西藏隆孜5种作物耕地土壤养分含量特征

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梁坤伦, 周志宇, 刘蕾, 王明艳, 徐海瑛. 西藏隆孜5种作物耕地土壤养分含量特征. 草业科学, 2016,33(6):1054-1061
Liang Kun-lun, Zhou Zhi-Yu, Liu Lei, Wang Ming-yan, Xu Hai-ying. Characteristics of soil nutrient contents of five different cultivated lands in Longzi County, Tibet. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(6): 1054-1061 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

西藏隆孜5种作物耕地土壤养分含量特征

梁坤伦¹, 周志宇², 刘蕾¹, 王明艳¹, 徐海瑛¹

1.黄河科技学院,河南郑州 450063

2.草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室兰州大学草地农业科技学院,甘肃兰州 730020

梁坤伦(1985-),男,河南郑州人,讲师,硕士,主要从事恢复生态学、草地营养学研究. E-mail:liangkl09@lzu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2015-08-20

基金: 河南省教育厅人文社会科学研究青年项目(2015-QN-057)

摘要

选取西藏隆孜县青稞( Avena nuda)地、马铃薯( Solanum tuberosum)地、紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa)地、黄花苜蓿( Medicago falcata)地、油菜( Brassica campestris)、豌豆( Pisum sativum)混播地5种常见农作物样地,研究其土壤各种形态氮素、磷、有机质含量以及土壤pH的变化。结果表明,1)隆孜不同作物耕地土壤养分含量存在差异,马铃薯地有机质与全氮含量显著高于其它样地( P<0.05);所有样地有机质平均含量为2.59%,全氮平均含量为0.18%,整体而言土壤肥力中等偏高。2)5种样地铵态氮含量变化较小,而硝态氮含量则呈强变异性,黄花苜蓿地硝态氮含量最高。3)土壤有机质C/N很低,有助于土壤有机氮的矿化。4)所有样地平均磷含量为0.13%,含量较丰富;而两种苜蓿地磷含量相对较低。5)所有样地pH平均变化范围是8.12~8.48,均呈微碱性;青稞地pH最高,不同作物对土壤pH的影响不同。6)土壤不同养分性状之间存在较为复杂的相关性、有机质与全氮和全磷、铵态氮与硝态氮之间均呈极显著的正相关( P<0.01),土壤全氮与铵态氮和硝态氮则均无相关性,而土壤pH与硝态氮之间为极显著的负相关。

关键词: 西藏; 作物; 耕地; 土壤养分

中图分类号:S812.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)6-1054-08 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0127

Characteristics of soil nutrient contents of five different cultivated lands in Longzi County, Tibet

Liang Kun-lun¹, Zhou Zhi-Yu², Liu Lei¹, Wang Ming-yan¹, Xu Hai-ying¹

1.Huanghe Science and Technology College , Zhengzhou 450063, China

2.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China

Corresponding author: Liang Kun-lun E-mail:liangkl09@lzu.edu.cn

Abstract

Five different types of cultivated lands, which were mainly planted for barley ( Avena nuda), potato ( Solanum tuberosum), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa), sickle alfalfa ( Medicago falcata) and rape ( Brassica campestris) mixed with pea ( Pisum sativum), respectively, were selected in Longzi County, Tibet and the nitrogen status of various forms, phosphorus content, soil organic matter (SOM) content and soil pH were analyzed in the present study. The results showed that the average soil nutrient contents in different types of cultivated lands were different and SOM and total N contents in potato land were significantly higher ( P<0.05) than the other four cultivated lands. In general, the average contents of SOM and total N for all five cultivated lands were 2.59% and 0.18%, respectively, which indicated that the soil fertility was high in all cultivated lands. There was little variations for ammonium contents in different cultivated lands, however, there was strong variations for nitrate contents in different cultivated lands with the highest nitrate content in sickle alfalfa farmland. The C/N ratio of SOM was low which attributed to accelerate the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen. Phosphorus content was rich in all the five types of cultivated lands with the average content of 0.13% although it was a little bit lower in the two types alfalfa lands. The mean pH of all the lands changed from 8.12 to 8.48, which suggested that it was all alkalescence in Longzi. Different crops had different effects on soil pH and barley land had significantly higher pH than that of other lands. There were complicated correlations between soil nutrient properties in the soils of cultivated lands. Both SOM and total N had very positively significantly correlation ( P<0.01) with total P, ammonium and nitrate N. There was no correlations between each other of total N, ammonium and nitrate N. Soil pH had very negatively significantly correlation ( P<0.01) with nitrate N.

Keyword: Tibet; crop; cultivated land; soil nutrient

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土壤不仅仅是生态系统进行物质和能量代谢的重要场所, 也是植物生长繁育和作物生产必需的物质基础, 是地球上最珍贵的自然资源^{[1, 2]}。土壤肥力是土壤基本性质的综合表现, 不仅影响着土壤生产力水平的高低, 更是衡量土壤质量好坏的重要指标^{[3, 4]}。西方土壤学家对土壤肥力的传统认识就是土壤供应养分的能力^[2]; 前苏联土壤学家认为土壤肥力是土壤在植物生活的全过程中, 不断地将最大数量的有效养分和水分供给给植物的能力^[1]。而我国土壤科研工作者认为肥力是土壤从营养条件和环境条件方面, 持续供应和不断协调植物生长发育的能力, 也是土壤化学、物理和生物特征性质的综合表现^[1], 此处的营养条件指养分和水分。由此可知, 土壤养分的含量特征以及分布变化对于土壤肥力有着决定性的影响。不同作物类型、不同耕作方式对土壤养分循环的影响不同, 因此, 研究土壤不同养分变化及其之间的关系, 对于深入了解不同类型土壤肥力、营养元素分布特征及循环机制具有重要的意义^{[5, 6, 7]}。

土壤是地球陆地生态系统的基础, 是生态系统健康的重要指标^[8], 在保持生物多样性、调节水体以及降解过滤污染物等方面起着极为重要的作用。由于西藏独特的地形条件与气候特征, 人们对于西藏土壤, 尤其是耕地土壤养分含量的研究还少见报道。本研究以西藏隆孜县几种常见农作物耕地类型为研究对象, 通过对耕地土壤各种形态氮素、全磷、有机质含量以及土壤pH的变化差异进行比较研究, 从而揭示不同作物耕地类型土壤营养元素的分布状况以及变化规律, 为全面深入科学地了解西藏隆孜县耕地土壤养分的含量特征以及对其土地生态系统健康状况的客观评价提供理论依据, 同时为丰富土壤学和植物营养学的理论提供基础性试验资料。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

研究区位于西藏山南地区隆孜县。山南地区位于90° 04'-94° 21' E, 26° 51'-29° 47' N。地处青藏高原冈底斯山-念青唐古拉山脉以南的雅鲁藏布江中下游, 北接西藏首府拉萨市, 西与日喀则地区毗邻, 东与林芝地区相连, 南与印度、不丹两国接壤。全区面积为7.35万 km², 属于典型的藏南谷地, 平均海拔为3 700 m左右。山南地区属温带干旱性气候, 年均降水量不到450 mm, 雨季大多集中在6月-9月, 年蒸发量2 356.2 mm, 大约是年均降水量的6倍。全年日照时间2 600~3 300 h, 年平均气温最高为8.8 ℃, 最低为 6 ℃; 日最高气温为31 ℃, 最低气温低至-37 ℃。山南地区最大风速达17 m· s^-1, 年均风速为3 m· s^-1, 风期主要集中在12月至次年3月^[9]。

1.2 土壤样品的采集和理化分析

1.2.1 土样采集试验区为一家农户耕地, 地形较平坦, 面积3.5 km× 1.8 km, 海拔3 580 m, 选取以该地区常见农作物为主的5块样地, 分别为青稞(Avena nuda)地、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)地、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)地、黄花苜蓿(Medicago falcata)地、油菜(Brassica campestris)+豌豆(Pisum sativum)混播地。在2010年前, 5块样地均为黄花苜蓿地, 2010年6月开垦后施以牦牛、黄牛厩肥和粪肥, 种植上述6种植物。试验区分东、西两侧, 两侧相距2.1 km。青稞、马铃薯与油菜+豌豆混播3块地相邻, 未倒茬耕作, 在试验区东侧。紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿为两年生牧草, 2011年刈割1次, 位于试验区西侧。于2012年8月10日-9月1日在每个样地内以五点采样法进行土壤样品的采集, 拣去其中的植物残体、杂质、根系、石块等。每个样点均取0-20 cm的表层土壤, 将采集的土壤样品带回实验室。

