甘肃马鹿冬季牧场牧草再生性对刈割的短期响应

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马周文, 王宏, 于应文, 常生华, 周青平, 侯扶江. 甘肃马鹿冬季牧场牧草再生性对刈割的短期响应. 草业科学, 2018,35(1): 157-164
Ma Zhou-wen, Wang Hong, Yu Ying-wen, Chang Sheng-hua, Zhou Qing-ping, Hou Fu-jiang. Short-term effect of mowing winter pastures of Gansu wapiti on forage regeneration. Pratacultural Science, 2018,35(1): 157-164. 复制到剪切板

Doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2017-0095
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《草业科学》编辑部

甘肃马鹿冬季牧场牧草再生性对刈割的短期响应

马周文¹, 王宏², 于应文¹, 常生华¹, 周青平³, 侯扶江¹

1.草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室农业部草牧业创新重点实验室兰州大学草地农业科技学院, 甘肃兰州 730020

2.玛曲县阿孜畜牧科技示范园区,甘肃甘南 747300

3.西南民族大学青藏高原研究院,四川成都 610041

通讯作者：侯扶江(1971-),男,河南扶沟人,教授,博导,博士,研究方向为放牧管理。E-mail:cyhoufj@lzu.edu.cn

第一作者:马周文(1991-),男,甘肃陇西人,在读硕士生,研究方向为草地-家畜互作。E-mail:mazhw2015@lzu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2017-03-01 接受日期: 2017-05-12

资助项目: 国家自然科学基金(31672472); 国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD13B05); 甘肃省退牧还草科技支撑(2015620111000485)

摘要

在肃南裕固族自治县甘肃马鹿( Cervus elaphus kansuensis)不同放牧率(1.00、1.45、2.45、3.45、4.85、6.90 AUM·hm^-2)的冬季牧场,研究草原生产力与群落结构对牧草最佳生长期刈割的短期响应。结果表明,1)随放牧强度增加,刈割群落物种丰富度呈先增加后减少趋势,其中4.85 AUM·hm^-2放牧率下的群落物种丰富度最高;刈割显著增加草地地上生物量。2)刈割群落的牧草株高和地上生物量均表现为超补偿生长,补偿指数分别以3.45、6.90 AUM·hm^-2放牧样地最高;各优势种变化趋势不同。3)刈割群落的Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数在放牧较重样地最高;随放牧强度增加,群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈先增加后减少趋势,以4.85 AUM·hm^-2群落最高;且除4.85 AUM·hm^-2群落外,刈割后的群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于刈割前的( P<0.05)。4)各功能群植物对不同放牧强度响应不同。因此,适宜放牧强度下,刈割能发挥草地最大生产潜力并维持群落结构稳定性。

关键词: 高寒草原; 刈割; 群落结构; 补偿生长; 物种多样性; 生物量; 放牧

中图分类号:S812.8 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2018)01-0157-08

Short-term effect of mowing winter pastures of Gansu wapiti on forage regeneration

Ma Zhou-wen¹, Wang Hong², Yu Ying-wen¹, Chang Sheng-hua¹, Zhou Qing-ping³, Hou Fu-jiang¹

1.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystmes, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China

2. Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Maqu County, Gannan 747300, Gansu, China

3. College of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Research, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China

Corresponding author: Hou Fu-jiang E-mail:cyhoufj@lzu.edu.cn

Abstract

The study investigated the short-term effect of mowing winter pastures of deer ( Cervus elaphus kansuens) on pasture productivity and community characteristics during the best growth period, under different stocking rates (1.00, 1.45, 2.45, 3.45, 4.85, and 6.90 AUM·hm^-2). We found that: 1) in mowed pastures, species richness increased with increasing stocking rate up to 4.85 AUM·hm^-2 and mowing significantly increased the above-ground biomass. 2) In the mowed pastures, compensation index values indicated greater plant height and above-ground biomass. Highest compensation index was observed in the pastures grazed at 3.45 and 6.90 AUM·hm^-2, respectively. The effects of stocking rates on compensation index varied with differences in the dominant plant species. 3) Simpson’s dominance and Pielou’s evenness indices for mowed pastures were generally higher in heavily grazed pastures. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of mowed pastures increased with increasing stocking rates up to 4.85 AUM·hm^-2, and the difference owing to mowing of pastures at all stocking rates, except at 4.85 AUM·hm^-2, were significant. 4) We observed variation in responses among plant functional groups to pasture mowing under different stocking rates. Therefore, we suggest that stocking rates should be considered when winter pastures are mowed for maximizing production potential and maintaining the stability of community structure.

Key words: alpine grassland; mowing; community structure; compensatory growth; species diversity; biomass; grazing

文章图片

刈割是草原最重要的利用与管理方式之一。适度刈割可提高禾本科、莎草科等优良牧草分蘖、再生速率和比例, 刺激牧草补偿性生长, 从而提高草原生产力和牧草品质, 改善适口性, 促进家畜选择性采食^{[1, 2, 3]}, 优化放牧系统物质与能量分配格局, 维持群落物种多样性及结构稳定^{[4, 5]}。刈割还可抑制毒害草生长, 改变冠层和土壤微环境, 调控温室气体排放, 增加草原生态服务功能^{[6, 7, 8, 9]}。然而, 在放牧生态系统中, 牧草产量的季节性波动远高于畜群需求, 在牧草产量高、营养品质佳的时期, 刈割是解决季节畜牧业草畜系统相悖、加强草畜系统耦合的重要实践^{[10, 11]}。因此, 放牧与刈割轮替、制备干草是放牧生态系统可持续的重要途径^{[12, 13]}。

以往研究主要集中在刈割对草地生产力、土壤理化性质和群落特征等的影响^{[14, 15]}。研究表明, 适宜的刈割时期可增加羊草(Leymus chinesis)草甸草原牧草营养物质积累^[16], 高频次和高强度刈割则带走大量营养物质, 减少养分返还, 导致土壤养分循环失衡, 草原退化和生产力下降^[8]。内蒙古羊草草甸群落Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数随刈割强度的降低而减小^[17]。山地高草草甸放牧-刈割草地相对单独刈割增加了土壤速效氮含量, 但低于单独放牧草地, 而其土壤有机质含量反之; 同时放牧-刈割草地的草产量是单独放牧地的2.6倍^{[18, 19]}。放牧+长期刈割和连续放牧均增加黑麦草(Lolium perenne)+白三叶(Trifolium repens)草地植被分蘖能力, 提高群落稳定性^[20]。天然草原虽然以放牧为主, 刈割为辅, 然而以往牧-刈管理制度很少在放牧强度梯度上加以研究, 至今尚未见高寒草原相关报道。

冬季牧场在夏季牧草生长峰期进行刈割, 既可以贮备干草用于放牧家畜冬季补饲, 又能保证牧草利用适宜的水热条件再生长, 提供家畜冬季放牧。但是, 高寒草原在同一生长季内刈牧兼用是否具有可行性, 对群落结构与功能有哪些作用, 尚不清楚。为此, 本研究在祁连山高寒草原甘肃马鹿(Cervus elaphus kansuensis)冬季牧场, 分析放牧强度梯度上刈割对草原生产力与群落结构的短期作用, 以期为草原合理利用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

研究区位于甘肃省河西走廊南部、祁连山北麓中段的肃南裕固族自治县甘肃马鹿养殖场(38.8° N, 99.6° E), 海拔2 850 m, 年均温3.6 ℃, 年均降水量260 mm, 属高寒山地半干旱气候区。降水主要集中在6月-9月, 年均蒸发量1 785 mm, 日照时数3 085 h, 无霜期127 d左右。土壤为山地栗钙土。植被一般于5月上旬返青, 6月下旬逐渐进入生长旺盛期, 9月中上旬开始枯黄。草地类型属寒温微干山地草原类, 优势物种有紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、赖草(Leymus secalinus )、早熟禾(Poa annua)、苔草(Carex ateriima)等, 退化区域主要有醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)。

1.2 样地设置

冬季牧场属严重退化草地, 自1998年开始, 甘肃马鹿于每年11月下旬-翌年2月放牧。通过实地调查和询问牧民, 确认马鹿放牧采食路线, 样地以牧场进出口为起点, 向外呈放射状地形成放牧率由高到低的牧压梯度:6.90、4.85、3.45、2.45、1.45和 1.00 AUM· hm^-2。放牧率(AUM)以单位放牧地面积上家畜单位与放牧时间(月, month, M)的乘积表示, 其中1头成年马鹿为1个家畜单位(animal unit, AU), 各年龄阶段马鹿根据体质量换算为家畜单位^{[21, 22]}, 分别对应在距牧场出入口0、300、600、900、1 200和1 500 m处设置的6个样地, 每样地面积约1 hm²。

