除草剂研发及其复混使用的现状与展望
English
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美丽胡枝子(Lespedeza formosa)是豆科胡枝子属植物,直立灌木,广布种,从我国华北到西南地区均有分布[1]。在湖北地区,美丽胡枝子多见于鹤峰、利川、五峰、巴东、神农架、竹溪及宜昌等地[2]。耐旱、耐高温、耐酸性土壤、耐贫瘠,喜生于排水良好的砾石坡地、沟谷、路旁等较湿润的土地[3]。目前,关于美丽胡枝子的研究,主要集中在生态修复[4]、蜜源植物[5]、药用价值[6]方面,有关其饲用价值的研究甚少。美丽胡枝子嫩枝茎叶富含蛋白,氨基酸种类丰富,虽为灌木,但可作为野生优良饲草和水土保持植物进行栽培驯化[7-8]。
在国外,开展胡枝子属植物作为饲草的相关育种工作进行较早。1896年美国从东亚引进截叶铁扫帚(L. cuneata),以降低单宁含量和水土保持为选育目标,通过系统选育、回交、杂交等手段培育出‘Ambro’ [9]、‘Au Donnelly’ [10]、‘Au Grazer’ [11] 等多个品种;研究人员用来自朝鲜的胡枝子属植物长萼鸡眼草(L. stipulaceae)主栽品种‘Summit’和鸡眼草(L. striata)品种‘Kobe’杂交选育出早熟、草产量高、种植范围更靠北的一年生胡枝子新品种‘Marion’ [12]。在我国,1989年第一个胡枝子属品种‘延边’二色胡枝子(L. bicolor ‘Yanbian’)通过全国草品种审定委员会审定,随后尖叶胡枝子(L. juncea)和达乌里胡枝子(L. davurica)新品种通过审定[13],到2020年该属登记品种仅有7个。我国育种工作主要以科研院所和高校为主,缺乏推动新品种数量和满足市场要求的企业,使得良种推广面积小,成果转化慢。据统计,2015年和2016年全国胡枝子人工种草年末保留面积相对较高,分别为1.10 × 104和1.04 × 104 hm2。之后种植面积却出现断崖式减少,2017年为333.33 hm2,到2019年仅剩200 hm2 [14]。
随着草牧业的发展和生态环境建设的需要,深入挖掘当地野生资源,培育各种用途草品种越来越受到育种专家的高度关注[15]。为此,针对长江中下游中低山及丘陵地区夏季豆科牧草缺乏现状,湖北省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所在夏季高温高湿条件下以草产量高、品质优良、持久抗逆为育种目标,通过资源鉴定评价、多次单株选择和混合收种,经品种比较试验、国家草品种区域试验和大田生产试验,历时13年培育而成饲用型灌木新品种— ‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 亲本来源及选育过程
亲本为2007年从湖北省神农架林区松柏镇采集的美丽胡枝子野生资源,田间鉴定评价发现其植株高大、叶量丰富、茎秆柔软、家畜喜食,尤其在武汉夏季高温高湿和秋季持续伏旱的恶劣条件下生长旺盛,且地上产草量高。2008年建立原始材料选种圃,进行野生资源栽培驯化。3月播种育苗,6月在植株高度10~15 cm时移栽。行距100 cm,株距80 cm,共移栽507株,当年未进行优良单株选择,但统一对植株进行了刈割,留茬高度严格控制在20 cm。2009年依据返青期早(3月15日之前)、分枝期植株高大(自然高度超过150 cm),株型直立紧凑、叶量丰富、分枝多(一级分枝大于10个),夏季生长旺盛(叶不卷曲、叶色鲜绿),且无病虫害等特性,进行第一次单株选择,挂牌86株。依据花期相对一致(盛花期在1周内)、秋季伏旱条件下植株生长无影响(叶不卷曲、脱落、枯黄)再次选择,最后保留优良单株52株,种子成熟时混合收种。
2010年春季对混合种子播种育苗,移栽单株368株。种植当年未开展选择。2011年依据相同选育标准进行第二次单株选择(选育标准同2009年),优胜劣汰,最后选择优良单株44株,待种子成熟时混合收种,形成新品系,定名‘松柏’美丽胡枝子。2012-2015年开展品种比较试验,以美丽胡枝子原始材料和国家审定的同属品种‘延边’二色胡枝子为对照,对物候期、生产性能、饲用价值和抗逆性等进行观测。2016年申请进入国家草品种区域试验,同时开展新品系种子扩繁。2017-2020年全国畜牧总站安排在湖北武汉、江西南昌、重庆南川、湖南邵阳、江苏南京、安徽合肥6个国家草品种区域试验站对其丰产性、适应性和营养价值进行多年多点测定,同时在湖北武汉、黄冈和潜江进行连续4年的大田生产试验。2021年通过全国草品种审定委员会审定,根据《草品种命名规则》 [16]更名为‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子,登记号612。选育过程如图1所示。
1.2 试验地概况