1.2.2 土样理化分析将试验区带回的土壤样品均匀铺开, 放置于干燥阴凉通风的室内, 使其自然风干, 经常翻动, 并注意防止被污染。待土壤完全风干后, 过0.5 mm孔径的筛子后装袋封存, 待用^{[10, 11, 12]}。

土壤不同元素测定方法:土壤全氮含量采用凯氏定氮法; 土壤铵态氮和硝态氮用2 mol· L^-1 KCl浸提, 用FIAstar 5000全自动流动注射仪(瑞典FOSS公司生产)进行测定; 有机碳采用重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法进行测定; 全磷采用HNO₃-HF微波消解, 钼锑抗比色法进行测定; 土壤pH值采用电位法(土水比1∶ 5)进行测定^[13]。

1.3 数据处理

采用SPSS 15.0软件对试验数据进行处理分析, 对不同作物样地各养分含量进行差异性统计分析, 并对各养分之间作相关性分析; 用Excel 2003作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 隆孜土壤养分含量特征

2.1.1 隆孜耕地土壤养分总体特征根据全国第二次土壤普查的土壤养分含量分级标准^[14], 隆孜地区不同作物类型耕地土壤有机质含量相对较高, 为1.59%~4.39%, 三级, 平均含量为2.59%(表1)。全氮含量较高, 为0.14%~0.26%, 三级, 平均含量为0.18%。铵态氮和硝态氮含量也较为丰富, 平均含量分别是12.03和7.29 mg· kg^-1。土壤全磷含量较高, 为0.07%~0.21%, 平均含量为0.13%。

表1 隆孜地区耕地土壤养分统计特征 Table 1 Statistical characteristics of soil nutrients of cultivated lands in Longzi County

统计数据可以看出, 隆孜土壤养分含量整体变异系数较大, 其中硝态氮变异系数最大, 达1.32; 其次为有机质和铵态氮, pH变异系数最小, 仅为0.02。平均值表示样品中心趋向分布的一种测度, 变异系数的大小则表示研究资料单位均值上的离散程度, 进而反映了土壤特性参数的空间变异程度的大小。一般认为, CV< 0.1时为弱变异性, 0.1≤ CV≤ 1.0时为中等变异性, CV> 1.0时为强变异性。由此可见, 土壤硝态氮含量为强变异性, pH则呈弱变异性, 有机质、全氮、铵态氮、全磷含量均为中等变异强度, 从而说明该地区土壤性状不均一的特征。

2.1.2 不同作物类型耕地土壤养分特征马铃薯样地土壤养分含量最高, 其中有机质含量为3.90%, 全氮含量高达0.24%, 已属于二级土壤, 显著高于其它样地类型(P< 0.05)(表2)。黄花苜蓿地土壤养分含量仅次于马铃薯样地, 土壤肥力也较高。而紫花苜蓿地土壤养分含量最低, 尤其是有机质含量, 仅为1.92%, 显著低于其它样地类型。

表2 隆孜不同样地土壤养分含量的分布特征 Table 2 Characteristics of the content of soil nutrients among different plots in Longzi County

2.2 隆孜各作物样地不同养分含量特征

2.2.1 不同作物样地土壤有机质含量特征有机质是土壤固相的重要组成部分, 也是土壤中最活跃的部分, 有机质含量的高低是土壤肥力水平的一项重要指标^[15]。马铃薯地有机质含量最高, 为3.90%, 显著高于其它样地的(P< 0.05); 而油菜+豌豆混播地和紫花苜蓿地有机质含量均较低, 显著低于除青稞地外的其余样地。各样地有机质含量大小依次为马铃薯地> 黄花苜蓿地> 青稞地> 油菜+豌豆混播地> 紫花苜蓿地。依据土壤有机质含量分析标准^[16], 各不同作物样地有机质含量虽有差异, 但整体而言, 表现为中等或者丰富。

2.2.2 不同作物样地土壤全氮含量特征氮素是构成一切生命体的重要元素, 是限制农业生态系统生产的重要因素。因此, 在作物生产中, 作物对氮的需求量较大, 土壤供氮不足是引起农产品质量下降和品质降低的重要限制因子。土壤全氮含量是衡量氮素供应状况的重要指标。隆孜几种作物样地中(表2), 马铃薯地全氮含量最丰富, 为0.24%, 显著高于其它样地(P< 0.05); 5种样地全氮平均含量为0.18%, 氮含量处于中等偏丰富水平^[16]。

2.2.3 不同作物样地土壤无机氮含量特征土壤无机氮主要为铵态氮(N)和硝态氮(N), 是植物能直接吸收利用的生物有效氮。马铃薯地和黄花苜蓿地铵态氮与硝态氮含量均较高(表2); 紫花苜蓿地铵态氮含量最低, 硝态氮含量处于中等水平; 青稞地铵态氮含量较高, 而硝态氮含量则远低于其它样地, 但差异不显著(P> 0.05)。几种样地铵态氮含量变化较小, 硝态氮含量则变化幅度很大, 变异系数高达1.32。

2.2.4 不同作物样地土壤全磷含量特征磷是植物生长发育必需的大量营养元素之一, 磷可以通过多种方式进入植物体内, 参与多种生物化学过程, 从而促进植物的生长、发育和繁殖^[17]。在土壤形成的过程中, 特别是灌木植被对土壤磷有明显的富集作用^[18]。由于磷的利用率较低, 土壤一般都表现出“ 遗传性缺磷” ^[18]。5种样地中, 马铃薯样地全磷含量最高, 为0.16%; 而两种苜蓿样地磷含量相对较低; 所有样地平均磷含量为0.13%, 含量表现为较丰富^[17]。

2.2.5 不同作物样地土壤pH的差异隆孜5种作物样地土壤pH平均变化范围是8.12~8.48, 均呈现微碱性(图1)。青稞地pH最高, 显著高于马铃薯地和黄花苜蓿地(P< 0.05); 其大小顺序为青稞地> 油菜+豌豆混播地> 紫花苜蓿地> 马铃薯地> 黄花苜蓿地。这说明不同类型作物对土壤pH的影响变化不同。而且常年种植青稞更易引起土壤碱化。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同样地类型土壤pH变化Fig.1 The pH difference among several cultivated plots in Longzi County

2.3 土壤不同养分相关关系

对不同养分之间进行相关性分析, 有利于进一步了解它们之间相互影响、相互作用的情况。许多研究表明, 土壤有机质与全氮之间存在密切关系。一个地区土壤有机质含量高, 那么该区氮素含量也可能较高^{[3, 15]}, 本研究结果也证实了该观点(表3)。土壤有机质与全氮之间的相关性最为密切, 达到极显著正相关(r=0.909, n=25, P< 0.01)。铵态氮与硝态氮之间也呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.509, n=25, P< 0.01); 全磷与有机质、全氮之间也均呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.691, r=0.481, n=25; r=0.481, n=25)。而土壤pH则与有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和全磷呈负相(P> 0.05)关, 与硝态氮更是达到极显著负相关(r=-0.590, n=25, P< 0.01)。

表3 各养分性状间的相关性分析 Table 3 Correlation analysis between soil nutrients

3 讨论

农业的持续发展需要长久地维持和提高土壤的生产力、保持和提高土壤肥力^[19]。土壤养分是土壤肥力的基本属性和本质特征, 是土壤从营养条件和环境条件方面供应和协调作物生长的能力, 是土壤各方面特征的综合反映^[20]。耕作土壤的养分含量直接影响着土壤质量, 进而对农作物的产量产生决定性的作用。土壤养分作为农田生态系统生产力的主导因素, 其含量变化特征是评价可持续农业的可量化的重要指标, 也是科学施肥的依据。近年来, 有关农田土壤的性质、养分平衡、养分变化、施肥现状及评价的研究已成为国内外养分资源综合管理的热点问题, 并得到了许多生态学研究者的关注^{[21, 22, 23, 24, 25]}。本研究表明, 隆孜耕地土壤养分含量尤其是有机质与全氮含量中等偏丰, 土壤肥力较高。

