星豹蛛生物生态学研究现状及展望
English
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畜牧业是农业领域重要的支柱产业，随着人民生活水平提升，饮食结构也发生重要变化，人们摄入肉、蛋、奶等畜产品比例不断提升。畜牧领域作为畜牧业发展的组成部分，在保证畜产品供应、食品安全和生态环境等方面发挥重要作用[1]。该领域覆盖了动物遗传育种与繁殖、家畜营养代谢与调控、饲料加工与产品安全生产等学科内容，畜牧领域专业学位研究生的培养目标有别于学术型研究生，要求培养出具有综合职业技能的应用型、复合型高层次人才[2-3]，主要为畜牧技术研究、应用、开发、推广和职业技术教育培养具有综合技能的复合应用型高层次人才。经过调研和实践，本研究对畜牧领域专业学位研究生的“双导师三段制”培养方式进行探索和思考。
1. 畜牧领域专业学位研究生的培养要求和必要性
2018年全国畜牧业总产值接近2.87万亿元，占农业生产总值的比例为25.27%，畜牧业的快速发展主要得益于畜牧科学技术与相关配套产业的快速发展，畜禽养殖业由传统的“千家万户”小规模饲养向规模化、工业化饲养模式发展[4-5]，这对畜牧领域人才需求提出更高的要求。在全国农业专业学位研究生教育指导委员会发布的《农业硕士专业学位畜牧领域指导性培养方案》也提出该类研究的培养目标，“畜牧领域农业硕士是与畜牧技术研发、推广和应用等领域任职资格相联系的专业学位。首先，畜牧产业的发展需要精通畜牧学相关专业知识、掌握生产实践技能、懂得经管理和畜牧产业的发展趋势的人才，因此培养畜牧领域专业研究生首要满足产业发展需要；其次，畜牧学科的发展密切联系畜牧产业生产实践，由于目前大学研究生教育以科研为主，传统学术型研究生培养更加注重基本科研理论和试验能力的培养，缺少生产一线的训练和知识储备，较难以适应产业快速发展需求，通过专业研究生培养可使学科的功能回归到服务产业发展的道路[6]，优化学科的培养模式和结构。此外，研究生的培养需要根据其个人兴趣、专业背景和综合能力进行培养，引导不同类型的学生可选择科研道路或者进入畜牧产业的多元化发展方式，培养更多的研究生进入产业、服务产业、热爱产业。兰州大学畜牧领域硕士培养定位于“立足西部、面向全国，在反刍动物生产、饲料加工利用和牧场管理等领域形成特色，为畜牧业生产、教育、管理和科技研发培养具有综合职业技能的应用型、复合型高层次人才”。因此，培养畜牧领域研究生既是产业发展需要，也是畜牧学学科发展需要，同时也是个性化解决研究生职业发展需要。
2. 畜牧学专业学位研究生的培养存在的问题
2.1 学位培养目标与产业需求匹配度较差
专业学位研究生是相对于学术型研究生设置的学位类型，其培养目标是通过一定的理论学习，通过强化生产实践训练，使研究生具备从事特定专业所需要的理论和实践能力[7]。兰州大学在畜牧领域硕士培养目标定位为“以市场和需求为导向，培养掌握动物遗传、育种、繁殖、营养、饲料加工、产品安全生产、生态安全、环境控制及动物福利和畜牧业经济与管理等基本理论和反刍动物生产基本技能，具有良好职业素养和能解决实际问题的应用型、复合型的农业技术推广和管理人才”。由于我国畜牧领域专业学位研究生实践时间较短，并未形成成熟的培养模式和培养体系，大学及科研院所一般将学术型研究生的培养模式套用到专业学位研究生培养过程，未能体现到出该类研究生的培养特点，表现为其对产业、行业了解有限、不熟悉牧场或者饲料厂运行特点、缺少对产业技术需求和存在问题的判断能力等[8-9]，这导致研究生的培养目标和产业需求匹配度较差，不利于专业学位研究生的职业发展。
2.2 专业学位研究生指导教师缺少生产实践经验
选择畜牧领域专业学位学习的研究生一般具有动物科学、动物医学或草业科学等畜牧学科相关专业本科教育背景，其在本科阶段已经对畜牧生产和产业现状有一定的了解，并具备相应的专业技能，而在研究生阶段需要系统讲授和培训其在畜牧产业中常用的专业知识和技能，如动物生产管理、疫病防控、饲料供应链、市场营销等。但畜牧领域专业指导教师多为擅长某一领域的专业，部分导师专业技能和实践能力与行业水平存在差距，其科研和研发能力远强于专业实践能力[9-10]。此外，由于部分高校的考评机制偏向基础和应用科学研究，在岗位设置上会有教学科研岗、专职科研岗及专职教学岗位，教师对产业的指导和服务等业绩不纳入到学校考核体系中，缺少相应的引导措施和考核评价体系，导师缺乏接触产业生产实践的动力。国外大学和国内部分农业大学在畜牧学相关专业教师岗位设计上有专门的农业技术推广岗位，鼓励大学教师将畜牧领域先进技术应用于生产实践或进行成果转化；在国内的研究型大学，尽管具有农业相关学科，但较少设置相应的职称评聘和晋升评价体系，难以吸引应用型专业人才进入高校工作。上述因素导致了畜牧领域专业指导教师缺少生产实践经验和接触生产实践的内在动力。
2.3 畜牧领域专业学位培养模式缺少规范和评价标准