1.3 群落测定

采用限定随机取样法^[23], 于1999年7月下旬在每个放牧梯度样地刈割4个1 m²样方, 留茬高度为2 cm左右, 1个月后调查刈割与未刈割群落的植被生长特征(株高、密度、盖度、地上生物量)。

1.3.1 补偿指数的计算放牧群落补偿生长模式用补偿指数G/C表示^[24]。G为8月底刈割处理样地的株高、密度或盖度的补偿量, C为对照样地8月底的株高、密度或盖度。若G/C> 1, 为超补偿生长; 若G/C=1, 为等补偿生长; 若G/C< 1, 为低补偿生长。

1.3.2 草地群落物种多样性(α 多样性指数)的计算根据测定各植物种的密度、高度、盖度, 分别计算群落α 多样性指数, 计算公式如下^{[25, 26]}。

重要值(IV)= (相对盖度+相对高度+相对密度)/3;

Shannon-Weiner 指数:H'=-∑ P_ilg(P_i);

Simpson 指数: D=1-∑ $\begin{matrix} {P_{i}}^{2} \end{matrix}$ ;

Pielou均匀度指数:E=H'/lnS.

式中:S为每个样方中的物种数目; P_i=IV/∑ IV。

1.4 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 17.0软件对群落物种丰富度、地上生物量、补偿指数、α 多样性指数、功能群重要值进行了方差分析(LSD), 用Microsoft Excel软件进行图表绘制。

2 结果与分析

2.1 刈割对草地物种丰富度的影响

随放牧强度增加, 刈割群落的物种丰富度整体呈上升趋势, 4.85 AUM· hm^-2群落显著高于6.90和1.00 AUM· hm^-2群落(P< 0.05)。无刈割群落物种丰富度则随放牧强度增加一直递减, 重度放牧区显著低于轻度放牧区(P< 0.05)。除4.85 AUM· hm^-2群落外, 群落物种丰富度对刈割较敏感(图1)。

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图1 刈割对不同放牧强度下草地物种丰富度的影响
* 表示同一放牧率刈割与无刈割间差异显著(P< 0.05); 不同小写字母表示同一刈割(无刈割)处理不同放牧率间差异显著(P< 0.05)。下同。Fig. 1 Effect of mowing on species richness of grassland under different stocking rates
* the same stocking rate at indicates significant difference between mowing and no mowing pastures at the 0.05 level; different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different stocking rate under mowing or no mowing condition at the 0.05 level. The same as below.

2.2 刈割对地上生物量的影响

随放牧强度增加, 刈割草地地上生物量表现为先减少后增加趋势, 1.00 AUM· hm^-2群落最高, 4.85 AUM· hm^-2群落最低, 无刈割(除2.45 AUM· hm^-2)与刈割群落变化趋势基本相同且二者差异显著(P< 0.05)(图2)。

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	图2 刈割对不同放牧强度下草地地上生物量的影响Fig. 2 Effect of mowing on above-ground biomass of grassland under different stocking rates

2.3 刈割对植物补偿性生长的影响

不同放牧强度下, 植物群落及其优势种补偿指数具有明显差异(图3)。刈割群落株高均表现为超补偿生长, 4.85、3.45 AUM· hm^-2样地显著高于6.90和2.45 AUM· hm^-2样地(P< 0.05)。除3.45 AUM· hm^-2群落外, 群落密度补偿指数显示群落密度为低补偿生长, 且1.45 AUM· hm^-2群落最小, 显著低于3.45 AUM· hm^-2群落(P< 0.05)。群落地上生物量补偿指数显示群落地上生物量为超补偿生长, 随放牧强度增加表现出先减少后增加趋势, 放牧较重的6.90 AUM· hm^-2群落显著高于其它群落(P< 0.05)。刈割不利于早熟禾的短期生长, 而促进紫花针茅的再生长, 不同放牧强度下的响应不同; 适度放牧强度下刈割可抑制醉马草的再生速率, 但利于赖草的再生长。

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	图3 植物群落及其优势种补偿指数对放牧强度的响应Fig. 3 Response of plant community and its dominant species compensation index to stocking rates

2.4 刈割对草地群落α 多样性的影响

高寒草原物种多样性对刈割及放牧强度具有明显的响应(表1)。无刈割草地群落, Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数在不同放牧强度间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。刈割群落, Simpson优势度指数在3.45和2.45 AUM· hm^-2群落较高, 不同放牧强度间差异不显著(P> 0.05); Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数随放牧强度增加呈先增加后减少趋势, 4.85 AUM· hm^-2群落显著高于其它群落(除3.45 AUM· hm^-2); 且4.85 AUM· hm^-2群落最高, 显著高于1.00 AUM· hm^-2群落37.06%(P< 0.05); Pielou均匀度指数在4.85 AUM· hm^-2群落最高, 1.45 AUM· hm^-2群落最低, 但不同放牧强度间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。刈割群落的Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均较无刈割减小, 且只有Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数在刈割与不刈割间差异显著, 除4.85 AUM· hm^-2样地外, 刈割样地均显著低于未刈割(P< 0.05)。Simpson优势度指数以4.85、1.00 AUM· hm^-2群落最敏感, 相对无刈割分别减少了13.64%和13.33%; Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数以1.00 AUM· hm^-2群落最敏感, 相对无刈割减少了32.81%; Pielou均匀度指数以1.45 AUM· hm^-2群落最敏感, 相对无刈割减少了8.75%。草地群落多样性较重度放牧样地较高。

表1 刈割对不同放牧强度下草地群落α 多样性指数的影响 Table 1 Effect of mowing on α diversity index of grassland community under different stocking rates

2.5 植物群落功能群对刈割的响应

各植物功能群对放牧强度的响应不同(图4)。刈割后随放牧增强, 禾本科重要值呈逐渐减小的趋势, 相比无刈割轻度放牧时其功能群重要值提高; 杂类草、莎草科功能群重要值增加, 相比无刈割处理, 轻度放牧区的功能群重要值降低; 豆科功能群重要值基本无变化。不同放牧强度下, 禾本科功能群重要值高于其它功能群; 但重度放牧区, 禾本科功能群的重要值降低, 而其它功能群的重要值增加。

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	图4 刈割对不同放牧强度植物群落功能群的影响Fig. 4 Effect of mowing on functional groups of plant community with different stocking rates

3 讨论

牧场刈牧兼用模式有助于改善草原的健康状况^[27]。不同的刈牧方式、时间和制度等影响草地群落的结构和功能, 进而影响草地的经济效益及生态服务功能^[28]。不合理的利用方式致使草地生产力下降, 毒杂草等的重要值增加, 饲草营养品质降低, 影响家畜采食, 进而使群落结构恶性演替, 最终导致草地退化^{[20, 29, 30]}。

刈割群落的物种丰富度短期内在重度和轻度放牧群落减少, 与无刈割群落相比, 前者地上生物量显著增加(图1、图2)。因为适度刈割群落的优势种的盖度降低, 促进杂类草繁殖和生长, 导致群落物种丰富度和地上生物量增加^[31]。也有研究显示, 中度及适度刈割频次能提高再生速率进而提高草产量^[32]; 刈割可减少群落物种数, 主要是由于刈割时间过晚影响物种对营养物质积累, 进而影响物种的越冬^[33]或刈割减少了土壤种子库^[19]。

不同科属植物补偿机理不同, 导致不同放牧强度群落产生不同的补偿效应^[34]。适宜放牧率条件下, 群落在刈割后有利于草原群落株高、密度和地上生物量短期的超补偿生长, 从而使草地生产力显著提高(图3), 其可能原因是适宜放牧率下, 不同科属植物的组成比例、空间构建格局比较合理, 在刈割后其生长速率在短期容易得到补偿^[35]。由于重度放牧群落中菊科[紫菀(Aster tataricus)等]和毒杂草类植物[醉马草、银灰旋花(Convolvulus ammannii)等]较多, 所以其株高超补偿指数较低, 密度为低补偿生长, 而地上生物量表现为较高超补偿生长; 轻度放牧群落由于禾本科牧草[紫花针茅、赖草、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)等]比例大, 所以其株高和地上生物量超补偿指数较低, 密度表现为低补偿生长。而付秀琴和王梅^[34]、樊江文等^[36]研究认为, 草地补偿模式是由根系生长的独立性与牧草耐牧性(耐干扰性)决定。