土壤中有机质含量的高低, 通常是评价土壤肥力的主要指标, 是土壤形成过程中最活跃的因素。土壤有机质含量的高低受光照、大气、水、温度、微生物等多种因素的影响, 耕作与施肥是直接影响因素。土壤有机质不仅含有植物需要的多种养分, 也是矿质元素, 特别是氮素的重要来源。隆孜耕地有机质平均含量为2.59%, 含量较高, 这与隆孜地区很少施用化肥而较多使用厩肥、粪肥等有机肥有很大关系; 而且隆孜地区普遍采用的免耕技术, 可以有效地抑制土壤的过度通气, 减少有机质的氧化降解, 对提高土壤有机质含量也有积极的作用。马铃薯地有机质含量高达3.9%, 非常适合马铃薯的高产; 而紫花苜蓿地有机质含量偏低, 应该因地制宜, 适当增加有机肥的施用量, 以提高土壤有机质含量, 供作物吸收利用。此外, 实行牧草与农作物轮作可显著提高土壤有机质的含量^[26], 同时又能增大牧草产量, 应该选择有条件的地块进行实施和推广。

氮素是限制作物生产力的重要影响因素, 也是旱地土壤最为缺乏的营养元素之一^[27]。土壤中氮素的丰缺及供给状况直接影响着土壤质量及农作物的生长^[28]。土壤全氮包括所有形式的有机氮素和无机氮素, 是供应作物生长发育所需有效氮素的源和库, 其含量高低综合反映了该土壤的质量, 也是衡量该地区土壤氮素供应状况的重要指标。隆孜地区耕地土壤全氮含量较高, 这与隆孜较高的有机质含量有很大关系。苜蓿地全氮含量均较高, 主要是因为土壤根瘤菌的固氮作用。本研究中隆孜土壤C∶ N平均为8∶ 1, 非常有利于土壤有机氮的矿化, 可以供给作物较充足的可以直接吸收利用的无机氮。铵态氮是还原态的氮, 硝态氮是氧化态的氮, 它们所带电荷不同, 因此在营养上的特点也不同^[29]。各作物样地铵态氮含量差别不大, 而硝态氮含量则差异很大。黄花苜蓿地硝态氮含量最高, 可能原因是黄花苜蓿地偏碱性的土壤中硝化细菌与亚硝化细菌丰富, 硝化作用强烈, 从而使得大量的铵态氮转化为硝态氮。此外, 隆孜地区较干旱的气候条件也可避免硝态氮的淋洗损失。

施肥虽然是作物高产非常直接有效的措施, 但作物吸收磷素的主要来源仍然是来自土壤^[30]。土壤磷素存在形态多样, 近年来国内外学者研究土壤磷含量变化、平衡、转移、形态转化及其有效性等方面的研究较多^{[31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]}。许多磷高效植物如紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa), 在长期的进化过程中形成了一系列活化根际土壤磷的机理。西藏隆孜耕地平均磷含量为0.13%, 含量较丰富。但由于磷在土壤中易被固定, 扩散系数和利用率低, 全磷中只有很少一部分可转化为有效磷, 才能被作物直接吸收利用, 因此, 全磷含量并不能作为土壤磷素供应的指标, 提高土壤全磷的有效性对于作物至关重要。而在全磷的转化过程中, 土壤有机质和土壤微生物起着关键作用。综上分析可知, 隆孜耕地土壤有效磷供应较丰富, 一方面主要是由于隆孜耕地主要施用有机肥, 而有机肥对提高土壤磷素含量有重要影响。有机肥本身含有大量的微生物及较高含量的磷素, 从而促进磷在土壤中的活性和有效性, 易于分解释放; 而且有机肥施入土壤后可大大增加土壤的有机质含量, 从而减少无机磷的固定, 促进无机磷的溶解。另一方面隆孜土壤的微碱性也可减少磷的固定作用, 在一定程度上提高了土壤有效磷含量。

土壤酸碱性是土壤的重要化学性质, 对土壤微生物的活性, 矿质元素固定、吸收和迁移, 有机质分解起着重要作用, 因而直接影响着土壤肥力及植物生产力。不同植物对土壤pH的影响不同, 农作物对土壤酸碱性的要求是长期自然选择的结果。大多数植物适宜生长在中性至微碱性土壤上。一般认为, 吸收阴阳离子不平衡是引起土壤pH变化的主要原因^[37]。隆孜耕地土壤均呈现微碱性, 主要可能是受气候因素的影响。隆孜地处青藏高原, 年降水量远小于蒸发量, 蒸降比一般比较高, 而降水季节分布差异大, 土壤具有明显的季节性积盐和脱盐频繁交替的特点, 是该地区土壤碱化的重要原因。

土壤有机质主要来源于植物残体及分泌物、有机肥料以及作物根茬等, 而氮素则主要来源于有机质的矿化, 二者具有密切的联系, 本研究表明, 土壤有机质与全氮含量之间存在着极显著的相关性。土壤有机氮经过矿化作用释放的氨在土壤中转化为铵离子(N ), 而最终大部分的铵离子经过硝化作用转化为硝态氮被植物吸收利用, 这也说明了二者之间的极高相关性。土壤中的硝酸盐(N)在嫌氧条件下会发生反硝化作用而造成氮素的损失, 而很多研究表明, 反硝化作用的最适pH为7.0~8.2的微碱性土壤^[1]。因此, 在隆孜土壤的微碱性条件下, 硝态氮与pH之间呈现出极显著负相关。尽管pH与有机质存在负相关关系(表3), 但在化学机理上, 两者并不是因果关系。有机质与土壤pH的关系比较复杂, 在较高pH的碱性环境下, 有机质能分解释放出适量有机酸, 从而降低pH; 在pH较低的酸度环境下, 土壤有机质有提高酸碱度的作用^[38]。

4 结论

隆孜地区不同作物耕地养分含量存在差异。马铃薯地有机质与全氮含量均显著高于其它样地, 两种苜蓿地全氮含量均较高。所有样地有机质平均含量为2.59%, 全氮平均含量为0.18%, 整体而言, 表现为中等偏丰富水平。

作物样地不同, 无机氮含量不同。几种样地铵态氮含量变化较小, 硝态氮含量则变化幅度很大。黄花苜蓿地硝态氮含量最高。土壤有机质C/N很低, 非常有利于土壤有机氮的矿化, 可以供给作物较充足的可以直接吸收利用的无机氮。马铃薯样地全磷含量最高, 而两种苜蓿样地磷含量相对较低。所有样地平均磷含量为0.13%, 含量表现为较丰富。

隆孜5种作物样地土壤pH均呈现微碱性。青稞地pH最高, 不同作物对土壤pH的影响不同。

隆孜地区土壤有机质与全氮和全磷之间、铵态氮与硝态氮之间均呈极显著正相关关系。土壤全氮与铵态氮和硝态氮则均无显著相关性。土壤pH与有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和全磷呈负相关(P> 0.05), 与硝态氮更是达到极显著的负相关。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[34]	马月婷, 张丽静, 杜明新, 周志宇, 牛得草, 张宝林. 不同种植年限白沙蒿对根际土壤营养元素的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31(2): 224-231. Ma Y T, Zhang L J, Du M X, Zhou Z Y, Niu D C, Zhang B L. Effects of different ages Artemisia sphaerocephala on the content of nutrient elements in rhizosphere soil. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(2): 224-231. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[35]	宋鑫, 张丽静, 代万安, 周志宇, 李晓忠, 周媛媛, 李金辉, 金茜. 青藏高原不同株龄紫穗槐根际与非根际土壤养分变化特征. 草业科学, 2014, 31(7): 1226-1232. Song X, Zhang L J, Dai W A, Zhou Z Y, Li X Z, Zhou Y Y, Li J H, Jin Q. Effects of Amorpha fruticosa planting on soil nutrient characteristics at rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere in Tibetan Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(7): 1226-1232. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[36]	贾宇, 徐炳成, 李凤, 王晓凌. 半干旱黄土丘陵区苜蓿人工草地土壤磷素有效性及对生产力的响应. 生态学报, 2007, 27(1): 42-47. Jia Y, Xu B C, Li F, Wang X L. Availability and contributions of soil phosphorus to forage production of seeded alfalfa in semiarid Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 42-47. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[37]	侯杰, 叶功富, 张立华. 林木根际土壤研究进展. 防护林科技, 2006(1): 30-33. Hou J, Ye G F, Zhang L H. Studies on rhizosphere soil of trees. Protection Forest Science and Technology, 2006(1): 30-33. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[38]	李志安, 邹碧, 曹裕松, 任海, 刘俭. 南方典型丘陵退化荒坡地土壤养分特征分析. 生态学报, 2003, 23(8): 1648-1656. Li Z A, Zou B, Cao Y S, Ren H, Liu J. Nutrient properties of soils in typical degraded hilly land in South China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(8): 1648-1656. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

1999

0.0

... 土壤不仅仅是生态系统进行物质和能量代谢的重要场所,也是植物生长繁育和作物生产必需的物质基础,是地球上最珍贵的自然资源^[1,2] ...

