张家口市供用水结构时空演变及驱动力分析

邓欧; 李亦秋; 鲁春霞; 李若霜

doi:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2020-0283

张家口市供用水结构时空演变及驱动力分析

1.
贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院，贵州贵阳 550001
2.
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京 100101
3.
中国地质大学地球科学与资源学院，北京 100083

基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2017ZX07101001)；贵州省科技基金专项(黔科合基础[2019]1222，[2019]1218)；贵州省科技重点基金(黔科合基础[2020]1Z031)；贵州师范大学资助博士科研项目(GZNUD[2017]8，GZNUD[2017]9)

摘要: 供用水结构时空演变及驱动力研究对于水资源进行合理配置、提高供用水效率和效益意义重大。本研究以张家口市气象、水资源供给利用、社会经济和水环境数据为基础，借助数理和空间统计制图、信息熵与均衡度、灰色关联模型对供用水结构时空演变及驱动力进行研究。结果表明：张家口市地表水源匮乏，地下水供水比重在逐步增加，供水总量总体呈现下降趋势，且供水量的空间差异在扩大；农业用水量最大，但用水总量和比重都在降低，而工业和生活用水的比重在增加；生态与环境补水量近年来也增加明显，但其用水总量和所占比重都不大；用水总量呈下降趋势。2006–2011年均衡度大幅下降，用水结构极不均衡，2011–2017年用水均衡度快速增长，用水结构朝着均衡方向发展，信息熵和均衡度的数值均处于较低水平，用水结构调整的空间仍然很大。从驱动力因子来看，有效灌溉面积和第二产业增加值的关联强度等级为“强”，其他因子的关联强度等级为“中”，人口的增加、城市规模扩大和生态环境的改变，使生活用水量和生态环境用水量增加，成为用水结构的演变重要驱动因素。

关键词:

English

Spatio-temporal evolution analysis and underlying driving forces of water supply and consumption structures in Zhangjiakou, China

1.
School of Geographic and Environments Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
2.
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3.
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

Received Date: 2020-05-25
Accepted Date: 2020-07-14
Available Online: 2020-07-29
Publish Date: 2020-07-14

Abstract: Studies involving the spatio-temporal evolution and underlying driving forces of water supply structures are of extremely important for implementation of rational allocation of water resources and improvement of water supply efficiency. Based on meteorological data, water supply and consumption data, social-economic data and water environmental data from Zhangjiakou City, China, the spatial and temporal evolution and driving forces affecting water supply structures were studied using multiple methods of mathematical and spatial statistical mapping, comentropy, equilibrium degree, and the grey correlation model. The results showed that, Zhangjiakou shortage of surface water, and the proportion of ground water supply continues to increase, Additionally, the results report increase in the total amount of water supply and widening of the spatial difference in water supply. Agricultural water consumption constitutes the greastest ues of water, but the total amount and proportion of agricultural water consumption continue to decrease, while the proportions of industrial and domestic water consumption continue to increasing. Ecological and environmental water supply has also increased significantly in recent years, but the totaland proportion of water consumption represented bu these sectors are not considerable. The total amount of water consumption showed a downward trend. Form 2006 to 2011, the equilibrium degree dropped sharply, and the water consumption structure was extremely unbalanced. The water consumption equilibrium degree increased rapidly in 2011–2017, and the water consumption structure developed toward equilibrium, but entropy and equilibrium degree were both low, and there is plenty of room for structural adjustments. As for the driving forces, the correlation between effectively irrigated area and added secondary industry value is "strong", whereas the correlations between irrigated area and other factors are "medium". The increase in human population, the expansion of the city, and the changing of ecological environment have resulted in increased domestic and ecological water consumption, which have become the important driving factors affecting the evolution of water consumption structure.