我国在2012年由国务院学位委员会发布《关于深入推进研究生培养机制改革，进一步提高研究生教育质量的意见（征求意见稿）》提出“促进学术学位与专业学位的协调，保证研究生教育健康发展”，2015年兰州大学开始招收第一届畜牧领域专业学位研究生，为弥补大学及科研院所导师生产实践经验不足问题，借鉴国内外高校专业学位教育经验，兰州大学采用“双导师三段制”的培养模式，该模式也是参考《农业硕士专业学位畜牧领域指导性培养方案》中提出的两点培养模式要求，包括“采用课堂学习、实践训练、论文研究相结合的培养方式；鼓励实行校内、校外双导师制，校内、外导师应具有丰富的实践经验并有高级技术职称”，在培养过程中兰州大学要求每个研究生配备两名指导教师，其中校内导师作为主要负责导师指导学生完成理论学习为后续论文试验工作做好理论储备，合作导师可以来自企业的管理或技术人员及具有丰富实践经验的科研院所研究人员和学者等，合作导师协作指导完成毕业论文，并可为学生完成论文提供基地等。研究生培养过程分三个阶段，第一阶段在校内导师指导下完成相应课程和理论学习；第二阶段校内导师和合作导师与研究生共同确定毕业论文选题和生产实习方案，完成课题内容包括样品和数据采集，第三阶段在校内完成样品检测、数据分析和论文撰写等工作[2, 11]。尽管该模式兼顾了专业学位研究生理论和实践培养的环节，但在培养过程中还是存在一定问题。首先，合作指导教师评聘与筛选缺少标准和规范，在畜牧领域专业研究生的校外合作导师一般通过校内导师的人际关系联系，来源和选择有随机性，并且在学校层面一般无相应的遴选政策[12]。近年来兰州大学畜牧领域的合作导师多来自饲料企业、大型养殖企业的技术和管理负责人，一般具有丰富的生产管理经验，但在具体指导和培养专业学位研究生的内容和方式方面缺少经验和系统方案；其次，研究生生产实习环节的内容缺少系统设计，畜牧领域研究生的实习、实训内容、市场及效果评价没有依据，多基于实习现场情况确定，这导致不同学校、不同导师间培养的研究生能力差别较大，难以满足产业需求，不利于研究生的职业发展。
3. 畜牧领域专业学位研究生培养模式探索
3.1 提升青年导师培养专业学位研究生的生产实践能力
畜牧领域专业研究生的核心培养目标是为畜牧产业相关企业和单位培养懂生产和经营、具有一定专业技能的复合型人才。导师在培养这类研究生的过程中起关键作用，由于学校对教师考核和研究生培养方案的不完善，导致指导教师生产实践经验和知识储备不足。2017年人社部发布《人力资源社会保障部关于支持和鼓励事业单位专业技术人员创新创业的指导意见》，鼓励高校、科研院所等事业单位专业技术人员在事业单位和企业间合理流动，为大学教师参与企业工作提供政策保障。基于上述原因，兰州大学畜牧学专业专硕导师团队挖掘自身不足，首先从提升教师实践能力入手，指导教师对接甘肃省内多家农牧企业，包括饲草料加工企业、牛羊养殖与育种企业等，长期担任技术顾问或生产副场长介入企业生产和管理，熟悉农牧企业生产、管理和运营流程、挖掘企业技术和管理需求，通过参与企业生产、产品研发和技术问题沟通等工作锤炼教师实践能力，同时利用教师专业理论优势解决企业生产实际问题，实现良性互动，了解行业和企业人才需求，为专业学位研究生的培养提供保障。
3.2 系统设计专业学位研究生“三段制”培养模式和内容
在落实“三段制”培养方面，第一培养阶段针对专业学位研究生开设公共学位课、领域主干课(动物遗传原理与育种方法、动物营养与饲养学等)、方向选修课(数理统计与试验设计、生物信息学、科技论文写作等)，同时鼓励研究生跨专业选修其他专业，尤其是草学、农业经济管理等专业课程(农业科技与政策、放牧生态学、高级牧草与草坪草营养学等)。
在课程设计方面为弥补动物畜牧生产方面的不足，通过对接兰州精准牧业科技有限公司，依托其网络在线教育平台针对反刍动物生产管理等一系列课程进行学习，包括反刍动物营养与配方软件发展、奶牛营养策略专题、奶牛夏季热应激管理专题、奶牛信号学专题、牧场管理专题、青贮饲料专题、奶牛饲料配方软件应用等内容，共102个在线学时内容(表1)，通过在线教学评估系统(线上学习时长和课后考试)检验教学效果，可以丰富专业学位研究生的生产实践知识储备。目前，该网络在线教育平台讲师共37人(表2)，来自高校及科研院所(29.73%)、饲料及饲料添加剂企业(27.03%)、养殖企业(32.43%)、养殖咨询服务企业(10.81%)，其中43.24%拥有博士学位、35.14%获得硕士学位、21.62%获得本科学位。该在线教育平台不仅丰富了学生实践教学的内容，同时也拓宽了学生的视野。
表 1 网络在线课程及学时Table 1. The online courses and class hour课程内容
Course content学时
Class hours/h反刍动物热应激调控
Ruminate heat stress regulation24 青贮饲料专题
Silage feed element10 奶牛营养基础
Dairy nutrition element6 奶牛营养策略专题
Dairy nutrition regulation14 奶牛信号学专题
Dairy signal7 饲料霉菌毒素防控专题
Feed mycotoxin control14 后备牛管理专题
Replacement management2 CPMC配方软件使用
CPMC Formula software25 合计 Total 102 表 2 网络在线培训平台授课人员学历与来源Table 2. The academic degree and sources of lecturer from the online education platform类项
Category项目
Item数量
Number比例
Percentage/%学历 Education 学士 Bachelor 8 21.62 硕士 Master 13 35.14 博士 Doctor 16 43.24 工作单位
Organization高校及科研院所 University
and research institute11 29.73 饲料及饲料添加剂企业 Feed
and feed additive company10 27.03 养殖企业
Farm company12 32.43 养殖咨询服务企业
Farm advisory company4 10.81 职业
Profession大学教师