短期刈割影响下, 草地群落的物种多样性Shannon-Wiener多样性指数受影响较大, 且Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均在相对较重度群落最高(表1)。说明刈割后草地植被物质和能量的空间利用格局得到重新分配, 影响群落的物种多样性^{[4, 5]}。但对于灌草丛草地刈割可促进土壤种子库的种子萌发, 增加物种多样性^[37]。另外, 草地生态系统功能依赖于生态系统中物种功能群属性及其功能性状的组成^[27]。刈割后禾本科短期表现为重度放牧抑制型功能群, 杂类草、莎草科表现为重度放牧促进型功能群, 豆科表现为轻度、重度放牧促进型功能群(图4), 这与降低放牧强度有利于提高青藏高原高寒嵩草草甸中禾本科和莎草科在群落中的地位^[38]结果一致。其原因是不同处理下各功能群反馈速率和累积效应不同所致^{[27, 34, 39]}。

综上所述, 同一生长季内实现刈牧兼用, 较轻放牧群落较高放牧率群落表现出较大的可实施性。可见, 合理的“ 放牧-刈割制度” 能提高草地生产力, 有利于物种丰富度的维持、物种多样性的提高及功能群结构的优化, 并对生态系统稳定维持具有重要作用。本研究仅为“ 放牧-刈割” 制度在一个生长季节的短期响应, 其在刈割高度和刈割强度的长期效应还有待进一步研究。

(责任编辑武艳培)

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2006

0.0

侯扶江, 杨中艺. 放牧对草地的作用. 生态学报, 2006, 26(1): 244-264.

Hou F

, Yang Z

. Effects of grazing of livestock on grassland . Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(1): 244-264. (in Chinese)

从牧草生长、种群、群落、土壤和生态系统5个方面分析了放牧的作用、机理与途径.放牧改变牧草的物质与能量分配格局,多途径地诱导牧草的补偿性生长,取决于放牧制度等因素.放牧还改变种间竞争格局、调控种群更新,以及群落结构和功能.介绍了草地健康管理的阈限双因子法,讨论了稳定态-过渡态假说和草地灌丛化.家畜对土壤有直接和间接两种作用途径,作用效果与放牧强度、季节、地形有密切关系,重点分析了放牧对土壤C贮量的作用机制.阐述了提高放牧系统生产力的系统耦合机制,以及放牧对生态系统物质循环的影响.根据放牧生态学的发展趋势和我国放牧管理现状,提出7项值得深入研究的问题.

... 适度刈割可提高禾本科、莎草科等优良牧草分蘖、再生速率和比例,刺激牧草补偿性生长,从而提高草原生产力和牧草品质,改善适口性,促进家畜选择性采食^[1,2,3],优化放牧系统物质与能量分配格局,维持群落物种多样性及结构稳定^[4,5] ...

2014

0.0

2016

0.0

马银山, 徐琳, 范海鹏, 常立江, 周睿, 张世挺. 刈割频度和刈割时间对冷地早熟禾生长的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 33(6): 1094-1101.

Ma Y

, Xu

, Fan H

, Chang L

, Zhou

, Zhang S

. The impact of mowing frequencies and time on the growth of Poa crymophila. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(6): 1094-1101. (in Chinese)

With a purpose for strategies of Poa crymophila to adapt to environmental interference, we studiedthe growth of P. crymophila subject to varying moving frequencies and time using factorial design and in field conditions. Mowing frequencies are divided into one time, two times, and three times; and the mowing time is divided into early mowing and late mowing. The results showed that overcompensation effects occurred with all the P. crymophila in all cases, and the occurrence of overcompensation was irrelevant to moving frequencies and time. Above-ground biomass and tiller number had a significant positive correlation, P. crymophila resisted environmental interference by growing more tillers, and the resources required to produce tillers were mainly supplied by the roots. The mowing treatments of P. crymophila at different time were evaluated in respect of life history strategy. In case of early moving treatment, plants produced seeds as soon as possible to ensure their capability of production of the seeds; in case of late mowing, plants reduced the production of seeds to ensure the survival of individual plants in the coming year and taking root. Redistribution and balancing of resources in plants was the major strategy of P. crymophila to respond to interference of external environment.

在野外条件下,采用析因设计,对刈割频度和刈割时间变化下冷地早熟禾( Poa crymophila )生长情况进行研究,探讨冷地早熟禾对环境干扰的适应对策。刈割频度分为刈割1次、刈割2次和刈割3次,刈割时间分为早期刈割和晚期刈割。结果表明,所有刈割处理下,冷地早熟禾均发生了超补偿反应,超补偿的发生与刈割频度和刈割时间无关。地上生物量与分蘖数呈显著的正相关,冷地早熟禾是通过长出更多的分蘖来抵抗环境干扰的,新生分蘖产生所需的资源主要是由根部供应。冷地早熟禾对于不同时间的刈割处理,在生活史对策方面进行了权衡。早期刈割处理中,植物采取尽快产生种子,保证能够用种子繁殖后代的策略;晚期刈割处理中,植物采取了减少种子产生,保证植株个体来年存活和返青的策略。资源在植物体内进行重新分配和权衡是冷地早熟禾应对外界环境干扰的主要的适应对策。

2006

0.0

... 说明刈割后草地植被物质和能量的空间利用格局得到重新分配,影响群落的物种多样性^[4,5] ...

2012

0.0

... 说明刈割后草地植被物质和能量的空间利用格局得到重新分配,影响群落的物种多样性^[4,5] ...

2014

0.0

王迎新, 王召锋, 程云湘, 侯扶江. 浅议毒害草在草地农业生态系统中的作用. 草业科学, 2014, 31(3): 381-387.

Wang Y

, Wang Z

, Cheng Y

, Hou F

. The roles of toxic and harmful grass in grassland agro-ecosystems. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(3): 381-387. (in Chinese)

... 刈割还可抑制毒害草生长,改变冠层和土壤微环境,调控温室气体排放,增加草原生态服务功能^[6,7,8,9] ...

2015

0.0

王丽华, 刘尉, 王金牛, 干友民, 吴彦. 不同刈割强度下草地群落、层片及物种的补偿性生长. 草业学报, 2015, 24(6): 35-42.

Wang L

, Liu

, Wang J

, Gan Y

, Wu

. The compensatory grouth of plant community, synusia and species under different clipping intensity. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(6): 35-42. (in Chinese)

The species of different layers in community have various responses to clipping, which crucially affect the compensation ability of the whole community and its productivity. Thus, this study aims to investigate the compensatory effects of grassland community and different layer of species, and three clipping intensities were conducted in Qishan pasture of Chongqing in the growing season. The study found that, 1)community aboveground biomass recovered more quickly at moderate clipping rate than that at high clipping rate, while the aboveground relative growth rate (RGR) reached the highest at the high clipping rate; 2)at the end of growing season, RGR of the top layer reached maximum at moderate clipping intensity, and the middle layer of RGR was reached maximum at high clipping intensity; 3)the moderate clipping intensity appropriated the over-compensatory growth for the tall plants, however, the high clipping intensity was suitable for the middle species; 4)at the moderate clipping rate, the total community biomass was positively correlated with biomass of top layer species, however, there were positive correlations between biomass of top and middle layer species and community biomass at high clipping rate, but no significant relationship was found between community biomass and the lower layer species biomass at the moderate and high clipping rate; 5)for the dominant species, Miscanthus floridulus , Dactylis glomerata and Trifolium repens presented the similar biomass change patterns with those at synusia level. The results demonstrate that the plants at different synusia level shave species-specific responses to clipping removal with different intensity. Moderate clipping intensity was appropriate for the over-compensatory growth of the tall pants, while the high clipping intensity was suitable for middle species. In conclusion, clipping intensity should be adopted according to the fragments of layers’ characteristics and that can be advantageous for grassland productive potential.