选育地为湖北省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所牧草基地,地处长江中游,地理坐标114°21′ E,30°30′ N,海拔23 m,属亚热带北缘季风气候。光照充足,雨水充沛,年均温16.6 ℃,年降水量1 269 mm,无霜期237 d。土壤属丘陵黄土,瘠薄粘重,保水、保肥能力差。土壤pH为5.2,有机质含量1.45%,碱解氮106.9 mg·kg−1,速效磷26.7 mg·kg−1,速效钾134 mg·kg−1。国家草品种区域试验和生产试验地基本情况如表1所列。
表 1 试验地基本情况Table 1. Conditions of the experimental location试验类型
Experiment地点
Region经纬度
Longitude
and
latitude海拔
Altitude/
m极端
高温
Extreme
high
temperature/℃极端
低温
Extreme
low
temperature/℃年均
温度
Annual
average
temperature/℃≥10 ℃
年积温
≥10 ℃
Annual product
temperature/(℃·d)年降
水量
Annual
rainfall/mm无霜期
Frost-free
period/d土壤
类型
Soil
type土壤
pH
Soil
pH品比试验
Variety
comparison
test湖北武汉
Hubei
Wuhan30°30′ N,
114°21′ E23 39.3 −18.1 16.6 5 207.0 1 269.0 237 粘壤土
Clay loam5.2 区域
试验
Regional
test湖北武汉
Hubei
Wuhan30°30′ N,
114°21′ E23 39.3 −18.1 16.6 5 207.0 1 269.0 237 粘壤土
Clay loam5.2 湖南邵阳
Hunan
Shaoyang27°08′ N,
111°03′ E215 40.5 −12.1 16.1 5 000.0 1 218.5 271 黄壤土
Yellow loam6.4 江苏南京
Jiangsu
Nanjing32°28′ N,
118°37′ E12 39.7 −13.1 15.4 4 800.0 1 200.0 225 粘土
Clay6.1 安徽合肥
Anhui
Hefei31°55′ N,
117°32′ E40 41.0 −20.6 15.7 4 956.0 980.0 227 黄褐土
Yellow
cinnamon
soil7.0 重庆南川
Chongqing
Nanchuan29°16′ N,
106°57′ E690 40.8 −4.7 16.7 5 451.0 1 103.0 296 水稻土
Paddy soil5.6 生产
试验
Production
test湖北武汉
Hubei
Wuhan30°17′ N,
114°08′ E30 39.3 −18.1 16.6 5 207.0 1 269.0 237 黄棕壤
Yellow
brown soil8.48 湖北黄冈
Hubei
Huanggang30°27′ N,
114°52′ E58 39.0 −12.2 16.9 5 385.4 1 260.0 241 水稻土
Paddy soil7.74 湖北潜江
Hubei
Qianjiang30°15′ N,
112°48′ E28 39.2 −16.5 16.2 5 123.5 1 120.0 252 水稻土
Paddy soil7.26 1.3 品比试验
参试材料3个,分别是美丽胡枝子新品系、对照美丽胡枝子原始群体和‘延边’二色胡枝子。随机区组排列,小区面积为30 m2 (5 m × 6 m),4次重复,其中一个小区用来观测物候期。因为对照‘延边’二色胡枝子发芽率极低,为了保持所有材料密度统一,采取育苗移栽。行距50 cm,株距10 cm,移苗前施有机肥30 t·hm−2和复合肥450 kg·hm−2。移栽后每天早晚浇水一次,直至幼苗成活,之后整个试验期再无灌溉。观测物候期、产草量、茎叶比、营养成分和抗病虫性等。
1.4 区域试验
参试品种包括‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子、对照品种‘延边’二色胡枝子和‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子。随机区组设计,小区面积30 m2 (6 m × 5 m),4次重复,育苗移栽,行距50 cm,株距10 cm,每小区移栽600株。测定鲜干草产量、茎叶比、营养成分、抗逆性等,标准按全国畜牧总站发布的《2017年度美丽胡枝子品种区域试验技术方案》和《草品种区域试验技术规程豆科牧草》 [17]执行。
1.5 生产试验