University teacher9 24.32 牧场管理人员
Farm manager10 27.03 饲料配方师
Feed formulator13 35.14 其他 Other 5 13.51 第二培养阶段，主要在企业、牧场安排研究生进行专业实习，在实习内容设计上分为两个版块，分别为养殖场和饲料厂。养殖场版块的实习内容包括牧场日常营养供应、疫病防控、繁育、群体周转、财务管理、产品采购与销售和人员生产规划等(表3)。饲料厂版块实习内容包括原料采购、饲料及原料化验、原料质量控制、饲料加工调制工艺、配方技术、产品开发、产品销售与技术服务等内容。每个版块实习时间不少于4个月，部分岗位采用顶岗实习方式。此外，在第二培养阶段根据实习基地条件、研究生个人兴趣及企业需求设置课题，开展试验和样品采集工作。第三培养阶段，在校完成试验样品分析和论文撰写，并邀请合作导师及产业专家把关论文质量、参与答辩环节。上述措施可较好地保障畜牧领域专业学位研究生理论和实践能力的培养。
表 3 畜牧领域专业学位“三段制”各阶段培养内容Table 3. The training content of “Three-stage Type” about the degree in animal husbandry field培养阶段
Education stage培养内容 Education content 第一阶段
(第一学期)
First stage
(first semester)公共学位课：专业外语、自然辩证法、学术道德规范与形势政策
Public degree course: Professional English, Dialectics of nature, Academic ethics and situation policy
领域主干课：动物营养与饲料学、高级动物生理学、高级动物生物化学、动物遗传原理与育种方法、动物繁殖理论与生物技术等。
Main course: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Advanced Animal Physiology, Animal Biochemistry Advance, Animal Genetics and Breeding Methods, Animal Reproduction Theory and Biotechnology
方向选修课：畜牧学研究前沿、放牧生态学、系统动物营养学等。
Selective course: Animal Husbandry Advance, Grazing Ecology, System Animal Nutriton
在线网络课：奶牛营养策略专题、奶牛信号学专题、青贮饲料专题等。
Online course: Dairy Cow Nutrition Regulation Strategy, Dairy Signal, Silage Feed Element第二阶段
(第二学期～
第三学期)
Second stage
(second semester
to third semester)养殖版块实习：牧场营养规划、疫病防控、繁育、群体周转、财务管理、原料采购、人员工作规划。
Animal husbandry practice: Farm nutrient planning, disease control, animal breeding, animal turnover, financial management, Raw material purchasing, staff work plan
饲料版块实习：饲料及原料化验、原料质量控制、饲料加工调制工艺、配方技术、产品开发、产品销售技术服务等。
Feed production practice: Feed and ingredient analysis, feed ingredient quality control, feed process technology, formula technology, product development, product sale and technology services
论文开题论证与生产试验：试验设计、动物生产试验、样品采集。
Thesis argumentation and experiment: Experiment design, animal production experiment, sample collection第三阶段 (第四学期)
Third stage
(fourth semester)样品分析、毕业论文撰写、论文答辩。
Sample analysis, writing dissertation, dissertation defence graduation3.3 引导专业学位研究生参与创新创业活动
专业学位研究生以服务产业为导向，自主创业也是目前研究生重要的择业途径[13-14]。研究生阶段的在校学习和实习经历使研究生一定程度上掌握了该领域的专业技能、了解了行业痛点，具有解决产业问题和产品研发能力，拥有自主创业的潜力，国家也鼓励在校大学生通过各类创新创业大赛强化创新创业思维和意识。在该方面的培养，专业学位研究生参与创新创业的系统培训，包括创业项目书撰写、创业优惠政策解读、企业管理和财务分析等方面，使其成为“精理论、懂技术、会管理、能创业”的畜牧专业人才。同时，在专业学位研究生课题设置方面以解决畜牧生产实际问题为导向，鼓励开展饲料添加剂有效性评价、饲料产品设计与开发、牛羊养殖设施设备工艺优化等课题，直接将科研成果应用于生产实践或集成为产品。2019年笔者配合研究生结合肉羊生产需求，针对羔羊早期培育营养供应设置课题，创新性地开发出配合一定比例优质苜蓿干草的开食料产品，以“羔羊早期哺育技术与饲料产品开发”为题目参与第八届中国创新创业大赛甘肃赛区决赛，获得成长组第一名，通过创新创业相关活动锤炼专业学位研究生的创业知识储备。