... 前苏联土壤学家认为土壤肥力是土壤在植物生活的全过程中,不断地将最大数量的有效养分和水分供给给植物的能力^[1] ...

... 而我国土壤科研工作者认为肥力是土壤从营养条件和环境条件方面,持续供应和不断协调植物生长发育的能力,也是土壤化学、物理和生物特征性质的综合表现^[1],此处的营养条件指养分和水分 ...

... 2的微碱性土壤^[1] ...

1998

0.0

... 土壤不仅仅是生态系统进行物质和能量代谢的重要场所,也是植物生长繁育和作物生产必需的物质基础,是地球上最珍贵的自然资源^[1,2] ...

... 西方土壤学家对土壤肥力的传统认识就是土壤供应养分的能力^[2] ...

0.0

... 土壤肥力是土壤基本性质的综合表现,不仅影响着土壤生产力水平的高低,更是衡量土壤质量好坏的重要指标^[3,4] ...

... 一个地区土壤有机质含量高,那么该区氮素含量也可能较高^[3,15],本研究结果也证实了该观点(表3) ...

1996

0.0

... 土壤肥力是土壤基本性质的综合表现,不仅影响着土壤生产力水平的高低,更是衡量土壤质量好坏的重要指标^[3,4] ...

2002

0.0

... 不同作物类型、不同耕作方式对土壤养分循环的影响不同,因此,研究土壤不同养分变化及其之间的关系,对于深入了解不同类型土壤肥力、营养元素分布特征及循环机制具有重要的意义^[5,6,7] ...

1998

0.0

2007

0.0

2000

0.0

... 土壤是地球陆地生态系统的基础,是生态系统健康的重要指标^[8],在保持生物多样性、调节水体以及降解过滤污染物等方面起着极为重要的作用 ...

1998

0.0

蒲正学. 西藏山南水生和湿生植物资源及利用. 草业科学, 1998, 15(6): 5-6.

Pu Z

Hydrophyte and hygrophyte resources in Shannan prefecture of Tibet and their utilisation.

Pratacultural Science, 1998, 15(6): 5-6. (in Chinese)

摘　要：在对西藏山南地区河流，湖泊，沼泽，水库沿岸的浅水区河流湿地水生及湿生植物进行了调查研究的基础上，从维护整个生态系统角度提出了利用该项资源的合理化建议。

... s^-1,风期主要集中在12月至次年3月^[9] ...

2002

0.0

苏永中, 赵哈林, 张铜会. 几种灌木、半灌木对沙地土壤肥力影响机制的研究. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(7): 802-806.

Su Y

, Zhao H

, Zhang T

Influencing mechanism of several shrubs and subshrubs on soil fertility in Keerqin sand y land .

Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 13(7): 802-806. (in Chinese)

Keerqin sandy land is one of serious desertification areas in the semiarid zone of north China, and shrubs are the dominant plant life form and play an important role in the region. The effects of "fertile island" and rhizosphere of several shrubs and subshrubs were studied. The results showed that the concentrations of organic C, total Nand total P, and values of electrical conductivity (EC) in the soils under the canopy of shrubs increased by 56%, 51%, 37%, and 51%, respectively, compared with those of the soils in open spaces, but there was no significant difference in pHvalue between the soils under shrub canopies and in open spaces. Shrub rhizosphere soils had significant higher contents of organic C, total N, and values of ECas well as lower pHvalue compared to the bulk soils, but there was no significant difference in total Pbetween rhizosphere and bulk soils. There were close relationships between the properties in soils under shrub canopies and the rhizosphere soils, indicating that the development of "fertile island" were favorable to root growth and induced greater amount of rhizodeposition, and vice versa. Soils under Artemisia frigida and Caragada microphylla canopies and rhizospheres had significant higher organic Cand total Ncontents than those of Artemisia halodendron and Salix gordejvii . This results suggested that shrubs were of vital importance for accumulation of nutrients and maintenance of soil fertility in Keerqin sandy land ecosystem.

研究了科尔沁沙地广泛分布的几种灌木和半灌木的“肥岛”和根际效应.结果表明,在灌丛下土壤有机C、全N和全P分别比灌丛间地高56%、51%和37%,土壤电导率(EC)提高了56%,但pH值并无明显变化;灌木根际土壤较非根际土壤有机C和全N分别高76%和54%,根际土壤pH降低0.19个单位,EC提高了2～3倍,但土壤全P并无显著变化.灌丛下土壤养分含量和根际中土壤养分含量显著相关,表明灌丛肥岛的形成有利于根系的生长,导致更多的根际沉积;而根系的活动又促进了肥岛的发育.灌丛对沙地土壤肥力的影响机制在于:灌丛对土壤风蚀物质、降尘和凋落物等的截获,形成灌丛“肥岛”;并通过发达的根系以根际沉积的形式向土壤输入大量的有机物质,从而使周围土壤的肥力性状得以改善.

... 5 mm孔径的筛子后装袋封存,待用^[10,11,12] ...

2003

0.0

曾曙才, 苏志尧, 陈北光, 俞元春. 植物根际营养研究进展. 南京林业大学学报: 自然科学版, 2003 (6): 79-83.

Zeng S

, Su Z

, Chen B

, Yu Y

A review on the rhizosphere nutrition ecology research. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University: Natural Sciences Edition, 2003(6): 79-83. (in Chinese)

根际是受植物活根影响的土壤微区.植物根际营养生态是近年来的研究热点.笔者对根际土壤采样方法和营养检测技术、根际微区养分状况、根系分泌物对根际营养影响等方面的研究进展进行了综述.着重介绍了根际土壤田间采样和室内模拟培育方法,根际微域营养检测常用的电极法、电子探针法和冰冻切片法,总结了近20年来国内外根际土壤氮、磷、钾营养状况的研究成果,深入分析了根系分泌物对根际环境、养分释放及植物适应养分胁迫等的影响,提出了植物根际营养研究今后应加强的领域和方向.

... 5 mm孔径的筛子后装袋封存,待用^[10,11,12] ...

2009

0.0

常超, 谢宗强, 熊高明, 赵常明, 申国珍, 赖江山, 徐新武. 三峡库区不同植被类型土壤养分特征. 生态学报, 2009, 29(11): 5978-5985.

Chang

, Xie Z

, Xiong G

, Zhao C

, Shen G

, Lai J

, Xu X

Characteristics of soil nutrients of differen vegetation types in the Three Gorges reservoir area.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(11): 5978-5985. (in Chinese)

Through investigating and analyzing soil contents of 8 vegetation types and 370 experimental plots around the Three Gorges reservoir, we studied how different vegetation types, soil types, and altitudes affected the amounts of surface organic matter, total N, available P as well as available K. The results indicate: In general, average amounts of soil organic matter and total N are rich in forest around the Three Gorges reservoir area; specifically, the average amounts of the organic matter and total N vary in different vegetation types in the following order: broad\|leaved forest＞bamboo forest＞coniferous forest＞shrub＞grass. The average amounts of available P in the vegetation decrease gradually in the order of：grass＞deciduous broad\|leaved forest＞shrub＞warm coniferous forest＞deciduous broad\|leaved evergreen forest＞temperate coniferous forest＞bamboo forest＞evergreen broad\|leaved forest，as the grass differentiates from other types of vegetation dramatically. The average amounts of available K vary in the order of deciduous broad\|leaved evergreen forest＞deciduous broad\|leaved forest＞shrub＞coniferous forest＞bamboo forest＞grass＞evergreen broad\|leaved forest. The amounts of nutrients in different types of soil vary remarkably, as the yellow\|brown soil is rich in organic matter and total N, while the purple soil is rich in available P. With increases in altitude, organic and total N increase dramatically; no obvious trend is found as the amount of available P and available K change. The correlation analysis indicates that the content of soil organic matter, total N are significantly positively correlative.

通过三峡库区8个植被类型370个样地的群落调查和土壤分析，研究了不同植被类型、土壤类型、海拔对表层土壤有机质及全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明：（1）三峡库区不同植被类型土壤有机质、全氮平均含量规律为阔叶林＞竹林＞针叶林＞灌丛＞草丛，森林土壤有机质及全氮平均含量丰富；速效磷平均含量表现为草丛＞落叶阔叶林＞灌丛＞暖性针叶林＞常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞温性针叶林＞竹林＞常绿阔叶林，草丛与其他植被类型差异显著；速效钾平均含量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞灌丛＞针叶林＞竹林＞草丛＞常绿阔叶林，竹林、草丛、常绿阔叶林与常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、灌丛、针叶林差异显著。（2）不同土壤类型养分含量差异显著，黄棕壤中有机质、全氮含量高，分别为6.83%、0.44%，紫色土中速效磷含量高，达到54.24mg/kg。（3）随海拔升高，有机质、全氮含量呈明显增加趋势，速效磷、速效钾含量变化趋势不明显。

... 5 mm孔径的筛子后装袋封存,待用^[10,11,12] ...

