHENARI M, RIASI A, SOLTANI A, MOSHIRI B, GHAFFARI M H. Interactions between the physical form of starter (mashed versus textured) and corn silage provision on performance, rumen fermentation, and structural growth of Holstein calves. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(2): 678-686. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9670
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