参试品种包括‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子、对照品种‘延边’二色胡枝子、‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子。播前施腐熟牛粪45 t·hm−2,之后再未施肥。种植面积均为0.133 hm2,无重复。播种量为‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子30.0 kg·hm−2,‘延边’二色胡枝子45.0 kg·hm−2,‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子为22.5 kg·hm−2。种植时间为2017年5月19日(武汉)、2017年5月22日(潜江)、2017年5月27日(黄冈)。种植方式采用条播,行距为50 cm。测定指标主要为产草量,当植株高度达100 cm左右时在试验地随机选取生长一致、长宽分别为3 m的样地进行刈割,留茬高度‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子10~15 cm,其他两份材料均为20~30 cm,3次重复。测定鲜草产量后,随机取样品1.0 kg,在烘箱于65 ℃条件下烘至恒重,计算干草产量。生长期观察种植材料在各试验点的适应性。
1.6 测定指标和方法
物候期参考《草品种区域试验技术规程豆科牧草》观测项目与记载标准[17]。
测定鲜草产量时,每个小区随机选取10株,测定地面至植株最高部位的绝对高度,获得株高的平均值。在植株高度100 cm左右时进行测产,再生植株刈割标准与之相同,留茬高度20~30 cm,去掉小区边行和两端各50 cm,对剩余面积全部刈割测得鲜草产量。
测定鲜草产量时,随机从每个材料的3个重复小区取样品1.0 kg,在65 ℃下烘至恒重,计算干鲜比(干鲜比 = 烘干重/鲜重×100%)。第一次测产时,将茎、叶(含花序)分开,烘干后求其占叶茎总重的百分比(茎叶比)。测产时随机取1.0 kg全株鲜样,65 ℃烘干后粉碎,测定营养成分(饲用品质)。抗病虫性采用目测方式,主要观测整个生长期间有无病虫害发生以及严重程度。
1.7 数据处理
品比试验和生产试验使用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析,国家草品种区域试验采用DPS 17.10统计软件处理,用Duncan新复极差法进行多重比较和差异显著性分析。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 植物学特征
‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子属于多年生落叶灌木(图2),茎直立。播种当年株高1.0 m以上;第2年在2.0~3.0 m,分枝高达450个。羽状三出复叶,先端急尖;深绿,正面无毛。总状花序腋生,较叶长,或构成圆锥花序顶生,无限花序,紫红色,花梗长9.0~16.0 cm。荚果倒卵形或倒卵状长圆形,表面具网纹被疏柔毛,有短尖,内含1粒种子。种子肾形,长3.0~4.0 mm,宽2.0~3.0 mm,黑褐色,表面光滑,有光泽,千粒重8.07 g。
2.2 生物学特性
‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子耐高温,在气温高达39 ℃以上时仍生长旺盛。耐寒,冬季低温−8 ℃仍能在春季返青,越冬率100%。根系发达,抗旱能力强,整个生育期无需浇灌,饲草产量和叶茎比均较高。耐贫瘠,适应性强。对土壤要求不严,在pH为5~8.5的土壤均可良好生长。在武汉地区,播种当年开花结实,翌年3月中旬返青,9月中旬现蕾、下旬开花,10月上旬结实,11月中旬种子逐渐成熟,生育期平均217 d。
2.3 饲草生产性能
2.3.1 品比试验
‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子一般播种后11 d出苗(表2),较亲本和‘延边’二色胡枝子快1~4 d;现蕾开花、结荚成熟和植株枯黄均较亲本晚3~4 d,利用时期相对较长。对照‘延边’二色胡枝子在武汉生育期明显提前,7月初开花,9月下旬种子成熟,生育期较‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子早53 d。另外,‘延边’二色胡枝子每年6月-9月病虫害严重,花叶大量脱落,植株结荚较少,成熟荚果种子多为干瘪。
表 2 ‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子农艺性状Table 2. Agronomic traits of Lespedeza formosa ‘Exibei’品种
Variety物候期 Phenological period (MM-DD) 生育期
Growth and