Keywords:

Zhangjiakou /
water supply and consumption structure /
county scale /
time and space differentiation /
driving forces

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参考文献

[1]	何国华. 我国北方地区水土资源空间优化及其生态效应系统评价. 北京: 中国水利水电科学研究院博士学位论文, 2019. HE G H. Evaluation of spatial optimization of land and water resources in northern China and its ecological effects. PhD Thesis. Beijing: China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, 2019.
[2]	翟远征, 王金生, 郑洁琼, 郇环. 北京市近30年用水结构演变及驱动力. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(4): 635-643. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2011.04.009 ZHAI Y Z, WANG J S, ZHENG J Q, HUAN H. Evolution and driving forces of water consumed structure in Beijing during the past 30 years. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(4): 635-643. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2011.04.009
[3]	刘晶, 鲍振鑫, 刘翠善, 王国庆, 刘悦, 王婕, 管晓祥. 近20年中国水资源及用水量变化规律与成因分析. 水利水运工程学报, 2019(4): 31-41. LIU J, BAO Z X, LIU C S, WANG G Q, LIU Y, WANG J, GUAN X X. Change law and cause analysis of water resources and water consumption in China in past 20 years. Hydro-Science and Engineering, 2019(4): 31-41.
[4]	金菊良, 崔毅, 杨齐祺, 吴成国, 潘争伟. 山东省用水总量与用水结构动态关系分析. 水利学报, 2015, 46(5): 551-557. JIN J L, CUI Y, YANG Q Q, WU C G, PAN Z W. Dynamic relationship analysis between total water consumption and water utilization structure in Shandong Province based on the VAR model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2015, 46(5): 551-557.
[5]	胡德秀, 熊江龙, 刘铁龙, 李立, 张艳. 基于生态位及其熵值模型的陕西省渭河流域用水结构特征. 水利水电技术, 2018, 49(11): 137-143. HU D X, XIONG J L, LIU T L, LI L, ZHANG Y. Ecological niche and its entropy model-based characteristics of water consumption structure of Weihe River Basin in Shaanxi Province. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, 2018, 49(11): 137-143.
[6]	鲍超. 中国城镇化与经济增长及用水变化的时空耦合关系. 地理学报, 2014, 69(12): 1799-1809. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201412006 BAO C. Spatio-temporal coupling relationships among urbanization economic growth and water use change in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(12): 1799-1809. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201412006
[7]	LU S B, ZHANG X L, BAO H J, Martin Skitmore. Review of social water cycle research in a changing environment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 63: 132-140. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.071
[8]	陈园, 孔祥仟, 王通, 张金涛. 基于洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的惠州市用水结构分析. 人民珠江, 2020, 41(3): 37-41, 65. CHEN Y, KONG X Q, WANG T, ZHANG J T. Analysis of water utilization structure in Huizhou based on Lorenz Curves and Gini Coefficients. Renmin Zhujiang, 2020, 41(3): 37-41, 65.
[9]	易晶晶, 陈志和, 杨创鹏, 李远青. 基于信息熵原理的区域用水结构时空演变特征研究. 水文, 2019, 39(4): 12-17. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2019.04.003 YI J J, CHEN Z H, YANG C P, LI Y Q. Analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of regional water utilization structure based on information entropy. Journal of China Hydrology, 2019, 39(4): 12-17. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2019.04.003
[10]	张志彬, 胡继连. 山东省用水结构演变及驱动因子分析. 山东农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2019(4): 60-65. ZHANG Z B, HU J L. Evolution of water consumption structure and analysis of driving factors in Shandong Province. Journal of the Shandong Agricultural University (Social Science Edition), 2019(4): 60-65.
[11]	陈秀芬. 基于信息熵的厦门市用水结构演变及其驱动力的灰色关联分析. 水资源与水工程学报, 2013, 24(2): 188-191. CHEN X F. Analysis of grey relation degree based on water utilization evolution and driving force of information entropy in Xiamen. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2013, 24(2): 188-191.
[12]	雷欢, 张鑫. 陕西省近10年用水结构演变及驱动力分析. 水资源与水工程学报, 2012, 23(4): 125-128. LEI H, ZHANG X. Analysis on water use structure change and its driving forces during last 10 years in Shaanxi Province. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2012, 23(4): 125-128.
[13]	马黎华, 康绍忠, 粟晓玲. 西北干旱内陆区石羊河流域用水结构演变及其驱动力分析. 干旱地区农业研究, 2008(1): 125-130. MA L H, KANG S Z, SU X L. Study on evolution and its driving forces of water utilization structure of Shiyang River Basin in Northwest arid areas. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2008(1): 125-130.
[14]	张良, 原彪, 原莉颖. 张家口市水资源状况及开发利用建议. 海河水利, 2009(12): 20-22. ZHANG L, YUAN B, YUAN L Y. Water resources situation and development and utilization suggestion of Zhangjiakou. Haihe Water Resources, 2009(12): 20-22.
[15]	李庆旭, 张彪, 史芸婷, 郑好. 张承地区生态系统服务及其区域关联分析. 生态与农村环境学报, 2017, 33(1): 38-46. doi: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.01.006 LI Q X, ZHANG B, SHI Y T, ZHENG H. Key ecosystem services and their regional flow in Zhangjiakou-Chengde region. Journal of Ecology and rural Environment, 2017, 33(1): 38-46. doi: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.01.006