2000

0.0

... 5)进行测定^[13] ...

1998

0.0

... 1 隆孜耕地土壤养分总体特征根据全国第二次土壤普查的土壤养分含量分级标准^[14],隆孜地区不同作物类型耕地土壤有机质含量相对较高,为1 ...

2009

0.0

詹媛媛, 薛梓瑜, 任伟, 周志宇. 干旱荒漠区不同灌木根际与非根际土壤氮素的含量特征. 生态学报, 2009, 29(1): 59-66.

Zhan Y

, Xue Z

, Ren

, Zhou Z

Characteristics of nitrogen content between rhizosphere and bulk soil under seven shrubs in arid desert area of China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(1): 59-66. (in Chinese)

选取广泛分布于阿拉善干旱荒漠区的白刺、霸王、红砂、沙冬青、沙木蓼、梭梭和驼绒藜7种不同的旱生灌木,研究其根际与非根际土壤各种形态氮素、有机碳的含量特征及土壤pH的变化.结果表明,相对于非根际土壤,根际土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮分别平均高24.9%、24.5%和65.1%,土壤有机碳平均高出18.5%,土壤pH值平均低0.14个单位.根际与非根际土壤的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳和pH之间都呈现出了极显著差异(p<0.01).7种灌木根际土壤全氮、硝态氮和有机碳含量均比非根际土壤含量高.除沙冬青根际铵态氮含量较非根际低以外,其余6种灌木根际土壤铵态氮含量均高于非根际土壤.梭梭的根际土壤pH高于非根际,其它6种灌木均是根际pH低于非根际土壤.在根际与非根际,土壤有机碳与土壤全氮之间均呈显著相关,二者表现为线性关系.而土壤全氮与铵态氮在根际与非根际则均无相关性,全氮与硝态氮在根际和非根际土壤均显著相关,且二者也呈线性相关.

... 1 不同作物样地土壤有机质含量特征有机质是土壤固相的重要组成部分,也是土壤中最活跃的部分,有机质含量的高低是土壤肥力水平的一项重要指标^[15] ...

... 一个地区土壤有机质含量高,那么该区氮素含量也可能较高^[3,15],本研究结果也证实了该观点(表3) ...

2009

0.0

... 依据土壤有机质含量分析标准^[16],各不同作物样地有机质含量虽有差异,但整体而言,表现为中等或者丰富 ...

... 18%,氮含量处于中等偏丰富水平^[16] ...

2005

0.0

丁玉川, 陈明昌, 程滨, 李丽君, 李典友. 不同大豆品种磷吸收利用特性比较研究. 西北植物学报, 2005, 25(9): 1791-1797.

Ding Y

, Chen M

, Cheng

, Li L

, Li D

Phosphorous uptakes and uses of different soybean varieties. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2005, 25(9): 1791-1797. (in Chinese)

土壤缺磷和低磷利用率是现代农业生产发展的主要限制因素之一,筛选和培育磷高效吸收利用品种是提高磷素利用率的有效途径.采用土壤盆栽试验方法进行了不同大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)品种磷吸收利用特性比较研究.结果表明,在缺磷和正常供磷条件下,不同大豆品种植株在株高、根干重、地上部干重、根冠比率、植株磷含量和其相对值、磷吸收量和其相对值、磷利用效率和其相对比值等方面表现出显著的差异,多数达到了极显著水平.相关分析表明,在缺磷条件下,大豆不同品种植株磷的利用效率及其相对比值与植株磷含量和磷吸收量以及它们的相对值呈显著或极显著负相关,植株磷含量与植株磷吸收量呈极显著正相关.以植株干物质量和其相对值、植株磷吸收量和其相对值以及植株磷利用效率为筛选指标,筛选出3个大豆磷高效品种.

... 4 不同作物样地土壤全磷含量特征磷是植物生长发育必需的大量营养元素之一,磷可以通过多种方式进入植物体内,参与多种生物化学过程,从而促进植物的生长、发育和繁殖^[17] ...

... 13%,含量表现为较丰富^[17] ...

2001

0.0

... 在土壤形成的过程中,特别是灌木植被对土壤磷有明显的富集作用^[18] ...

... ^[18] ...

1992

0.0

赖庆旺, 李茶苟, 黄庆海. 红壤性水稻土无机肥连施与土壤结构特性的研究. 土壤学报, 1992, 29(2): 168-185.

Lai Q

, Li C

, Huang Q

Effect of continuous applciation of inorganic fertilizeron soil structure properties of paddy soil derived from red soil.

Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1992, 29(2): 168-185. (in Chinese)

Good soil physical environment is a fundamental for gaining stable and high yields of crops. The return way of organic materials was controlled artificially in the present study. Recults from the nine-year filed location study show that in the case of continuous application of inorganic fertilizers, especially mono-application of inorganic fertilizers, in paddy soil from red soil, the soil structure was damaged, soil became more compact, the filth of soil became worse, the plowpan rose, and the land productivity declined as a result of decrease in the inorganic and organic colloids.

良好的土壤物理环境,是农业高产稳产的基础。通过9年定位研究阐明,红壤性水稻土无机肥连施特别是偏施,随着有机和无机胶结物质的数量减少,土壤结构性遭受破坏,容重增值,孔隙度降低,水稳性结构破坏率提高,微团聚体分数系数上升,致使土壤紧实,耕性变坏,土壤肥力衰退。无机肥与有机肥配合施用能有效地提高作物产量,改善土壤物理环境,为建立优化施肥结构展示了良好前景。

... 3 讨论农业的持续发展需要长久地维持和提高土壤的生产力、保持和提高土壤肥力^[19] ...

2011

0.0

祖元刚, 李冉, 王文杰, 苏冬雪, 王莹, 邱岭. 我国东北土壤有机碳、无机碳含量与土壤理化性质的相关性. 生态学报, 2011, 31(18): 5207-5216.

Zu Y

, Li

, Wang W

, Su D

, Wang

, Qiu

Soil organic and inorganic carbon contents in relation to soil physicochemical properties in northeastern China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(18): 5207-5216. (in Chinese)

Soil carbon includes two components of organic carbon(SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC) and, the amount of SIC in the earth surface is about half of the SOC amount (1500Pg), showing its critical importance in global carbon balance although more studies are on SOC dynamics compared to SIC. Concurrent study on SIC and SOC will give a more detailed understanding on soil carbon budget than any study on either SOC or SIC alone. Based on the pooled data from Heilongjiang Province, Liaoning Province, Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in northeastern China, correlation analyses between variable soil physical-chemical properties and SOC content as well as SIC content were performed in order to find their possible functions in affecting those two components and the potential influence on soil carbon budget estimation in this paper. In general, a larger dataset for SOC (38 to 345 pairs) compared with those for SIC (36 to 122 pairs) was compiled in this paper owing to SIC data shortage. As shown by our results, significant and positive correlations were found between SOC and parameters of total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium, exchangeable K + capacity, Fe 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , total soil porosity ( R 2 =0.10-0.94, n= 38-345, P R 2 =0.11-0.30, n= 37-122, P P >0.05, ns). Given that soil fertilization could affect soil carbon dynamics, this finding indicates that most parameters of soil fertility can contrarily affect the content of SIC and SOC. Furthermore, soil pH and bulk density showed negative correlations with SOC ( R 2 =0.36-0.42, n= 41-304, P R 2 =0.29-0.31, n= 39-125, P vice versa , and concurrent measurement of SOC and SIC may improve the precision of carbon budget estimation. The empirical equations best-fitted from this study might be used to correct previous bias shown by the lack of SIC represented in former studies. However, this mutual compensatory effect between SIC and SOC will be more sound after long-term studies on permanent plots or well-designed fertilization experiments. Anyway, our results strongly suggest that the general neglect of SIC in current soil carbon research might produce an evident bias in calculation of total carbon budget; especially in some regions with high SIC content, such as the chernozem (a kind of black soil abundant in SIC) widespread in northeastern China.