development
period/d抗虫性
Insect
resistance越冬率
Winter survival
rate/%出苗期
Seedling stage分枝期
Branching stage开花期
Flowering stage成熟期
Mature period枯黄期
Withered period鄂西北
Exibei04-09 06-11 09-25 11-12 11-20 217 强
Strong100.0 亲本
Parent04-10 06-14 09-21 11-09 11-17 213 中
Medium90.3 延边
Yanbian04-13 06-14 07-02 09-24 10-02 164 差
Poor91.5 ‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子植株高大,再生性强,自生长第2年就表现出明显的丰产性(表3)。新品种4年干草产量平均为15.08 t·hm−2,较原始群体和‘延边’二色胡枝子分别显著增加25.46%和45.42% (P < 0.05)。‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子叶量丰富,嫩枝柔软,叶茎比为1 ꞉ 0.60,叶茎比例较原始材料提高2.39%~5.43%,较对照‘延边’二色胡枝子增加3.51%~20.61%。
表 3 品种比较试验结果Table 3. Results of the varietal comparison trial品种
Variety干草产量 Hay yield/(t·hm−2) 叶茎比 Ratio of stem to leaf 2012 2013 2014 2015 平均值
Average2012 2013 2014 2015 鄂西北
Exibei3.10 ± 0.29a 19.40 ± 0.17a 19.14 ± 1.74a 18.67 ± 2.62a 15.08 ± 0.51a 1 ꞉ 0.60 1 ꞉ 0.44 1 ꞉ 0.56 1 ꞉ 0.53 亲本
Parent2.33 ± 0.11b 12.78 ± 0.20b 16.94 ± 3.21b 16.03 ± 2.72b 12.02 ± 0.30b 1 ꞉ 0.63 1 ꞉ 0.52 1 ꞉ 0.67 1 ꞉ 0.62 延边
Yanbian1.95 ± 0.28c 10.10 ± 0.24c 15.21b ± 2.45c 14.24 ± 2.62c 10.37 ± 0.04c 1 ꞉ 0.74 1 ꞉ 0.74 1 ꞉ 0.62 1 ꞉ 0.76 不同小写字母表示不同品种间差异显著(P < 0.05)。下表同。
Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different varieties at the 0.05 level. This is applicable for the following tables as well.2.3.2 区域试验
在农业农村部全国草品种审定委员会办公室安排的区域试验中,江西南昌试验点因育苗失败,试验中止。‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子在湖北武汉、湖南邵阳、江苏南京、安徽合肥和重庆南川均可种植且生长良好;对照‘延边’二色胡枝子和‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子在南京、合肥和南川多个年份未达到测产要求(表4)。新品种干草产量较‘延边’和‘晋农1号’分别增产6.76%~936.66%和64.59%~2343.56%,大部分差异显著(P < 0.05)。3份材料在武汉和邵阳多年多点分析结果表明(表5),‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子干草产量最高,且变异度最小,综合评价丰产性和稳定性优于两对照。另外,新品种较对照品种适宜种植范围广。
表 4 区域试验干草产量Table 4. Hay yield in the national regional trialt·hm−2 地点 Region 年份 Year 鄂西北 Exibei 延边 Yanbian 晋农1号 Jinnong No.1 湖北武汉
Hubei Wuhan2017 0.48 ± 0.25a 0.25 ± 0.20b 0.13 ± 0.08b 2018 9.54 ± 1.63a 0.95 ± 0.07b 0.39 ± 0.16b 2019 6.34 ± 0.76a 0.61 ± 0.02b 0.76 ± 0.05b 2020 8.15 ± 2.05a 1.77 ± 0.70b 0.88 ± 0.48b 湖南邵阳