群落中不同层片物种对刈割的响应有所不同,探讨不同刈割强度下群落各层片物种的补偿性生长对提高群落生产力具有重要意义。本试验以水热条件较好的南方草地——重庆云阳岐山草场为研究样地,采用梯度刈割方式(不刈割、留茬10 cm、留茬6 cm),进而研究不同刈割强度下,草地植物群落、层片以及物种补偿性生长的响应。结果发现,1)中度刈割(MC)下群落生物量恢复最快,而重度刈割下群落地上相对生长速率最大;2)生长季末时,中度和重度刈割下地上部分均实现了超补偿生长;3)顶层物种在中度刈割下地上相对生长速率(relative growth rate, RGR)最大,而中层物种在重度下最大;4)中度刈割下,群落的顶层物种生物量与群落生物量显著正相关,重度刈割下,顶层和中层物种生物量与群落整体生物量正相关,底层物种生物量与群落总生物量在两种刈割强度下均不相关;5)物种水平上芭茅、鸭茅和白三叶生物量变化与群落地上生物量变化基本一致。研究结果表明,在草地群落中,不同层片物种对刈割的响应存在差异,中度刈割更利于顶层物种的超补偿生长,重度刈割则有利于中层物种的超补偿生长。因此根据不同层片物种所占群落的比重确定草地刈割强度能更有效发挥草地的增产潜力。

... 刈割还可抑制毒害草生长,改变冠层和土壤微环境,调控温室气体排放,增加草原生态服务功能^[6,7,8,9] ...

2014

0.0

... 刈割还可抑制毒害草生长,改变冠层和土壤微环境,调控温室气体排放,增加草原生态服务功能^[6,7,8,9] ...

... 研究表明,适宜的刈割时期可增加羊草(Leymus chinesis)草甸草原牧草营养物质积累^[16],高频次和高强度刈割则带走大量营养物质,减少养分返还,导致土壤养分循环失衡,草原退化和生产力下降^[8] ...

2015

0.0

靳茜, 安沙舟, 刘兴义, 管廷贤, 邵路, 荀其蕾, 梁娜, 董乙强. 刈割对山地草甸草原群落特征及多样性的影响. 新疆农业科学, 2015, 52(9): 1723-1730.

Jin

, An S

, Liu X

, Guan T

, Shao

, Xun Q

, Liang

, Dong Y

. Effects of cutting on the community characteristics and diversity of the mountain meadow. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 52(9): 1723-1730. (in Chinese)

... 刈割还可抑制毒害草生长,改变冠层和土壤微环境,调控温室气体排放,增加草原生态服务功能^[6,7,8,9] ...

2007

0.0

刘美玲, 宝音陶格涛, 杨持, 张新时. 添加氮磷钾元素对典型草原区割草地植物群落组成及草地质量的影响. 干旱区资源与环境, 2007, 21(11): 131-135.

Liu M

, Baoyintaogetao, Yang

, Zhang X S. Effect of appling N, P, K to mowing grassland on plant community composition and grassland quality of typical steppe. Journal of Arid Land Resources & Environment, 2007, 21(11): 131-135. (in Chinese)

试验发现添加氮磷钾元素对割草地产量、群落组成及草地质量的影响有:(1)对一年割一次的草地,添加氮磷钾水平K2(120kg·hm-2)的小区增长最为显著;对一年割两次的草地,惟有最高水平K4(180 kg·hm-2)可见到显著的增产效果;对于不割草对照区,添加氮磷钾元素有一定增产作用,但没有达到显著性水平(p＜0.05).(2)添加氮磷钾元素能使羊草和大针茅种群在一年割一次和不割草对照中都表现出等补偿和超补偿,但在一年割两次中均为不足补偿;对糙隐子草则相反,在不割草对照中其仅为等补偿,而在割草处理后刈割频度越高超补偿现象越明显.(3)添加氮磷钾元素可提高草地质量,其中K2水平添加量的效果最为明显,草地质量维持的最好.

... 然而,在放牧生态系统中,牧草产量的季节性波动远高于畜群需求,在牧草产量高、营养品质佳的时期,刈割是解决季节畜牧业草畜系统相悖、加强草畜系统耦合的重要实践^[10,11] ...

2016

0.0

2011

0.0

任继周, 侯扶江, 胥刚. 放牧管理的现代化转型——我国亟待补上的一课. 草业科学, 2011, 28(10): 1745-1754.

Ren J

, Hou F

, Xu

. Transformation of grazing system: The urgent task for China. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(10): 1745-1754. (in Chinese)

Grazing is the basic measure of land management both at home and abroad, and the grazing land covers more than half of the global terrestrial sphere. As a subsystem of grassland ecosystem, grazing is composed by three elements of human settlement, grassland and livestock, Its core is the soundness and stability of the tripartite system. Grazing may historically be divided into three stages: the primary nomadic period, the transformation grazing period and the morden grazing period. With developing of technology and culture as well as industrial civilization, the grazing management system has constantly take in the technology and culture elements from that civilization and finally completed the transformation, Finally the basic rotational grazing model of human settlement, grasslad and livestock unit established. The rotational grazing is a kind of open agricultural technical system assumed in many submodels so may adapt to various agricultural system and meeting the requirements both of ecology and production as well, so it is significant progress of grassland grazing management. This paper, using the case of the United States, discussed the grazing transformation process which lasted for almost three hundred years. On the other hand, limited by the traditional agrarian culture, China has so many misunderstandings of grazing management system and hardly aware of the morden transformation of grazing, resulted in a serious loss for such a long time. At the present, grazing transformation is one of the most urgent task for China.

放牧是国内外普遍运用的土地管理的基本手段，至今全球陆地大约半数以上处于放牧管理之下。放牧是由人居、草地和家畜三要素构成的草地生态子系统，其内核为人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元的健全与稳定。放牧历经原始游牧期、放牧转型期与以划区轮牧为核心的放牧现代化时期三阶段。随着科技与文化的发展，社会工业革命的完成，工业文明的科学技术和文化内涵不断融入放牧管理系统，最终完成了放牧畜牧业的现代化转型，从而确立了以人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元为内核的划区轮牧的基本模式。划区轮牧是一种开放的农业技术体系，具有多种方式，适应于不同的农业系统，可兼顾生态与生产的需求，是草地放牧管理的重大进步。本研究以美国为代表，剖析了历时300年的放牧现代化转型过程。我国囿于传统农耕文化，对放牧管理系统误解甚多，损失严重，而对放牧现代化转型几乎浑然不觉。这是我们面临的重大历史任务，亟待补上的一课。

... 因此,放牧与刈割轮替、制备干草是放牧生态系统可持续的重要途径^[12,13] ...

2016

0.0

侯扶江, 王春梅, 娄珊宁, 侯向阳, 呼天明. 我国草原生产力. 中国工程科学, 2016, 18(1): 80-93.

Hou F

, Wang C

, Lou S

, Hou X

, Hu T

. Rangeland productivity in China. Engineering Sciences, 2016, 18(1): 80-93. (in Chinese)

... 因此,放牧与刈割轮替、制备干草是放牧生态系统可持续的重要途径^[12,13] ...

2012

0.0

... 以往研究主要集中在刈割对草地生产力、土壤理化性质和群落特征等的影响^[14,15] ...

2013

0.0

... 以往研究主要集中在刈割对草地生产力、土壤理化性质和群落特征等的影响^[14,15] ...

2009

0.0

2010

0.0

韩龙, 郭彦军, 韩建国, 郭芸江, 唐华. 不同刈割强度下羊草草甸草原生物量与植物群落多样性研究. 草业学报, 2010, 19(3): 70-75.

Han

, Guo Y

, Han J

, Guo Y

, Tang

. A study on the diversity and aboveground biomass in a Leymus chinensis meadow steppe community under different cutting intensities. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(3): 70-75. (in Chinese)

以内蒙古高原南缘羊草草甸草原为对象,设5个利用梯度,即不刈割、留茬2,5,10和15cm,研究了连续刈割处理3年后羊草草甸草原生物多样性与地上生物量的变化规律。结果表明,群落中羊草地上生物量随刈割强度的增大而减小(P0.05);群落生长量为不刈割处理显著高于留茬10和15cm(P0.05);多样性指数(Margalef、Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Pielou指数)随刈割强度的增大而增大(P0.05)。羊草相对密度随刈割强度的增大而减小,糙隐子草和委陵菜属植物随刈割强度增大而增大(P0.05)。相关分析表明群落多样性指数与地上生物量之间呈"单峰型"曲线关系,而与草原优势物种——羊草的地上生物量呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。

... 内蒙古羊草草甸群落Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数随刈割强度的降低而减小^[17] ...

2010

0.0

靳发兰, 锡文林, 安沙舟, 陶梦, 孙宗玖. 高草草甸不同利用方式下草地土壤养分变化. 新疆农业科学, 2010, 47(10): 2059-2062.

