Saggar S,Jha N,Deslippe J,Bolan N S,Luo J,Giltrap D L,Kim D G,Zaman M,Tillman R W.Denitrification and N2O:N2 production in temperate grasslands:Processes,measurements modelling and mitigating negative impacts.Science of The Total Environment,2013,465:173-195.

Deng B L.Effect of warming and nitrogen deposition on soil carbon and nitrogen in meadow restoration by Wugong Mountain.Master Thesis.Nanchang:Jiangxi Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)

Deng B L,Yuan Z Y,Guo X M.Distribution of trace elements in the soil of meadow in Wugong Mountain and its response to human disturbance.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(10):1555-1560.(in Chinese)

Li Z,Yuan Y D,Hu Y W,Meng W W,Zhang X L,Guo X M,Zhang W Y,Hu D N,Niu D K.Effects of altitude and tourism disturbance on soil permeability of mountainous meadow in Wugong Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,32(2):634-645.(in Chinese)

Prieto L H,Bertiller M B,Carrera A L,Olivera N L.Soil enzyme and microbial activities in a grazing ecosystem of Patagonian Monte,Argentina.Geoderma,2011,162(3):281-287.

Adler P,Raff D,Lauenroth W.The effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation.Oecologia,2001,128(4):465-479.

Bao S D.Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.(in Chinese)

Guan S Y.Soil enzymes and the research methods.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1986.(in Chinese)

Chillo V,Ojeda R A,Anand M,Reynolds J F.A novel approach to assesslivestock management effects on biodiversity of drylands.Ecological Indicators,2015,50:69-78.

Xu M,Xie F,Wang K.Response of vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen storage to grazing intensity in semi-arid grasslands in the agro-pastoral zone of northern China.PloS One,2014,9(5):96604.

Wang G B,Zhao X L,Wang M H,Ruan H H,Xu C B,Xu Y M.Effect of land use change on soil easy oxidation carbon content along North Jiangsu coast.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(4):921-926.(in Chinese)

Liu Z G,Li Z Q,Nijs I,Bogaert J.Fine-scale spatial pattern of Cleistogenes squarrosa population under different grazing intensities.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2005,14(1):11-17.(in Chinese)

Wei W,Chen L,Zhang H,Chen J.Effect of rainfall variation and land-scape change on runoff and sediment yield from a loess hilly catchment in China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(3):1005-1016.

Ma X X,Wang L L,Li Q H,Li H,Zhang S L,Sun B H,Yang X X.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activities in maize growth stages.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(17):5502-5511.(in Chinese)

Deng L,Sweeney S,Shangguan Z P.Grassland responses to grazing disturbance:Plant diversity changes with grazing intensity in a desert steppe.Grass and Forage Science,2014,69(3):524-533.

Wang X T,Zhang S H,Chen D D,Tan Y R,Sun D S,Du G Z.Study on vegetation characteristics and soil nutrient variation of alpine meadow under different grazing intensities.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2010,18(4):510-516.(in Chinese)

Zhu G,Deng L,Zhang X,Shangguan Z.Effects of grazing exclusion on plant community and soil physicochemical properties in a desert steppe on the Loess Plateau,China.Ecological Engineering,2016,90:372-381.

Cao L H,Liu H M,Zhao S W.Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its relationship with soil nutrient in DaXiong degraded meadow.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,27(24):69-73.(in Chinese)

Talore D G,Tesfamariam E H,Hassen A,Toit J C O D,Klumpp K,Soussana J F.Long-term impacts of season of grazing on soil carbon sequestration and selected soil properties in the arid Eastern Cape,South Africa.Plant and Soil,2015,397(1-2):317-329.

Jiao T,Chang G Z,Zhou X H,Hou Y H,Yang H S,Miao X L,Liu R T.Relationship between soil enzyme and fertility under different grazing intensities of temperate desert grassland.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2009,17(5):581-587.(in Chinese)

Stephens S E,Walker J A,Blunck D R,Jayaraman A,Naugle D E,Ringelman J K,Smith A J.Predicting risk of habitat conversion in native temperate grasslands.Conservation Biology,2008,22(5):1320-1330.

Chartier M P,Rostagno C M,Videla L S.Selective erosion of clay,organic car-bon and total nitrogen in grazed semiarid rangelands of north eastern Patagonia,Argentina.Journal of Arid Environments,2013,88:43-49.

Panayiotou E,Dimou M,Monokrousos N.The effects of grazing intensity on soil processes in a Mediterranean protected area.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2017,189(9):441.

Liu N,Kan H,Yang G,Zhang Y.Changes in plant,soil,andmicrobes in a typical steppe from simulated grazing:Explaining potential change in soil C.Ecological Monographs,2015,85(2):269-286.

Bandick A K,Dick R P.Field management effects on soil enzyme activities.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(11):1471-1479.

Ge G,Li Z,Fan F,Chu G,Hou Z,Liang Y.Soil biological activity and their seasonal variations in response to long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.Plant and Soil,2010,326:31-44.

Garclagil J C,Plaza C,Solerrovira P,Polo A.Long-term effects of municipal solid waste compost application on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(13):1907-1913.

Zhou X,Zhang Y,Downing A.Non-linear response of microbial activity across a gradient of nitrogen addition to a soil from the Gurbantunggut Desert,northwestern China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,47:67-77.

Craine J M,Ballantyne F,Peel M,Zambatis N,Morrow C,Stock W D.Grazing and landscape controls on nitrogen availability across 330 South African savanna sites.Austral Ecology,2009,34:731-740.

Allison S D,Jastrow J D.Activities of extracellular enzymes in physically isolated fractions of restored grassland soils.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(11):3245-3256.

DeForest J L,Smemo K A,Burke D J,Elliott H L,Becker J C.Soil microbial responses to elevated phosphorus and pH in acidic temperate deciduous forests.Biogeochemistry,2012,109:189-202.

Mastrogianni A,Papatheodorou E M,Monokrousos N,Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U,Stamou G P.Reclamation of lignite mine areas with Triticum aestivum:The dynamics of soil functions and microbial communities.Applied Soil Ecology,2014,80:51-59.

Monokrousos N,Boutsis G,Diamantopoulos J D.Development of soil chemical and biological properties in the initial stages of post-mining deposition sites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(12):9065-9074.