4. 结语
为了适应现代畜牧业发展人才需求现状，畜牧领域专业学位研究生需要在理论和实践两个方面提升培养质量，在培养方式探索方面从系统设计“双导师三段制”的培养模式、提升校内指导教师生产实践经验和能力、创新创业引导等方面全面推进畜牧领域专业学位研究生综合能力，并充分挖掘网络在线培训平台的优势，满足畜牧产业生产现状的人才需求。
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图 1 国内外星豹蛛研究现状
Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ分别表示环境因子、生殖行为、发生规律、捕食效应、物种鉴定、生化研究、生物防治。
Figure 1. Research status of Pardosa astrigera at home and abroad
Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ and Ⅶ indicate environmental factors, reproductive behaviors, occurrence rules, predation effects, species identification, biochemical studies and biological control, respectively.
表 1 星豹蛛的世代及越冬虫态
Table 1 Generation and overwintering stage of P. astrigera
地点 Place 世代 Generation 越冬虫态 Overwintering stage 参考文献 Reference 湖北省武汉市 Wuhan, Hubei Province 2 成蛛 Adult spider [26] 河北省平山县 Pingshan, Hebei Province 1或2 1 or 2 幼蛛或成蛛 Spiderling and adult spider [28] 陕西省 Shaanxi Province 2 幼蛛和成蛛 Spiderling and adult spider [30] 安徽省芜湖市 Wuhu, Anhui Province 2 成蛛和幼蛛 Spiderling and adult spider [31] 陕西省 Shaanxi Province 2 成蛛和幼蛛 Spiderling and adult spider [32] 山东省滨州市 Binzhou, Shangdong Province 3 幼蛛或成蛛 Spiderling and adult spider [33] 
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表 2 星豹蛛的捕食范围
Table 2 The predatory range of P. astrigera
目
Order科
Family物种
Species虫态
Developmental stage参考文献
Reference鳞翅目 Lepidoptera 夜蛾科 Noctuidae 棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera 卵，幼虫，成虫 Egg, larva, adult [28] 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera 夜蛾科 Noctuidae 烟青虫 Heliothis assulta 幼虫 Larva [28] 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera 夜蛾科 Noctuidae 粘虫 Mythimna separata 卵，幼虫，成虫 Egg, larva, adult [28] 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera 螟蛾科 Pyralidae 条螟 Proceras venosatus 成虫 Adult [28] 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera 螟蛾科 Pyralidae 玉米螟 Pyrausta nubilalis 卵，幼虫，成虫 Egg, larva, adult [28] 直翅目 Orthoptera 飞蝗科 Acrididae 东亚飞蝗 Locusta migratoria 幼虫 Larva [33] 双翅目 Diptera 黄潜蝇科 Chloropidae 麦秆蝇 Meromyza saltatrix 幼虫 Larva [52] 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera 夜蛾科 Noctuidae 甜菜叶蛾 Laphygma exigua 幼虫 Larva [59] 半翅目 Hemiptera 蚜科 Aphididae 桃蚜 Myzus persicae 幼虫 Larva [60]
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