Hunan Shaoyang2017 6.24 ± 0.62a 3.07 ± 0.36b 0.79 ± 0.10c 2018 3.93 ± 0.66a 0.52 ± 0.06b 0.93 ± 0.08b 2019 2.33 ± 0.09a 1.08 ± 0.16b 0.52 ± 0.08c 2020 4.33 ± 0.16a 2.09 ± 0.11b 0.87 ± 0.13c 江苏南京
Jiangsu Nanjing2017 3.81 ± 0.14a 2.32 ± 0.13b 1.76 ± 0.16c 2018 6.88 ± 0.57 / / 2019 8.82 ± 0.53 / / 2020 8.09 ± 0.45 / / 安徽合肥
Anhui Hefei2017 2.01 ± 0.32a 1.88 ± 0.18a 1.13 ± 0.19b 2018 9.28 ± 0.32 / / 2019 13.55 ± 0.35 / / 2020 9.10 ± 0.24 / / 重庆南川
Chongqing Nanchuan2017 3.93 ± 0.68a / 0.81 ± 0.54b 2018 11.17 ± 0.90a 1.68 ± 0.19b 0.88 ± 0.71b 2019 4.66 ± 1.58a 0.73 ± 0.41b 1.33 ± 0.46b 2020 3.48 ± 1.14 / / “/ ”表示对照品种未达测产要求,未进行统计分析。
“/” indicate the control varieties did not achieve the measurement standard, so statistical analysis was not performed.表 5 品种丰产性及其稳定性分析Table 5. Yield and stability analysis of varieties in the regional test品种
Variety丰产性参数 Fertility parameter 稳定性参数 Stability parameter 适应地区
Adaptive area产量
Yield/(t·hm−2)效应
Effect方差
Variance变异度
Degree of variation鄂西北 Exibei 5.16 27.93 13.20 22.25 武汉、邵阳
Wuhan, Shaoyang延边 Yanbian 1.14 −12.32 3.10 48.88 邵阳 Shaoyang 晋农1号 Jinnong No.1 0.81 −15.62 3.51 73.27 邵阳 Shaoyang 2.3.3 生产试验
大田生产试验发现,‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子在湖北各地生长旺盛,一般3月12日-15日开始返青,11月中旬枯黄,利用期长达240 d左右;在不同种植地,干草产量较‘晋农1号’增产186.81%~2 128.37% (表6),较‘延边’二色胡枝子增产85.62%~1 035.98%,差异显著(P < 0.05)。
表 6 生产试验干草产量Table 6. Hay yield in the production testt·hm−2 地点
Region年份
Year鄂西北
Exibei延边
Yanbian晋农1号
Jinnong No.1湖北武汉
Hubei Wuhan2017 4.59 ± 0.14a 2.14 ± 0.17b 1.09 ± 0.18c 2018 12.41 ± 0.40a 1.09 ± 0.20b 0.56 ± 0.22c 2019 9.50 ± 0.39a 0.99 ± 0.18b 1.24 ± 0.26b 2020 7.64 ± 0.28a 3.36 ± 0.13b 2.50 ± 0.40b 湖北黄冈
Hubei Huanggang2017 4.36 ± 0.29a 2.35 ± 0.22b 1.52 ± 0.51b 2018 12.33 ± 0.52a 2.71 ± 0.92b 1.34 ± 0.41b 2019 12.73 ± 0.55a 2.79 ± 0.36b 1.77 ± 0.88b 2020 8.40 ± 0.52a 3.92 ± 0.63b 1.97 ± 0.36c 湖北潜江
Hubei Qianjiang2017 5.87 ± 0.23a 3.02 ± 0.29b 1.97 ± 0.08c 2018 13.76 ± 0.11a 2.99 ± 0.52b 1.91 ± 0.57b 2019 13.64 ± 0.28a 3.74 ± 0.18b 1.98 ± 0.15c 2020 9.64 ± 0.26a 3.93 ± 0.14b 2.43 ± 0.12c 2.4 饲用品质