根据黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省和内蒙古地区相关历史资料数据,分析了我国东北表层土壤(0-50 cm)土壤相关理化性质与有机碳、无机碳的相关性,得到如下结论:土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、K + 离子交换量、Fe 2 O 3 、P 2 O 5 、总孔隙度均与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关( R 2 =0.10-0.94, n =38-345, P R 2 =0.11-0.30, n =37-122, P R 2 =0.36-0.42, n =41-304, P R 2 =0.29-0.31, n =39-125, P <0.01)。表层土壤有机碳、无机碳与土壤理化性质呈相反变化趋势的结果说明,由于土壤利用方式变化所导致的土壤理化性质改变对土壤无机碳和有机碳可能具有相反影响。在研究土壤碳平衡过程中,应该充分考虑这种关系所导致的相互补偿作用,即有机碳的增加,可能意味着无机碳的减少,或者反之。目前研究中普遍忽略无机碳的变化,可能导致生态系统碳收支计算显著偏差,所获得的经验拟合方程有利于对我国东北地区土壤碳平衡研究产生的这种偏差进行粗略估计。

... 土壤养分是土壤肥力的基本属性和本质特征,是土壤从营养条件和环境条件方面供应和协调作物生长的能力,是土壤各方面特征的综合反映^[20] ...

2001

0.0

高超, 张桃林, 吴蔚东. 太湖地区农田土壤养分动态及其启示. 地理科学, 2001, 21(5): 428-432.

Gao

, Zhang T

, Wu W

Agricultural soil nutrient status in Taihu Lake area and its implication to nutrient management strategies.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2001, 21(5): 428-432. (in Chinese)

Taihu Lake watershed region is one of the most densely populated areas in China and is confronted with numerous environmental problems, especially fresh water eutrophication. It is of crucial importance to improve soil nutrient management practices in order to have a positive effect on nutrient use efficiency, crop yield, and the environment. Nutrient balances of different times were calculated for arable soils in a case area. It was shown that positive balances for nitrogen and phosphorus and a negative balance for potassium had lasted for decades. Results of representative soil sampling between 1982 and 1999 show that decades of fertilization at rates exceeding the amount removed by crops have resulted in widespread accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the area. Until recently the soil potassium level had declined due to the insufficient input. Soil pH of most samples also decline and this may be attributed to the over use of chemical fertilizer. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of nutrient budget and soil nutrient dynamics of the area some nutrient management options were proposed in the paper.

太湖地区人地关系紧张,环境问题尤其是地表水体富营养化严重,农田生态系统的养分收支和土壤养分状况不仅关系到农业的高产稳产,对区内的水环境质量也有着重要的影响。典型区的实地调查和采样分析结果表明,自20世纪80年代初以来太湖地区农田生态系统中的氮、磷一直处于盈余状态,且盈余量不断增加,土壤钾素则长期亏缺,但近年来有所缓和。区内土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量近20年来都有较大幅度的提高,速效钾含量在20世纪90年代中期以前呈下降趋势,近年来有所回升。主要类型土壤的pH也呈降低的趋势。

... 近年来,有关农田土壤的性质、养分平衡、养分变化、施肥现状及评价的研究已成为国内外养分资源综合管理的热点问题,并得到了许多生态学研究者的关注^{[21,22,23,24,25]} ...

2005

0.0

陈明昌, 张强, 程滨, 杨治平, 焦晓燕, 周怀平. 山西省主要农田施肥状况及典型县域农田养分平衡研究. 水土保持学报, 2005, 19(4): 1-6.

Chen M

, Zhang

, Cheng

, Yang Z

, Jiao X

, Zhou H

Fertilizer application survey and farmland nutrient balance of representative counties in Shanxi Province.

Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 2005, 19(4): 1-6. (in Chinese)

According to statistical data of agriculture, analysis of soil samples and fertilizer application survey from farmhouses, it was studied for fertilizer application rate, farmland nutrient balance and change of soil nutrient in Shanxi. Results of surveying from farmhouse showed that the average application rate of mineral fertilizer in Shanxi was 181.8 N kg/hm~2, 93.7 P_2O_5 kg/hm~2 and 41.9 K_2O kg/hm~2 in the year of 2000. Ratio of NPK in the mineral fertilizer input was 10.520.23. It was found that fertilizer application rate on irrigation land was more than the rate on dryland, and the rate on the vegetable and fruit tree was more than the rate on food crops and cash crops. Results of nutrient balance from three counties showed that N, P in farmlands was obviously surplus with the increasing of N, P application from 1980, and K was deficient at all time. Meanwhile, comparing with content of soil nutrients between 2000 and the second soil survey in China, the change of available P and K in soils in Shanxi , and effects of nutrient balance on soil nutrients were realized in the three counties.

根据山西省农业统计资料,结合实地调查和土壤测定数据,采用典型农户问卷调查的方式,研究了全省和3个典型县域农田施肥状况、养分平衡和土壤养分变化趋势。农户施肥状况调查结果表明,2000年山西省平均N肥用量为181.8Nkg/hm2,P肥用量为93.7P2O5kg/hm2,K肥用量为41.9K2Okg/hm2,N∶P∶K为1∶0.52∶0.23。从化肥的投向来看,水地的施用量明显高于旱地,蔬菜和果树的施用量高于粮食作物和其它经济作物。从3个典型县域农田养分平衡来看,1980年后随着N、P肥施用量的增加,农田N素和P素出现大量盈余,K素则处于亏缺状态。通过对第二次全国土壤普查和2000年土壤测定结果分析,了解了山西省近20年来土壤有效磷和速效钾的变化趋势,以及典型县域农田养分平衡状况对土壤养分变化的影响及特点。

2011

0.0

2011

0.0

2012

0.0

2012

0.0

田福平, 师尚礼, 洪绂曾, 时永杰, 余成群, 张小甫, 胡宇. 我国草田轮作的研究历史及现状. 草业科学, 2012, 29(2): 320-326.

Tian F

, Shi S

, Hong F

, Shi Y

, Yu C

, Zhang X

, Hu

Research on history and current situation of forage and crop rotation in China.

Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(2): 320-326. (in Chinese)

Forage and crop rotation are commonly recommended for sustaining crop production and enhancing soil quality. Effects of forage and crop rotation in crop systems have been reported by many researchers from the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties period to present. Recent researches were focused on the potential, significance, profitability, mode and soil fertility of forage and crop rotation in China. Forage and crop rotation has numerous economic, ecologic and social benefits in the farming system, which can increase crop and forage yields, enhance nutrient cycles and improve the living standard of farmers.

草田轮作是提高作物产量和改良土壤性状、实现土地可持续生产的重要措施。我国的草田轮作从魏晋南北朝开始就有记载。近年来的研究主要集中在草田轮作潜力及重要性、轮作效益、轮作模式及对土壤影响等方面。草田轮作既提高了粮食产量，又为家畜提供了充足的饲料，促进了养分循环，是实现农牧民增收及我国生态、经济和社会可持续发展的有效途径。

... 此外,实行牧草与农作物轮作可显著提高土壤有机质的含量^[26],同时又能增大牧草产量,应该选择有条件的地块进行实施和推广 ...

2000

0.0

李秧秧, 邵明安. 小麦根系对水分和氮肥的生理生态反应. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2000, 6(4): 383-388.

Li Y

, Shao M

Physio-ecological response of spring wheat root to water and nitrogen.

Plant Natrition and Fertilizen Science, 2000, 6(4): 383-388. (in Chinese)

The physio ecological response of spring wheat root under different water and nigrogen conditions was studied with soil column experiment. The results indicated that rational application of nitrogen fertilizer(urea 600kg/hm 2 ) could increase total root weight as well as root weight in deep soil layers, improve water relation of root, and enhance stability of root cellular membrane. Hence it is helpful for increasing drought resistance of wheat. The root increase in top soil layers by overusing nitrogen fertilizer(urea 1500kg/hm 2 ) had little role for drought resistance. Under serious water stress, nitrogen fertilizer overuse might make percentage of rupture root cellular membrane increased, water relation of root worsen and water retention capacity decreased, thus drought resistance of wheat decreased.

利用模拟土柱研究了不同水分和氮素营养条件下春小麦根系的生理生态反应。结果表明 ,适量施氮 (尿素 60 0kg/hm 2 )增加了总根重和深层土壤中的根重 ,改善了根系的水分关系 ,提高了细胞膜的稳定性 ,因而有助于提高小麦的抗旱性 ;过量施氮 (尿素 150 0kg/hm 2 )增加上层根重对抗旱性的意义并不大。严重水分胁迫下 ,过量施氮导致根细胞膜伤害率明显增加 ,根系水分关系恶化 ,根系保水能力下降 ,使小麦抗旱性降低

... 氮素是限制作物生产力的重要影响因素,也是旱地土壤最为缺乏的营养元素之一^[27] ...