Jin F

, Xi W

, An S

, Tao

, Sun Z

. Change of soil nutrition under different utilization ways in tall-grass meadow. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 47(10): 2059-2062. (in Chinese)

... 6倍^[18,19] ...

2007

0.0

靳发兰. 不同利用方式下山地高草草甸草地群落变化趋势. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学硕士学位论文, 2007.

Jin F

. Changed trend of mountain tall grass meadow community under different utilization form. Master Thesis. Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2007. (in Chinese)

山地高草草甸草地是新疆天然草地的精华，在生产中主要作为天然打草场利用，是割贮冬草最重要的基地，在新疆传统的季节畜牧业中占有非常重要的地位。然而，长期以来，人们忽视了对山地高草草甸草地的合理利用，缺乏科学管理，经营粗放，许多适于刈割的山地高草草甸草地被用于夏秋牧场放牧利用，牧草被践踏倒伏，利用率低，浪费大，没有充分发挥其生产潜力。刈割、刈割+放牧、放牧是目前新疆山地高草草甸草地的3种利用方式。这些利用方式合理否?存在什么问题?需要一个科学合理的结论。因此，针对目前新疆山地高草草甸草地利用中存在的问题，以乌鲁木齐市南山...

... 6倍^[18,19] ...

... 刈割可减少群落物种数,主要是由于刈割时间过晚影响物种对营养物质积累,进而影响物种的越冬^[33]或刈割减少了土壤种子库^[19] ...

2013

0.0

孙红, 于应文, 马向丽, 张红梅, 牟晓明, 廖加法, 侯扶江. 长期刈牧利用下贵州高原黑麦草+白三叶草地养分和植被构成变化. 草业科学, 2013, 30(10): 1575-1583.

Sun

, Yu Y

, Ma X

, Zhang H

, Mu X

, Liao J

, Hou F

. Change of nutrients and botanical composition of mixed Lolium perenne+Trifolium repens grassland s under long-term grazing and mowing utilizations. Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(10): 1575-1583. (in Chinese)

对贵州高原长期割草(M)、割草+放牧(M+G)、连续放牧(CG)和轮牧休闲(RG)4种利用方式下,黑麦草(Lolium perenne)+白三叶(Trifolium repens)草地土壤和牧草养分及植被构成进行系统分析,为该类草地的持续利用提供实践依据.结果表明,土壤养分含量变化复杂,CG草地土壤酸化严重,M草地牧草Ca含量和RG草地牧草P含量较高,CG草地牧草Mg含量较低,M和M+G草地牧草Cu含量较高,牧草营养价值在4种利用方式间无显著差异.黑麦草分蘖密度为RG＞M+G＞M=CG,分蘖质量为M=M+G＞CG=RG;白三叶匍匐茎密度和匍匐茎质量为M=RG＞M+G=CG.植物物种数为CG＞M=M+ G＞RG.CG草地群落结构复杂,主要由黑穗画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa)构成,M草地主要由白三叶+蒲公英(Taraxacum of ficina le)+白苞蒿(Artemisia lacti flora)构成,M+G和RG草地群落结构简单,仍主要由播种黑麦草+白三叶构成.割草+放牧(M+G)和轮牧休闲(RG)为研究区黑麦草+白三叶草地长期利用的较适宜方式.

... 放牧+长期刈割和连续放牧均增加黑麦草(Lolium perenne)+白三叶(Trifolium repens)草地植被分蘖能力,提高群落稳定性^[20] ...

... 不合理的利用方式致使草地生产力下降,毒杂草等的重要值增加,饲草营养品质降低,影响家畜采食,进而使群落结构恶性演替,最终导致草地退化^[20,29,30] ...

2015

0.0

... 放牧率(AUM)以单位放牧地面积上家畜单位与放牧时间(月,month,M)的乘积表示,其中1头成年马鹿为1个家畜单位(animal unit,AU),各年龄阶段马鹿根据体质量换算为家畜单位^[21,22],分别对应在距牧场出入口0、300、600、900、1 200和1 500 m处设置的6个样地,每样地面积约1 hm² ...

2016

0.0

胡俊奇, 陈先江, 侯扶江. 高寒草原群落特征对甘肃马鹿冬季放牧的响应. 草业科学, 2016, 33(6): 1028-1034.

Hu J

, Chen X

, Hou F

. The response of plant community characteristics of alpine steppe to the winter grazing of Gansu wapiti. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(6): 1028-1034. (in Chinese)

2002

0.0

侯扶江, 南志标, 肖金玉, 常生华. 重牧退化草地的植被、土壤及其耦合特征. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(8): 915-922.

Hou F

, Nan Z

, Xiao J

, Chang S

. Characteristics of vegetation, soil and their coupling of degraded grassland s. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 13(8): 915-922. (in Chinese)

This paper presented the characteristics of the vegetation, soil, and their coupling in the gradient of grazing pressure of the degraded alpine grassland in Sunan county and of the typical arid grassland in Huanxian county, Gansu province.The abundance index of species, Simpson index, Shannon Wiener index, Cody index, nutrient functional diversity index and life type diversity index increased, while the Bray Curtis index and nitrogen fixation diversity index decreased with the reduced grazing intensity in both types of degraded grassland.With reduced grazing pressure, the contents of total nitrogen, available nitrogen and organic matter in both grasslands and the content of available phosphorus in arid grassland at 0～40cm soil depth were increased, and that of total phosphorus in alpine grassland was decreased, while phosphorus concentration in arid grassland showed no regular pattern of change.The total and available nitrogen, available phosphorus and the ratio of available phosphorus to total phosphorus and of organic carbon to nitrogen were all higher in alpine grassland than in arid grassland. The grey correlativity of vertical distribution pattern between soil elements and living root biomass was positively related to grazing pressure,while the coupling intensity of soil herbage subsystem was increased with decreased grazing pressure.There existed a significant correlation between poor soil elements and abundance of poisonous and poor nutritional plants in both degraded grasslands.The degradation process of grassland resulted not only from the degeneration of vegetation and soil subsystems, but also from the disappearance of coupling between both subsystems and the development of their discordance. The ecological process could be quantified by coupling intensity and discordance intensity.It is concluded that the studied arid grassland was degraded more seriously than alpine grassland.

重牧退化的肃南高山草原和环县典型草原,群落的α多样性、Cody指数描述的β多样性、营养功能群多样性和生活型功能群多样性随牧压下降呈上升趋势,固N功能群多样性和高山草原Bray-Curtis指数描述的β多样性呈相反变化趋势.2种草地0～40cm土壤全N、速效N、有机质含量和高山草原土壤速效P含量与牧压呈负相关,高山草原土壤全P含量与牧压呈正相关.典型草原土壤全N、速效N和速效P含量以及速效P/全P和C/N比值低于高山草原,但速效N/全N比值和全P含量高于后者.重牧草地土壤要素与群落活根生物量的垂直分布格局之间的灰色关联系数与牧压呈正相关,土壤要素与毒杂草和劣质牧草的关系密切.草地退化不仅是植被与土壤的衰退,也是2个子系统耦合关系的丧失和系统相悖的发展,可用耦合度与相悖度定量.综合分析,环县草原退化较肃南严重.

... 3 群落测定采用限定随机取样法^[23],于1999年7月下旬在每个放牧梯度样地刈割4个1 m²样方,留茬高度为2 cm左右,1个月后调查刈割与未刈割群落的植被生长特征(株高、密度、盖度、地上生物量) ...

1986

0.0

... 1 补偿指数的计算放牧群落补偿生长模式用补偿指数G/C表示^[24] ...

2010

0.0

段敏杰, 高清竹, 万运帆, 李玉娥, 郭亚奇, 旦久罗布, 洛桑加措. 放牧对藏北紫花针茅高寒草原植物群落特征的影响. 生态学报, 2010, 30(14): 3892-3900.

Duan M

, Gao Q

, Wan Y

, Li Y

, Guo Y

, Danju L

, Luosang J

. Effect of grazing on community characteristics and species diversity of Stipa purpurea alpine grassland in Northern Tibet. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(14): 3892-3900. (in Chinese)

... 多样性指数,计算公式如下^[25,26] ...

2011

0.0

宋成刚, 张法伟, 刘吉宏, 孙建文, 王建雷, 李英年. 青海湖东北岸草甸化草原植物群落特征及多样性分析. 草业科学, 2011, 28(7): 1352-1356.