农业农村部全国草业产品质量监督检验测试中心对各品种第一次刈割饲草营养成分进行测定(表7),‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子粗蛋白含量为13.1%,高于对照‘延边’二色胡枝子;粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别为2.19%、31.8%、50.9%和36.9%,与‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子接近;钙含量(1.9%)明显高于两对照品种(1.1%)。由此可见,灌木‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子在生长前期营养品质相对优良。
表 7 第一次刈割草的营养成分(以风干样为基础)Table 7. Nutrient contents of forage in the first cutting (based on the air-dried sample)品种
Variety水分
Water/%粗蛋白
Crude protein/%粗脂肪
Crude fat/%粗纤维
Crude fiber/%中性洗涤纤维
Neutral detergent fiber/%酸性洗涤纤维
Acid detergent fiber/%粗灰分
CA/%钙
Ca/%磷
P/%鄂西北
Exibei6.9 13.1 2.19 31.8 50.9 36.9 5.3 1.9 0.2 延边
Yanbian6.6 10.9 3.49 34.9 55.7 39.4 4.7 1.1 0.1 晋农1号
Jinnong No.17.4 18.3 2.27 29.6 50.6 37.8 8.9 1.1 0.3 2.5 栽培技术要点
‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子当年收获种子发芽率高达80%,可直接播种。南方春播,3月下旬到4月。青饲利用,条播为宜,行距40~50 cm,播种量30.0~37.5 kg·hm−2;草山草坡改良,一般撒播,播量增加30%~40%;种子田,穴播,行距100 cm,株距50~60 cm。播种深度3~4 cm,覆土2~3 cm;苗期需加强管理,植株封行后可显著抑制杂草。抗旱性强,生长期不需灌溉,无病虫危害。主要利用方式有青饲、混贮和放牧。株高100 cm左右可刈割青饲,留茬高度15~20 cm;孕蕾至开花期可与作物秸秆混贮;株高50~60 cm时可适度放牧。利用2~3年后在返青期和入冬前增施复合肥450~525 kg·hm−2有利于提高饲草产量。在长江流域,开花期经常遭遇连续降水或持续干旱,导致种子产量较低,平均150~300 kg·hm−2。种子收获适宜在70%~80%荚果变为黄褐色时进行,太晚易脱落。
3. 讨论
我国是世界草原大国,野生牧草种类繁多,有饲用价值植物可达6704种[18]。1943年,叶培忠[19]开启了利用野生资源培育牧草新品种的先例。之后,老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、垂穗披碱草(E. nutans)以及冰草(Agropyron cristatum)等优良野生草种资源相继被开发利用[20-22]。美丽胡枝子作为胡枝子属中的南方区系代表种,在草山草坡中分布广泛,牛羊喜食。挖掘乡土资源是充实当地牧草品种的有效途径。新品种的选育中性状指标选择是关键,通常有株高、分枝(蘖)数、茎叶比、生育天数、千粒重等。‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子返青早,开花结荚晚,生育期较原始群体延长4 d左右,枯黄期晚,家畜可利用期长。新品种株型直立紧凑,植株高度在第2年能2~3 m,而野生状态下一般为1~2 m [23]。研究表明,千粒重、一级分枝数属遗传力较强指标,相对稳定[24]。‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子一级分枝10~13个,但二级分枝高达450个;叶量丰富,叶占比例较原始群体提高了2.39%~5.43%。新品种千粒重8 g左右,硬实率显著降低,当年收获种子发芽率在80%以上[25]。经多年栽培驯化的‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子因植株高度、分枝数、叶量的增加使其表现出显著的丰产性,这些性状指标与牧草产量的紧密相关在箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa) [24]、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa) [26]、燕麦(Avena sativa) [27]等新品种的选育中均有体现。