2002

0.0

王夏晖, 刘军, 王益权. 不同施肥方式下土壤氮素的运移特征研究. 土壤通报, 2002, 33(3): 202-206.

Wang X

, Liu

, Wang Y

Soil nitrogen transport characteristics under different fertilizer application practice.

Journal of Soil Science, 2002, 33(3): 202-206. (in Chinese)

本文针对干旱半干旱地区农田土壤剖面水分、养分空间分布严重错位的问题,从减少氮肥损失提高氮素利用率出发,提出孔源施肥技术,并对孔源及常规施肥方式(表层全面施肥)下麦田土壤的氮素运移特征进行了研究.结果表明,两种施肥方式下,土壤氮素的时空变化有其异同点,与常规施肥相比,孔源施肥条件下,土壤氮素剖面分布更趋合理,水分与氮素达到了协调统一,促进了作物对土壤氮素的吸收利用.

... 土壤中氮素的丰缺及供给状况直接影响着土壤质量及农作物的生长^[28] ...

2010

0.0

梁坤伦, 周志宇, 姜文清, 秦彧, 李晓忠, 田发益, 颜淑云, 邹丽娜. 西藏草地开垦后土壤表层氮素及有机碳特征研究. 草业科学, 2010, 27(9): 25-30.

Liang K

, Zhou Z

, Jiang W

, Qin

, Li X

, Tian F

, Yan S

, Zou L

Study on the dynamics of nitrogen and organic carbon in soil of cultivated grassland in Tibet.

Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(9): 25-30. (in Chinese)

Surface soil of arable land in different reclamation duration in Qiongjie and Jiangzi of Tibet was sampled to study the dynamics of nitrogen and organic carbon. The results showed that the total nitrogen and soil organic carbon (SOC) content of the topsoil of the farmland decreased within the first two years and then increased in the following years, which presented roughly a Vshaped trend. Generally the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+N) showed same trend, but the nitrate nitrogen (NO3- N) had no significant variation with increasing of arable years. Ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen and SOC in the surface soil of both regions showed a significant positive correlation (P 0.05) between nitrate nitrogen and SOC.

选取西藏琼结县和江孜县2个地区不同开垦年限耕地表层的土壤作为研究对象，分析其土壤中氮素及有机碳（SOC）含量特征变化状况。结果表明，草地开垦为耕地后，土壤表层全氮（TN）及有机碳（SOC）含量前2年内先降低，而后随着开垦年限增加有逐渐增高的趋势，大体呈“V”字型变化趋势，铵态氮（NH4+N）大体上也呈相似的变化趋势，而硝态氮（NO3-N）随着开垦年限增加则无明显变化规律。2个地区耕地表层铵态氮、全氮与有机碳之间均呈显著正相关关系（P 0.05）。

... 铵态氮是还原态的氮,硝态氮是氧化态的氮,它们所带电荷不同,因此在营养上的特点也不同^[29] ...

1991

0.0

李生秀, 赵伯善. 我国旱地土壤合理施肥之刍议. 土壤通报, 1991, 22(4): 145-148.

Li S

, Zhao B

A study on rational fertilization of dry land soil in China.

Journal of Soil Science, 1991, 22(4): 145-148. (in Chinese)

摘　要：

... 施肥虽然是作物高产非常直接有效的措施,但作物吸收磷素的主要来源仍然是来自土壤^[30] ...

1987

0.0

贺铁, 李世俊. Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分组法的探讨. 土壤学报, 1987, 24(2): 152-159.

, Li S

On the fractionation of organic phosphorus in soil by Bowman-Cole’s method.

Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1987, 24(2): 152-159. (in Chinese)

Experiment was made to verify the fractrination of organic Phosphorus in paddy soils of southeastern Hubei by Bowman-Cole's method.Results obtained showed that the rates of mineralization of the four organic phosphorus fractions (labile P,moderately labile P,moderately resistant P,highly resistant P) in the soils tended to increase with the enhance of their activity.As a result,the method of organic phosphorus fractionation can be used to monitor soil organic phosphorus availability for plants.

采用Bowman-Cole法的几种浸提剂和浸提步骤大体上可将矿化难易不同的几种有机磷化合物区分开来.采用该法所测得的土壤有机磷四种组分,其矿化速率有随土壤有机磷组分活性增强而增加的趋势.因此,该法能用来监测土壤有机磷对植物有效性的高低.

... 土壤磷素存在形态多样,近年来国内外学者研究土壤磷含量变化、平衡、转移、形态转化及其有效性等方面的研究较多^{[31,32,33,34,35,36]} ...

1989

0.0

蒋柏藩, 顾益初. 石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的研究. 中国农业科学, 1989, 22(3): 58-66.

Jiang B

, Gu Y

A suggested fractionation scheme of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soils.

Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1989, 22(3): 58-66. (in Chinese)

本文提出了一个适用于石灰性土壤无机磷分级的新体系。它的特点是将石灰性土壤中的磷酸钙盐分成三种类型：⑴磷酸二钙型；⑵磷酸八钙型；⑶磷灰石型。并用混合浸提剂浸提磷酸铁盐。磷酸铝盐和闭蓄态磷酸盐的浸提方法与张守敬的土壤磷的分级体系同。新体系的三级磷酸钙盐之和相当于张的分级体系的NH#-4Cl和H#-2SO#-4溶性磷，非闭蓄态磷酸铁盐与闭蓄态磷酸盐之和，在这两个体系中也基本相当。但在张的体系中，磷酸钙盐绝大部分都进入H#-2SO#-4浸提液一级，而非闭蓄态的磷酸铁盐大多被混入闭蓄态磷酸盐之中。

... 土壤磷素存在形态多样,近年来国内外学者研究土壤磷含量变化、平衡、转移、形态转化及其有效性等方面的研究较多^{[31,32,33,34,35,36]} ...

2015

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宋雄儒, 尚振艳, 李旭东, 傅华. 贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度草地土壤磷特征及其影响因素. 草业科学, 2015, 32(7): 1054-1060.

Song X

, Shang Z

, Li X

, Fu

Soil phosphorus and influencing factors in the grassland s at different elevations on west-slope of Helan Mountain, Inner Mongolia.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(7): 1054-1060. (in Chinese)

In order to understand the soil phosphorus (P) distribution in different types of grasslands at different elevations and analyze the effects of meteorological factors, soil properties and vegetation on the soil phosphorus, a study was conducted on the westslope of Helan Mountain in Alxa, Inner Mongolia. The results indicated that total soil phosphorus (TP) in both 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers declined with decreasing altitude and significantly positively correlated (P＜0.05) with the contents of soil organic carbon and soil particle less than 0.05 mm and vegetation coverage. There was no consistent regularity for vertical distribution of TP content along the soil profiles and distribution of soil available phosphorus (AP) along altitude and grassland types. The ratios of AP/TP in both 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers significantly positively correlated (P＜0.05) with soil pH and annual average air temperature which suggesting that soil pH and temperature could significantly affect the activation of soil phosphorus. In most of the plots, AP content in 0-10 cm soil layers were significantly higher than that in 10-20 cm soil layers maybe as the result of “surface accumulation” effects of vegetation to soil phosphorus.

对贺兰山西坡不同海拔的不同类型草地土壤磷素的空间分布特征以及环境及植被因素对土壤磷素的影响进行了研究。结果表明，0-10和10-20 cm土层土壤全磷(TP)含量随着海拔由高到低而显著降低；两土层中，土壤全磷与土壤有机碳、土壤中

... 土壤磷素存在形态多样,近年来国内外学者研究土壤磷含量变化、平衡、转移、形态转化及其有效性等方面的研究较多^{[31,32,33,34,35,36]} ...

2014

0.0

马月婷, 张丽静, 杜明新, 周志宇, 牛得草, 张宝林. 不同种植年限白沙蒿对根际土壤营养元素的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31(2): 224-231.

Ma Y

, Zhang L

, Du M

, Zhou Z

, Niu D

, Zhang B

Effects of different ages Artemisia sphaerocephala on the content of nutrient elements in rhizosphere soil.

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(2): 224-231. (in Chinese)

The variation of nutrient elements contents and pH value between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of 5, 10, 15, and 20-year-old Artemisia sphaerocephala were studied. The results revealed the following conclusions: 1) With the extension of growing period, N and P in rhizosphere soil increased, the highest enrichment rate of ammonium and P were 91.15% and 127.30%, respectively. 2) Cu had negative enrichment, which decreased with the extension of growing period. The contents of other micronutrients were higher in rhizosphere than that in bulk soils. For example, Mn accumulated significantly in rhizosphere with the extension of growing period, and the highest enrichment rate 85.24% which appeared in 20 year-old A.sphaerocephala growing soil. 3) There were obvious acidification in rhizosphere of 15 and 20 year-old A.sphaerocephala , however, there was no obvious change in rhizosphere of 5 and 10 year-old A.sphaerocephala . 4) There was rhizosphere effects correlated with different nutrient elements in soil.