图 1 2005–2017年张家口市供水结构演变特征

Figure 1. Evolution of water supply structure characteristics in Zhangjiakou City from 2005 to 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 2005和2017年张家口市单位面积供水量与县域尺度供水结构分布

Figure 2. Water supply per unit area and water supply structure at the county scale of Zhangjiakou City in 2005 and 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 2005 – 2017年张家口市用水结构演变特征

Figure 3. Evolution of water consumption structure characteristics in Zhangjiakou City from 2005 to 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 2005和2017年张家口市单位面积用水量与县域尺度用水结构分布

Figure 4. Water consumption per unit area and water consumption structure at the county scale of Zhangjiakou City in 2005 and 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 2005–2017年张家口市用水结构信息熵和均衡度统计

Figure 5. Entropy and equilibrium degree of water structure in Zhangjiakou City from 2005 to 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 用水结构演变驱动因子及灰色关联度

Table 1 Driving force and Grey correlation degree of water consumption structure evolution

因子类别 Factor type		驱动子因子 Driving subfactor	灰色关联度γ_i Grey correlation degree γ_i		关联强度 Correlation strength
自然条件因子 Natural factor		年降水量 Annual precipitation/mm	γ₁	0.619 5	中 Medium
自然条件因子 Natural factor		年蒸发量 Annual evaporation/mm	γ₂	0.607 9	中 Medium
社会经济因子 Socioeconomic factor	农业用水驱动因子 Agricultural water driving factor	农作物总播种面积 Total sown area of crops/1 000 hm²	γ₃	0.636 6	中 Medium
		有效灌溉面积 Effective irrigation area/1 000 hm²	γ₄	0.688 2	强 Strong
		肉类总产量 Total meat production/t	γ₅	0.607 1	中 Medium
		粮食产量 Grain yield/t	γ₆	0.616 6	中 Medium
	工业用水驱动因子 Industrial water driving factor	第二产业增加值 Secondary industry added value/hundred million RMB	γ₇	0.667 4	强 Strong
	工业用水驱动因子 Industrial water driving factor	工业废水排放量 Industrial wastewater discharge/10⁴ t	γ₈	0.555 4	中 Medium
	生活用水驱动因子 Domestic water driving factor	总人口数 Total population/Ten thousand	γ₉	0.648 9	中 Medium
	生活用水驱动因子 Domestic water driving factor	城镇人口比重 Proportion of urban population/%	γ₁₀	0.555 4	中 Medium
生态环境因子 Eco-environmental factor		园林绿地面积 Garden green area/hm²	γ₁₁	0.607 8	中 Medium
		公园绿地面积 Park green area/hm²	γ₁₂	0.607 8	中 Medium
		城市污水排放量 Urban sewage discharge/10⁴ t	γ₁₃	0.578 5	中 Medium

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(15)