Song C

, Zhang F

, Liu J

, Sun J

, Wang J

, Li Y

. Community characteristics and plant species diversity of meadow grassland in the northeast of Qinghai Lake. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(7): 1352-1356. (in Chinese)

A field survey was conducted to investigate the community characteristics and plant species diversity of meadow grassland in the northeast of Qinghai Lake during 2008. This study showed that 29 plant species were identified in the plot, which belongs to 9 families and 21 genera, indicating that species composition of meadow grassland was simple. The dominant specie was Stipa krylovii and the subdominant species were Kobresia humilis and Poa crymophila. The genus of the north temperate was absolutely dominant, and the life form of plant in the meadow grassland was mainly perennial plant. The vertical structure of the meadow grassland community was unapparent. The richness index (R), ShannonWiener index (H), Simpson index (D) and evenness index (E1, E2) showed a similar changeable trend without great differences.

2008年对海北牧业气象站附近的草甸化草原植物群落特征及生物多样性进行了监测和研究。结果表明，研究区内群落的组成成分单一，植物种类比较贫乏，主要植物有23种，隶属9科，21 属，主要优势种为西北针茅（Stipa krylovii）；次优势种为矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila)等。北温带分布的属占优势植物群落，其生活型多年生植物占绝对优势，尤其是多年生非禾草类植物是群落的主要生活型；群落垂直结构不太明显，大体分3层；从物种多样性分析看，4条样线中，物种丰富度指数（R1、R2）、ShannonWiener指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)及匀均度指数（E1、E2）变化差异不显著（P>0.05），表现出基本一致的变化趋势。

... 多样性指数,计算公式如下^[25,26] ...

2012

0.0

马建军, 姚虹, 冯朝阳, 张树礼. 内蒙古典型草原区3种不同草地利用模式下植物功能群及其多样性的变化. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(1): 1-9.

Ma J

, Yao

, Feng Z

, Zhang S

. Changes in plant functional groups and species diversity under three grassland using modes in typical grassland area of Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(1): 1-9. (in Chinese)

Aims Our objectives were to reveal changes in plant functional groups and species diversity under three grassland using modes in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Three plots in similar habitats were selected from the Hulunbeier steppe area of the Hui River National Nature Reserve: an meadow plot (controlled utilization), pasture plot (moderate utilization) and public pasture plot (severe utilization). Plots were 250 m × 250 m and consisted of three sample belts separated by 20 m. Each sample belt had eight 1 m × 1 m sample plots. Important findings There were differences in species composition and community characteristics of the functional groups. Shrubs and sub-shrubs combined were significantly different ( p p p p

以呼伦贝尔草原辉河国家级自然保护区草原群落为研究对象, 选取3块生境条件基本相同的样地(250 m × 250 m) ——放牧场、割草场及公共草场, 每块样地设置3条样带, 每条样带上设置8个样方(1 m × 1 m), 研究了不同草地利用模式下草原群落的物种组成、生物多样性及群落的功能群特征。结果表明: 在放牧场、割草场和公共草场3种不同利用模式下, 植物功能群结构及其多样性发生了变化。灌木、半灌木的累积优势度在各利用模式间差异显著( p p p p 增加, 使得草地植物群落结构简单、脆弱。丰富度指数和多样性指数在放牧场最低, 在割草场最高; 均匀度变化并不明显。割草场利用模式有助于改善草原的健康状况, 而放牧场及公共草场利用模式均存在不同程度的过度放牧现象, 尤其是公共草场利用模式由于所有权不明确而缺乏有效的管理, 导致草原退化明显。

... 3 讨论牧场刈牧兼用模式有助于改善草原的健康状况^[27] ...

... 另外,草地生态系统功能依赖于生态系统中物种功能群属性及其功能性状的组成^[27] ...

... 其原因是不同处理下各功能群反馈速率和累积效应不同所致^[27,34,39] ...

2013

0.0

王海东, 张璐璐, 朱志红. 刈割、施肥对高寒草甸物种多样性与生态系统功能关系的影响及群落稳定性机制. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(4): 279-295.

Wang H

, Zhang L

, Zhu Z

. Effects of clipping and fertilizing on the relationships between species diversity and ecosystem functioning and mechanisms of community stability in alpine meadow. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(4): 279-295. (in Chinese)

Aims Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that species diversity enhances the primary productivity and stability of communities. However, the relationships between the diversity of different species types (i.e., total species, response species, effect species and common species), the special function of ecosystems, and the potential mechanism driving stability remain unclear. Our objective is to address the question by comparing the diversity effect of these different types on aboveground net primary productivity ( ANPP ) and community stability. Methods Our experiment was conducted in alpine meadow at the Haibei Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2007 to 2011. We used a split-plot design with clipping treatment in the whole plot using three clipping levels (stubbled 1 cm, 3 cm and unclipped). Subplots were treated with fertilizer (urea 7.5 g·m –2 ·a –1 + ammonium phosphate 1.8 g·m –2 ·a –1 and unfertilized) and watering (20.1 kg·m –2 ·a –1 and unwatered). Important findings We observed that the diversity of different species types affected ecosystem functioning differently. ANPP was mainly affected by the diversity of response species and effect species, whereas community stability was largely affected by that of common species. The maintenance of stability depended on increasing diversity in common species, and the potential mechanism was the portfolio effect. Both the over-yielding effect and asynchrony effect, however, had no influence on stabilizing the community. Clipping had enormous effects on the diversity of total species, whereas the changes in diversity of response species mainly connected with resource availability. Thus, clipping and fertilization had reverse effects on species diversity, ANPP and stability, i.e., the former increased both species diversity and stability and decreased ANPP , while the latter had opposite effects on them. Our results suggest that ANPP is driven by the diversity of a few effect species because they have a great influence on ANPP , while stability is driven by the diversity of a large number of common species because they can coexist stably in the community. The portfolio effect is the main mechanism of the diversity-stability relationship. The diversity effect of different species differs among each other; therefore, in terms of specific ecosystem functioning, we infer that “functional identity” of species in community is more important than diversity per se and it may be incorrect if we did not discriminate when defining the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem function in any situation.

植物群落中不同“功能身份”物种的多样性与特定生态系统功能之间具有何种关系及其作用机制尚不明确。通过在高寒矮嵩草( Kobresia humilis )草甸为期5年的刈割(不刈割、留茬3 cm、留茬1 cm)、施肥(施肥、不施肥)和浇水(浇水、不浇水)控制实验, 研究了刈割与土壤资源获得性梯度上不同“功能身份”物种(群落中所有物种、响应物种、作用物种和共有物种)的多样性变化与群落地上净初级生产力和稳定性的关系以及稳定性机制。研究结果显示: 群落中响应物种、作用物种和共有物种数分别占全部物种数的36.6%、18.3%和64.8%, 物种多样性对生态系统功能具有不同的效应, 净初级生产力主要受响应物种和作用物种的多样性变化影响, 而稳定性则主要由共有物种的多样性变化决定; 群落稳定性的维持主要依赖于共有物种的多样性增加, 其作用机制是投资组合效应, 而超产效应和异步性效应对稳定性并无作用; 刈割和施肥对物种多样性、稳定性和净初级生产力具有相反的影响, 前者能增加物种多样性和稳定性, 并降低净初级生产力, 而后者的作用正相反。这与群落中全部物种的多样性变化受刈割影响较大, 而作用物种的多样性变化受资源获得性影响较大有关。上述结果表明高寒草甸生态系统地上净初级生产力主要由少数影响生产力的作用物种的多样性决定, 而稳定性则由大量共有物种的多样性所掌控。投资组合效应是物种多样性导致稳定性的机制。由于群落中不同物种的多样性效应具有分异性, 对于特定的生态系统功能而言, 物种的“功能身份”可能比物种多样性本身更重要, 不加区别地笼统定义物种多样性与生态系统功能的关系可能欠妥。

... 不同的刈牧方式、时间和制度等影响草地群落的结构和功能,进而影响草地的经济效益及生态服务功能^[28] ...

2012

0.0

张鲜花, 安沙舟, 王岩, 邰金涛. 刈割与放牧交替利用方式对草地植被主要数量性状的影响. 新疆农业科学, 2012, 49(3): 549-554.