分别选取建植5、10、15和20年的白沙蒿( Artemisia sphaerocephala ), 研究其根际与非根际土壤中营养元素含量及土壤pH值的变化。结果表明, 1)随建植年限的增加, 白沙蒿根际土壤有效N、P含量增加, 铵态氮和有效磷的最大富集率分别为91.15%和127.30%;2)有效Cu表现为负富集, 其在根际的含量随建植年限的增加而降低, 其它有效微量元素均表现出根际含量大于非根际, 其中有效Mn随年份增加有明显积累, 在20年株龄富集率达到最高值, 85.24%;3)5、10年株龄沙蒿根际pH无明显变化, 15、20年株龄白沙蒿根际土壤表现出明显的酸化作用;4)土壤有效元素间的相关性存在明显的根际效应。

... 土壤磷素存在形态多样,近年来国内外学者研究土壤磷含量变化、平衡、转移、形态转化及其有效性等方面的研究较多^{[31,32,33,34,35,36]} ...

2014

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宋鑫, 张丽静, 代万安, 周志宇, 李晓忠, 周媛媛, 李金辉, 金茜. 青藏高原不同株龄紫穗槐根际与非根际土壤养分变化特征. 草业科学, 2014, 31(7): 1226-1232.

Song

, Zhang L

, Dai W

, Zhou Z

, Li X

, Zhou Y

, Li J

, Jin

Effects of Amorpha fruticosa planting on soil nutrient characteristics at rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere in Tibetan Plateau.

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(7): 1226-1232. (in Chinese)

The soil nutrients of Amorpha fruticosa cultivated in Lhasa, Tibet were measured in continuous three years from 2010-2012 when the plants were 1-year-age, 2-year-age and 3-year-age, respectively. The test indices included total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soil organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, pH and available phosphorus from therhizosphere and bulk soil. The results indicated that all parameters of the 1-year-age and 2-year-age A.fruticosa showed the positive rhizosphere impacts. However, all parameters except with pH and available phosphorus of the 3-year-age A. fruticosa didn’t show positive rhizosphere impacts. There was no significant variation of soil total nitrogen and phosphorus in rhizosphere and bulk. With the extension of cultivation years, the nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen of both rhizosphere and bulk soil increased, however, the pH values and available phosphorus decreased. The organic carbon of bulk soil increase with the extension of cultivation years, however, the organic carbon of rhizosphere soil increase in the second year and decrease in the third year. The total phosphorus of rhizosphere soil had a extremely significant positive correlation with total nitrogen and available phosphorus ( P P P P P P P <0.05).

选取西藏拉萨人工种植的紫穗槐( Amorpha fruticosa ),于2010-2012年分别对其1龄、2龄、3龄植株连续3年监测根际非根际土壤全氮、全磷、有机碳、硝态氮、铵态氮、pH和速效磷含量变化,结果表明,1)1龄和2龄根际土壤所有测定指标均表现出了根际正效应,而3龄除pH、速效磷外,其余指标均未表现出明显的根际正效应。2)根际和非根际全氮、全磷变化不明显。3)根际和非根际硝态氮、铵态氮含量随着种植年限的增加而逐渐增加;pH和速效磷则逐年减小。4)根际和非根际有机碳的变化表现为前两年逐年增加,第3年则根际减小而非根际仍在增加。5)根际全磷与全氮、速效磷呈极显著正相关( P P <0.05),与速效磷呈显著正相关;铵态氮与硝态氮呈显著正相关。6)非根际硝态氮与铵态氮呈显著正相关,与pH、速效磷呈显著负相关;pH与铵态氮呈显著负相关,与速效磷呈显著正相关。

... 土壤磷素存在形态多样,近年来国内外学者研究土壤磷含量变化、平衡、转移、形态转化及其有效性等方面的研究较多^{[31,32,33,34,35,36]} ...

2007

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贾宇, 徐炳成, 李凤, 王晓凌. 半干旱黄土丘陵区苜蓿人工草地土壤磷素有效性及对生产力的响应. 生态学报, 2007, 27(1): 42-47.

Jia

, Xu B

, Li

, Wang X

Availability and contributions of soil phosphorus to forage production of seeded alfalfa in semiarid Loess Plateau.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 42-47. (in Chinese)

研究了半干旱黄土丘陵区以垄沟集雨技术建成的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)人工草地对土壤磷素的影响.土壤全磷在处理之间和采样期之间均无显著差异.但在各处理土壤中速效磷在试验期间的减少量和苜蓿的干草产量成正比,垄上覆盖薄膜的2个垄沟处理(M30-垄和沟宽度均为30cm, M60-垄和沟宽度均为60cm)比平作(CK)的干草产量分别显著提高了10.7%和40.3%,两个未覆盖的垄沟处理(B30-垄和沟宽度均为30cm, B60-垄和沟宽度均为60cm)干草产量分别比平作对照下降了14.2%和28.3%.相应地,3a试验期间速效磷的减少量为M60 (55.5%)＞ M30 (51.5%)＞ CK (34.6%)＞ B30 (23.4%)＞ B60 (17.5%).并且在3年试验后,所有处理的土壤有机碳和速效磷的比值(C/P比)均比播种前有显著增加,其中M30和M60的C/P比分别达到1165.1和1326.1,显著高于其他处理.试验还发现,在干旱年份土壤有机碳和有效磷显著正相关,而在湿润年份二者为显著负相关.要进一步提高苜蓿人工草地产草量或延长草地高产年限,必须寻找增加土壤有效磷的途径或方法.

... 土壤磷素存在形态多样,近年来国内外学者研究土壤磷含量变化、平衡、转移、形态转化及其有效性等方面的研究较多^{[31,32,33,34,35,36]} ...

0.0

... 一般认为,吸收阴阳离子不平衡是引起土壤pH变化的主要原因^[37] ...

2003

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李志安, 邹碧, 曹裕松, 任海, 刘俭. 南方典型丘陵退化荒坡地土壤养分特征分析. 生态学报, 2003, 23(8): 1648-1656.

Li Z

, Zou

, Cao Y

, Ren

, Liu

Nutrient properties of soils in typical degraded hilly land in South China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(8): 1648-1656. (in Chinese)

Discussed the nutrient properties in the soils of typical degraded hilly land in south China. Degraded hilly lands are caused by long-term intensive human disturbance. They are now partly cultivated mainly as fruit farms and partly abandoned with little disturbance as a result of economic development in rural areas. In this study, 6 small catchments, each approximately 5～8 hm2, were sampled. One or 2 soil profiles in each catchment were dug up to 1 m depth and soils were taken across the profiles. Each catc...

以广东鹤山市退化丘陵荒坡地为材料 ,研究了这一特殊生态类型的土壤养分水平 ,土壤养分在剖面上的梯度和在坡面上的梯度特征 ,分析了养分间的相关性 ,应用聚类分析和主分量分析方法探讨了坡面上不同位置土壤的相似性。结果表明 ,表层土壤养分水平介于同地带森林土壤与极度退化土壤之间 ,有机质和全氮随深度增加而迅速下降 ,p H与全磷则成相反的趋势 ,而速效养分表现出双向梯度特征 ,即中间层次含量较低 ,表层与深层含量均较高。坡面上 ,有机质、全氮和速效磷随相对高度的增加而下降 ,p H在整个坡面上变化极小 ,全磷和 3个交换性阳离子则成双向梯度 ,即坡的中部含量较低 ,山顶与山脚含量较高。有机质与全氮间具有极高的相关性 ,p H与有机质含量在剖面样品上有较高的负相关 ,但在坡面样品上完全不相关 ,具有相似吸附特性的交换性钙镁间有极高的相关性 ,交换性钾亦与交换性钙镁有较好的相关性。聚类分析与排序分析结果显示 ,作为低丘陵荒坡地 ,坡面不同位置的土壤均较相似 ,但在一些位置出现养分含量上较独特的土壤 ,主要表现在一种或几种速效养分特别高 ,它们不规则地出现于一些集水区的山腰或山脚部位 ,但未出现于山顶部位 ,这些特殊养分位置可能是主导植物种类入侵的一个重要因子。

... 在pH较低的酸度环境下,土壤有机质有提高酸碱度的作用^[38] ...