[1]	何国华. 我国北方地区水土资源空间优化及其生态效应系统评价. 北京: 中国水利水电科学研究院博士学位论文, 2019. HE G H. Evaluation of spatial optimization of land and water resources in northern China and its ecological effects. PhD Thesis. Beijing: China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, 2019.
[2]	翟远征, 王金生, 郑洁琼, 郇环. 北京市近30年用水结构演变及驱动力. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(4): 635-643. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2011.04.009 ZHAI Y Z, WANG J S, ZHENG J Q, HUAN H. Evolution and driving forces of water consumed structure in Beijing during the past 30 years. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(4): 635-643. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2011.04.009
[3]	刘晶, 鲍振鑫, 刘翠善, 王国庆, 刘悦, 王婕, 管晓祥. 近20年中国水资源及用水量变化规律与成因分析. 水利水运工程学报, 2019(4): 31-41. LIU J, BAO Z X, LIU C S, WANG G Q, LIU Y, WANG J, GUAN X X. Change law and cause analysis of water resources and water consumption in China in past 20 years. Hydro-Science and Engineering, 2019(4): 31-41.
[4]	金菊良, 崔毅, 杨齐祺, 吴成国, 潘争伟. 山东省用水总量与用水结构动态关系分析. 水利学报, 2015, 46(5): 551-557. JIN J L, CUI Y, YANG Q Q, WU C G, PAN Z W. Dynamic relationship analysis between total water consumption and water utilization structure in Shandong Province based on the VAR model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2015, 46(5): 551-557.
[5]	胡德秀, 熊江龙, 刘铁龙, 李立, 张艳. 基于生态位及其熵值模型的陕西省渭河流域用水结构特征. 水利水电技术, 2018, 49(11): 137-143. HU D X, XIONG J L, LIU T L, LI L, ZHANG Y. Ecological niche and its entropy model-based characteristics of water consumption structure of Weihe River Basin in Shaanxi Province. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, 2018, 49(11): 137-143.
[6]	鲍超. 中国城镇化与经济增长及用水变化的时空耦合关系. 地理学报, 2014, 69(12): 1799-1809. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201412006 BAO C. Spatio-temporal coupling relationships among urbanization economic growth and water use change in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(12): 1799-1809. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201412006
[7]	LU S B, ZHANG X L, BAO H J, Martin Skitmore. Review of social water cycle research in a changing environment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 63: 132-140. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.071
[8]	陈园, 孔祥仟, 王通, 张金涛. 基于洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的惠州市用水结构分析. 人民珠江, 2020, 41(3): 37-41, 65. CHEN Y, KONG X Q, WANG T, ZHANG J T. Analysis of water utilization structure in Huizhou based on Lorenz Curves and Gini Coefficients. Renmin Zhujiang, 2020, 41(3): 37-41, 65.
[9]	易晶晶, 陈志和, 杨创鹏, 李远青. 基于信息熵原理的区域用水结构时空演变特征研究. 水文, 2019, 39(4): 12-17. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2019.04.003 YI J J, CHEN Z H, YANG C P, LI Y Q. Analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of regional water utilization structure based on information entropy. Journal of China Hydrology, 2019, 39(4): 12-17. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2019.04.003
[10]	张志彬, 胡继连. 山东省用水结构演变及驱动因子分析. 山东农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2019(4): 60-65. ZHANG Z B, HU J L. Evolution of water consumption structure and analysis of driving factors in Shandong Province. Journal of the Shandong Agricultural University (Social Science Edition), 2019(4): 60-65.
[11]	陈秀芬. 基于信息熵的厦门市用水结构演变及其驱动力的灰色关联分析. 水资源与水工程学报, 2013, 24(2): 188-191. CHEN X F. Analysis of grey relation degree based on water utilization evolution and driving force of information entropy in Xiamen. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2013, 24(2): 188-191.
[12]	雷欢, 张鑫. 陕西省近10年用水结构演变及驱动力分析. 水资源与水工程学报, 2012, 23(4): 125-128. LEI H, ZHANG X. Analysis on water use structure change and its driving forces during last 10 years in Shaanxi Province. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2012, 23(4): 125-128.
[13]	马黎华, 康绍忠, 粟晓玲. 西北干旱内陆区石羊河流域用水结构演变及其驱动力分析. 干旱地区农业研究, 2008(1): 125-130. MA L H, KANG S Z, SU X L. Study on evolution and its driving forces of water utilization structure of Shiyang River Basin in Northwest arid areas. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2008(1): 125-130.
[14]	张良, 原彪, 原莉颖. 张家口市水资源状况及开发利用建议. 海河水利, 2009(12): 20-22. ZHANG L, YUAN B, YUAN L Y. Water resources situation and development and utilization suggestion of Zhangjiakou. Haihe Water Resources, 2009(12): 20-22.
[15]	李庆旭, 张彪, 史芸婷, 郑好. 张承地区生态系统服务及其区域关联分析. 生态与农村环境学报, 2017, 33(1): 38-46. doi: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.01.006 LI Q X, ZHANG B, SHI Y T, ZHENG H. Key ecosystem services and their regional flow in Zhangjiakou-Chengde region. Journal of Ecology and rural Environment, 2017, 33(1): 38-46. doi: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.01.006

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张家口市供用水结构时空演变及驱动力分析

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Spatio-temporal evolution analysis and underlying driving forces of water supply and consumption structures in Zhangjiakou, China

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