Zhang X

, An S

, Wang

, Tai J

. The effect on main quantitative characters of mowing and grazing alternating use on the grassland vegetation. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 49(3): 549-554. (in Chinese)

【目的】以新疆伊犁昭苏马场禾草+杂类草草甸草地为研究对象,研究利用方式对草地植被主要数量性状的影响。【方法】采用放牧+刈割+放牧、放牧+刈割、刈割+放牧、刈割交替等处理。【结果】(1)不同利用方式对植物的重要值影响不同,刈割+放牧(C)、刈割处理样地内的禾草比例高于其他两种利用方式;(2)在高度变化上,各利用方式之间差异性不显著(P0.05);刈割+放牧(C)、刈割(D)草地群落由于春季均未放牧利用,草地的高度均表现出略高于其他两种方式;(3)在盖度变化上,从三季利用上可以看出刈割(D)优于其他三种利用方式;(4)5～8月四种利用方式在密度变化上差异性不显著(P0.05),9月,由于放牧与不放牧的差别,刈割(D)利用方式草地群落密度高于其他三种方式(P0.05);(5)地上生物量变化方面刈割和刈割+放牧利用方式在草地群落地生物量上表现出一定的优势。【结论】初步确定刈割+放牧和刈割利用方式较好,但需要长期的动态监测,方能得到科学结论。

1993

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2009

0.0

... 因为适度刈割群落的优势种的盖度降低,促进杂类草繁殖和生长,导致群落物种丰富度和地上生物量增加^[31] ...

2008

0.0

莫日根敖其尔. 典型草原主要牧草的再生性研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文, 2008.

Morigen

. Studies on regrowth behavior of main herbage plants in typical grassland . Master Thesis. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2008. (in Chinese)

目前,内蒙古的草地生产力较低,畜牧业生产落后,这是长期以来对草地资源的管理和利用不善造成的。其中,对草地缺乏科学合理的利用是其根本原因。因此,本研究基于草地畜牧业目前面临的这一现状,在全面系统地对研究区草地植被调查的基础上,研究了典型草原牧草的再生特性,结合刈割强度和刈割时间,评价草地系统的再生能力、最佳的刈割强度和最佳的刈割时间。研究结果如下: 1.研究区有51种植物,分属于18个科,42个属。植物多样性缺乏,主要以禾本科植物为主。植被覆盖率不均匀,大概在20%-60%。 2.禾本科植物的再生方式以顶端生长点的生长、叶片的扩展和根茎新芽的再生为主;菊科植物则以叶腋新芽、根茎新芽、叶片和距间的扩展为主;适口性好的豆科植物以叶腋再生为主,不耐刈割;适口性较差,甚至具毒的披针叶黄华和砂珍棘豆的再生方式是以叶腋新芽、根孽性再生为主;杂类草因植物本身生物性特性的差异,再生方式也存在着较大的差异。 3.在不同强度刈割处理下,中度刈割处理的羊草的存活率、再生速度和再生强度以及产量均优于其它处理,其中中度刈割处理的再生速度与对照组间有较显著性差异(P0.10),中度刈割处理的产量与对照组间有显著性差异(P0.05)。中度刈割处理的大针茅的再生速度、再生强度和产量均优于其它几个处理。其中中度刈割处理的再生速度和产量与对照组间有显著性差异(P0.05)。中度刈割对大针茅群落的再生有促进作用。重度刈割处理的冰草的再生速度、再生强度和产量均优于其它处理。重度刈割处理的冰草的再生速度与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05)。重度刈割对隐子草产量有一定的抑制作用。中度刈割处理的麻花头的产量高于重度刈割处理,但小于对照组的产量,即刈割对麻花头的再生有抑制作用。重度刈割处理对阿尔泰狗娃花的生物量的积累有促进作用。重度刈割处理的再生速度和产量与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05); 扁蓄豆、斜茎黄芪等适口性好的豆科植物不耐刈割,不宜刈割利用。 4.7月末、8月初开始,羊草在群落中的竞争力日益下降,其再生受到刈割时期的影响较大。与羊草相反,大针茅的再生受刈割时期的影响较小。 5.一年一次刈割(5月中旬或6月初)或一年两次刈割(第一茬5月中旬,第二茬在8月初),促进群落的生产力。其中与对照组的产量有显著性差异的有:一年刈割一次处理中的5月份处理;与对照组有较显著性差异的有:一年一次刈割处理中的6月份处理和一年两次刈割处理中的5月中旬处理。连年刈割利用明显地影响群落的生长发育。 6.根据牧草的耐刈性、再生强度和产量等综合多种因素进行考虑,对当地在5月中旬或6月初开始可以适当(中度)的刈割利用或放牧利用。本研究结果还表明:在5月中旬、6月初开始采取一年一次刈割制度或一年两次刈割制度(第一茬在5月中旬,第二茬在8月初)可以提高草地资源地上生物量。

... 也有研究显示,中度及适度刈割频次能提高再生速率进而提高草产量^[32] ...

2015

0.0

杨尚明, 金娟, 卫智军, 孙世贤, 闫瑞瑞, 刘文亭. 刈割对呼伦贝尔割草地群落特征的影响. 中国草地学报, 2015, 37(1): 90-96.

Yang S

, Jin

, Wei Z

, Sun S

, Yan R

, Liu W

. Effect of cutting on community characteristics in grassland for hay in Hulunbuir. Chinese Journal of Grassland , 2015, 37(1): 90-96. (in Chinese)

以呼伦贝尔割草地为对象,在2009~2011年间连续三年进行了不同刈割时期对草地群落生物量、主要植物种盖度、群落多样性及群落养分影响的研究。结果表明:8月1日和8月15日刈割主要植物种生物量较高,不同的刈割时间对细叶白头翁和裂叶蒿生物量的影响较为明显,而冷蒿在不同的刈割时间下生物量变化较小;8月15日刈割群落生物量和群落多样性均保持较高水平,群落的粗蛋白质含量最高,且酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维较低。

... 刈割可减少群落物种数,主要是由于刈割时间过晚影响物种对营养物质积累,进而影响物种的越冬^[33]或刈割减少了土壤种子库^[19] ...

2014

0.0

付秀琴, 王梅. 留茬高度对黑麦草+白三叶草地植物补偿性生长的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31(5): 927-934.

Fu X

, Wang

. Compensatory growth of plant in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne grassland under different stubble height. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(5): 927-934. (in Chinese)

以我国南方广泛分布的黑麦草(Lolium perenne)+白三叶(Tri olium repens)退化草地为研究对象,探讨了不同留茬高度刈割处理下草地群落、功能群和主要优势物种补偿性生长的响应模式.研究表明,刈割能提高黑麦草+白三叶草地地上生物量,高茬(12 cm,HC)和低茬(6 cm,LC)刈割均能实现群落地上生物量正补偿性生长;禾草和杂类草在低茬和中茬(9 cm,MC)等较大刈割强度下仍能获得较高补偿性生长;豆科牧草地上生物量在高茬及中茬等适度刈割处理下为超补偿生长模式,补偿指数G/C分别为1.20 和1.23,在低茬刈割下为低补偿模式(G/C=0.98).表明豆科牧草的补偿性生长受刈割强度影响较大,在草地管理过程中可通过合适的留茬高度来提高豆科牧草的产量.而萄科类植物在3种留茬高度下均表现为G/C＜1(介于0.31～0.48),显示出明显的欠补偿特征.通过对不同留茬高度处理地上生物量与根系生物量分配关系分析发现,禾草类地上补偿性生长有可能是通过改变植株的生物量分配模式来实现的;杂类草和菊科植物则是由地上部分生长与根系协同生长完成;刈割对豆科植物的影响主要体现在地上部分,其根系生长具有相对独立性.群落和功能群水平的地上生物量补偿性生长最终都是由各优势物种不同响应模式来实现的.该研究结果对于解释放牧和刈割等利用方式对黑麦草+白三叶混播草地的种群结构变化、生物量构成和再生特性影响等具有一定的参考价值.

... 不同科属植物补偿机理不同,导致不同放牧强度群落产生不同的补偿效应^[34] ...

... 而付秀琴和王梅^[34]、樊江文等^[36]研究认为,草地补偿模式是由根系生长的独立性与牧草耐牧性(耐干扰性)决定 ...

... 其原因是不同处理下各功能群反馈速率和累积效应不同所致^[27,34,39] ...

2002

0.0

... 适宜放牧率条件下,群落在刈割后有利于草原群落株高、密度和地上生物量短期的超补偿生长,从而使草地生产力显著提高(图3),其可能原因是适宜放牧率下,不同科属植物的组成比例、空间构建格局比较合理,在刈割后其生长速率在短期容易得到补偿^[35] ...

2003

0.0

樊江文, 钟华平, 梁飚, 杜占池. 在不同压力和干扰条件下黑麦草与其它6种植物的竞争研究. 植物生态学报, 2003, 27(4): 522-530.