抗逆性强是饲草高产、稳产的必备条件。野生草种资源具有抵抗当地不良气候和土壤条件的突出特点,因此育种家常利用它作为新品种培育的亲本材料,如利用野生黄花苜蓿(M. falcata)、花苜蓿(M. ruthenica)和栽培紫花苜蓿杂交育成的新品种‘草原1号’‘甘农1号’‘龙牧809’等[13, 26],提高了苜蓿的抗寒性,扩大了种植范围。‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子是在武汉夏季高温高湿和秋季持续伏旱条件下经多年栽培驯化而成的饲草新品种,适宜长江流域及以南地区种植,即便遭遇灾害性气候(2017年湖北多地特大暴雨)仍能旺盛生长。两对照品种均来自北方,抗旱性强,但不耐湿热和水涝,‘延边’二色胡枝子在南方梅雨天气易受病虫危害,落叶严重;‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子在整个生长期易受杂草危害,草产量低,说明由乡土资源挖掘的新品种通常比外来品种在适应性和抗逆性方面更具优势。
营养品质是衡量饲用植物饲用价值高低的重要指标,叶量的丰富度与其有着不可分割的关系,也是育种家改良饲草品质的突破口,比如‘中天1号’紫花苜蓿[28]。‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子枝叶繁茂,叶面积大,数量多,叶重占叶茎总重平均在60%以上,较原始群体增加2.39%~5.43%,比所对照的‘延边’二色胡枝子增加了3.51%~20.61%。叶茎比的增加,使得新品种分枝期粗蛋白含量达13.1%,较‘延边’二色胡枝子高了20.18%,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维比其低8.62%和6.35%,说明适口性和消化率相对较好。与‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子相比,粗蛋白含量略低,但粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量接近。新品种富含15种氨基酸,营养期必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的39.23%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值为64.54% [29],高于FAO/WHO理想蛋白质标准[30]。由此可见,作为灌木型饲草,‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子品质优良,尤其在生长前期利用效果更佳。
作为异花授粉植物,‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子采取了选择混合法。选育过程中加大株距、行距,促进植株充足生长;为让植株特性稳定,种植当年不进行选择。植株生长第2年,在3个不同生长时期(返青期、分枝期和盛花期)依据不同育种指标进行多方位选择,之后对优良单株混合收种,选择过程持续进行2个世代,最终形成新品系。该方法虽然时间长,但易于掌握,且实用有效,国家审定登记的147个野生栽培品种均选用该技术,占审定品种数的23.11%。以野生材料为亲本的61个育成品种中,60%的品种采取了系统选择法(其中单株选择14个,混合选择15个,集团选择2个)。随着生物技术的发展,分子标记辅助选择逐渐用于草品种选育前期的种质资源遗传多样性分析[31]、遗传图谱构建[32]、目标性状基因定位[33]等方面。转基因育种虽然能克服植物有性杂交的限制,但对于大多野生草种资源来说,因遗传背景复杂,纯系难以获得,目前仍停留在基础研究阶段[34]。另外,受国家政策和品种安全影响,目前还无登记的转基因草品种。
4. 结论
‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子为国内审定的第一个美丽胡枝子品种。植株高大、分枝数高达450个,叶量丰富。新品种干草产量较亲本和对照‘延边’二色胡枝子分别提高25.46%和45.42%,差异显著(P < 0.05)。适宜长江中下游湖北、湖南、安徽等地种植,抗逆性强,年平均干草产量5.16 t·hm−2,综合性状优于对照品种。新品种分枝期粗蛋白含量13.1%,粗脂肪2.19%、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维分别为50.9%和36.9%,生产利用以植株生长前期为佳。
致谢:感谢国家草品种区域试验平台促进了湖北省牧草新品种的选育工作。‘鄂西北’美丽胡枝子各项试验的顺利开展离不开全国畜牧总站草业处李新一处长、齐晓博士、邵麟慧博士以及承担新品种性能测试的国家草品种区域站技术人员的大力支持和帮助,在此表示衷心感谢。
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