Fan J

, Zhong H

, Liang

, Du Z

. A study on competition among perennial ryegrass and six other species in different conditions of stress and disturbance. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2003, 27(4): 522-530. (in Chinese)

The competition relationships among perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and six other species (Trifolium repens, Dactylis glomerata, Imperata cylindrical, Miscanthus sinensis, Spiraea japonica var. nepalensis, and Sanguisorba officinalis) were studied in different conditions of stress and disturbance. The aim was to examine the mechanism of regressive succession of ryegrass community, in order to supply a basis for efficient management of this pasture.Two stress factors (water condition and soil fertility) and two disturbance factors (cutting frequency and cutting intensity) were included in the experiment. The water condition treatment included two levels, which were natural precipitation (about 1 800 mm) and precipitation + watering (about 2 300 mm). The soil fertility treatment included three levels at which fertilizer was applied: 0 kg·hm-2·a-1, 75 kg·hm-2·a-1 and 150 kg·hm-2·a-1. The cutting frequency treatment included three levels at which plants were cut: 1, 3 and 6 times per year. The cutting intensity treatment included two levels of stubble height, 2 cm and 3 cm. The plants were planted with the same density in monoculture and in mixture with ryegrass in a fixed device. After yields of plants in different treatments were measured, the plant relative crowding coefficient (RCC), which was quantified by de Wit, was estimated. Finally the competition relationships among ryegrass and six other species under different stress and disturbance conditions were determined. The experimental results showed that the competitive abilities of ryegrass were ordinal superior to T. repens, D. glomerata, S. officinalis, I. cylindrical, M. sinensis and S. japonica var. nepalensis. Moreover, the competitive ability of ryegrass increased when cutting frequency, moisture and soil fertility increased. Cutting frequency was the most important factor to affect competitive ability of ryegrass among the 4 factors studied. On the other hand, the experiment indicated that the growth rate, competitive ability and cutting disturbance tolerance of cultivated herbage (ryegrass, T. repens and D．glomerata) were higher than that of wild species. However, the stress resistance of cultivated plants was lower than that of wild species. When environmental stress increased, cultivated plant’s competitive ability relative to wild species would weaken, and wild species would predominate in the pasture. Meanwhile, the experiment implied that for ryegrass, S. japonica var. nepalensis was a plant of stress tolerance (S) in 6 studied species, T．repens and D．glomerata belonged to plants of disturbance tolerance (D), and the other species were intermediate in stress and disturbance tolerance.

对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)与白三叶(Trifolium repens)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)、白茅(Imperata cylindrical)、芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、绣线菊(Spiraea japonica var. nepalensis)和地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis)等6种植物之间在不同压力和干扰条件下的竞争关系进行了试验研究，以便进一步探讨黑麦草草地群落退化演替的机理，为今后这种草地的有效管理提供科学依据。试验设置水分条件和土壤肥力两个压力因子处理及刈割频率和刈割强度两个干扰因子处理，其中，水分条件处理包括自然降水（1 800 mm）和自然降水＋浇水（2 300 mm）两个水平；土壤肥力处理包括施肥0 kg·hm-2·a-1、75 kg·hm-2·a-1和150 kg·hm-2·a-1 3个水平；刈割频率处理包括每年刈割1、3、6次3个水平；刈割强度处理包括刈割留茬2 cm和10 cm 两个水平。在专门设计的固定试验装置中，按各种植物单植和分别与黑麦草混植的方法以相同密度种植植物，通过对各处理植物产量的测定，运用de Wit提出的植物相对拥挤系数（RCC），确定在不同压力和干扰条件下黑麦草对其它6种植物的竞争关系。试验表明，黑麦草对白三叶、鸭茅、地榆、白茅、芒、绣线菊的竞争力依次增强。同时，随着刈割次数的增加、水分条件和土壤肥力的提高，黑麦草的竞争力也明显增加，其中刈割次数对黑麦草竞争力变化的影响最大。另一方面，试验还表明，黑麦草等栽培牧草的生长速度和竞争力及耐刈割干扰程度均高于大部分野生杂草植物，但它们忍受环境压力的能力明显低于野生杂草植物，在环境压力大的地区，它们对杂类草的竞争力明显减弱，使得杂类草逐渐占优势。此外，分析表明，对于黑麦草来说，在试验的其它6种植物中绣线菊是压力忍耐（S）型植物；白三叶和鸭茅属于干扰忍耐（D）型植物；其它几种植物对压力和干扰的忍耐性处于中等水平。

... 而付秀琴和王梅^[34]、樊江文等^[36]研究认为,草地补偿模式是由根系生长的独立性与牧草耐牧性(耐干扰性)决定 ...

2012

0.0

王国良, 吴波, 杨秋玲, 贾春林, 盛亦兵. 刈割对灌草丛草地植被物种多样性和生产力的影响. 草地学报, 2012, 20(6): 1020-1025.

Wang G

, Wu

, Yang Q

, Jia C

, Sheng Y

. Effect of cutting on grassland species diversity and productivity of shrub-grass in hilly areas. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2012, 20(6): 1020-1025. (in Chinese)

... 但对于灌草丛草地刈割可促进土壤种子库的种子萌发,增加物种多样性^[37] ...

2016

0.0

林丽, 张德罡, 曹广民, 欧阳经政, 柯浔, 刘淑丽, 张法伟, 李以康, 郭小伟. 高寒嵩草草甸植物群落数量特征对不同利用强度的短期响应. 生态学报, 2016, 36(24): 8034-8043.

Lin

, Zhang D

, Cao G

, Ouyang J

, Ke

, Liu S

, Zhang F

, Li Y

, Guo X

. Plant functional groups numerical characteristics responses to different grazing intensities under different community succession stages of alpine Kobresia meadow in spring. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(24): 8034-8043. (in Chinese)

以时空转换的方法确定典型高寒嵩草草甸演替过程的4个关键阶段,以此为研究对象,探讨冬春放牧对高寒草甸生态系统植物功能群数量特征的影响,及在现有放牧制度下不同退化程度草甸植物群落数量特征对禁牧和减牧的响应。结果表明:当禾本科功能群在群落中的地位大于等于莎草科功能群时,减牧可以提高禾本科和莎草科功能群而降低杂类草功能群在群落中的地位;禁牧可以提高禾本科和杂类草功能群而降低莎草科功能群在群落中的地位。当莎草科功能群在群落中的地位大于禾本科功能群,且莎草科功能群以根茎密丛型植物为优势种时,放牧强度降低可以提升禾本科功能群但降低莎草科功能群在群落中地位;而莎草科功能群以密丛型植物为优势种时,放牧强度降低可增加莎草科功能群在群落中的地位,而禾本科功能群在群落中地位的变化取决于草地中裂缝的性质,一定强度的裂缝可以增加禾本科功能群在群落中的地位。因此,退化高寒嵩草草甸自我恢复方式的选择取决于可食性牧草组分、地表特征及恢复目标。当可食性牧草以禾本科功能群为优势种(或禾本科同莎草科功能群为共优种)时,减牧容易提高草地的牧用价值,而禁牧容易增加草地中杂类草功能群的比例,不利于畜牧业生产;当高寒嵩草草甸可食性牧草以莎草科功能群为优势种时,禁牧较减牧更容易加快其牧用性的恢复。小嵩草草甸草毡表层开裂期为该演替系列的激变期,而由于冻融交替形成的裂缝是草地恢复的新生带,如加以利用可以加速草地恢复。

... 刈割后禾本科短期表现为重度放牧抑制型功能群,杂类草、莎草科表现为重度放牧促进型功能群,豆科表现为轻度、重度放牧促进型功能群(图4),这与降低放牧强度有利于提高青藏高原高寒嵩草草甸中禾本科和莎草科在群落中的地位^[38]结果一致 ...

2008

0.0

王长庭, 龙瑞军, 王启兰, 曹广民, 施建军, 杜岩功. 放牧扰动下高寒草甸植物多样性、生产力对土壤养分条件变化的响应. 生态学报, 2008, 28(9): 4144-4152.

Wang C

, Long R

, Wang Q

, Cao G

, Shi J

, Du Y

. Response of plant diversity and productivity to soil resources changing under grazing disturbance on an alpine meadow. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(9): 4144-4152. (in Chinese)

... 其原因是不同处理下各功能群反馈速率和累积效应不同所致^[27,34,39] ...