德阳市3种林草模式下土壤动物群落特征

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吴韬, 冯茂松, 韩东苗, 李文兵, 铁烈华. 德阳市3种林草模式下土壤动物群落特征. 草业科学, 2016,33(3):495-502
Wu Tao, Feng Mao-song, Han Dong-miao, Li Wen-bing, Tie Lie-hua. The characteristics of soil fauna communities in three forest-grass patterns in Deyang, China. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(3): 495-502 复制到剪切板

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德阳市3种林草模式下土壤动物群落特征

吴韬, 冯茂松, 韩东苗, 李文兵, 铁烈华

四川农业大学林学院,四川成都 610000

冯茂松(1979-),男,巴中平昌人,副教授,硕导,博士,主要研究方向为森林培育。E-mail:705592631@qq.com

第一作者:吴韬(1992-),男,重庆云阳人,在读硕士生,主要研究方向为人工林造林理论及技术。E-mail:329801466@qq.com

基金: 国家科技支撑计划“长江上游低山丘陵区生态综合整治技术与示范”(2011BAC09B05); “水土保持与荒漠化防治”四川省高等学校重点实验室建设项目

摘要

为了解林草模式下土壤动物组成及群落结构特征,以核桃( Juglans regia) +紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa)、核桃 +菊苣( Cichorium intybus)及核桃 +鸭茅( Dactylis glomerata)3种模式为研究对象,同时以纯核桃林模式作为对照进行土壤动物调查。结果表明,1)调查共获土壤动物303只,分属3门7纲17目,优势类群为线虫纲(Nematoda)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、蜱螨目(Acarina);2)林草模式下土壤动物表聚性明显,纯林模式下土壤动物个体密度土层分布表现为5-10 cm>10-15 cm>0-5 cm;3)核桃+苜蓿模式下Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和密度-类群指数(DG)最高,纯林模式下密度-类群指数(DG)最低,但Pielou均匀度指数最高;4)核桃+苜蓿模式下虽然土壤动物个体数明显高于纯林模式,但在类群种类上却与纯林模式最为相似;5) 4种模式中,核桃+苜蓿模式腐食性(Saprozoic)土壤动物种团比例最高。综合而言,3种林草模式均能有效增长土壤动物群落组成,尤其以核桃+苜蓿模式土壤动物群落丰富程度最高。

关键词: 林草模式; 土壤动物; 群落结构; 同功能种团

中图分类号:S154.5 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)3-0495-08 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0421

The characteristics of soil fauna communities in three forest-grass patterns in Deyang, China

Wu Tao, Feng Mao-song, Han Dong-miao, Li Wen-bing, Tie Lie-hua

College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China

Corresponding author: Feng Mao-song E-mail:705592631@qq.com

Abstract

This study was conducted to study the composition and community structure of soil fauna in three types of forest-grass patterns ( Juglans regia+Medicago sativa, Cichorium intybus and Dactylis glomerata), and a pure Juglans woodland was applied as a control group in Deyang, Sichuan Province. The results showed that, A total of 303 specimens of soil faunas was found in this study, which were belonged to 3 phylum, 7 classes and 17 orders. Of those, Nematoda, Hymenoptera and Acarina were the dominant groups. The soil fauna was found to gather on the surface of earth in three types of forest-grass pattern, while the order of soil fauna density was 5-10 cm>10-15 cm>0-5 cm. In addition, the diversity of Shannon-Wiener index and DG (Density-groups) index of soil fauna was the highest in the J. regia+M. sativa pattern while the lowest DG index in pure woodland that possessed the highest Pielou index; The J. regia+M. sativa pattern has a significant difference to the pure woodland pattern in individual number of soil fauna, but on the area of species of groups are similar to the pure woodland pattern, and it had a highest proportion of Saprozoic fauna in four patterns. In summary, the three forest-grass patterns can enrich the composition of soil fauna communities, and highest abundant soil fauna was observed in J. regia+M. sativa pattern.

Keyword: forest-grass pattern; soil fauna; community structure; functional guilds

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土壤动物作为生态系统中重要的组成部分, 不仅能够改善土壤结构, 参与物质、能量的循环, 同时由于其数量庞大、种类繁多、活动范围宽广、对土壤环境变化敏感等特点, 常被作为反映土地健康状况的指示性生物^{[1, 2, 3, 4]}。林草模式是农林复合系统(Agroforestry System)的一个类型, 将多年生木本植物与农业、牧业在同一土地单位不同空间有机结合的复合型经营模式^[5], 通过高效的空间结构形成物质与能量的可持续循环, 提高生产力, 充分发挥林地生态效益和经济效益。核桃(Juglans regia)树种经济效益显著, 大力发展核桃产业可转移农村剩余劳动力, 增加农民收入, 带动农产品及相关产业的发展。

目前, 关于森林土壤动物的研究多集中于典型森林生态系统内的群落特征^{[6, 7, 8]}, 不同土地利用方式下的群落关系^{[9, 10, 11]}等方面, 有关土壤动物在农林复合生态系统中群落多样性研究鲜有报道。为此, 于2014年9月对核桃分别复合紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、菊苣(Cichorium intybus)及鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)而成的3种林草模式下土壤动物群落进行初步调查分析, 并以纯核桃林模式为对照, 旨在观察了解土壤动物群落在复合系统中的表现, 总结分析林草模式与纯林模式下土壤动物多样性特点, 为该地区选择最适林草复合模式, 进而改善农村产业结构、促进农村经济发展提供新思路和新技术。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

试验地位于四川省德阳市旌阳区和新镇永新村(104° 25'30''-104° 25'45'' E, 31° 04'09''-31° 04'15'' N), 属湿润季风气候, 年平均气温16.4 ℃, 最高气温36.5 ℃, 最低气温-6.7 ℃, 年平均降水量900 mm, 年平均风速1.5 m· s^-1, 无霜期长达276 d。土壤主要为紫色土, 土层较浅, 呈中性或微碱性反应, 有机质含量低。地带性植被为柏木(Cupressus funebris)人工林和天然次生林。

1.2 研究方法

于2011年对试验地内柏木进行带状或块状皆伐, 在前期整地时采用局部深耕整地方式, 并施用以有机肥为主的基肥, 整地完成后, 次年以3 m× 4 m的品字形排列种植一年生嫁接核桃苗, 并做好松土除草、施肥、灌溉与排水等幼林地抚育工作, 同时设立3个随机区组, 区组内环境条件相对一致, 每个区组划分为4个小区, 包含核桃+苜蓿(模式Ⅰ )、核桃+菊苣(模式Ⅱ )、核桃+鸭茅(模式Ⅲ )3种林草模式以及作为对照的核桃纯林模式(模式Ⅳ ), 共12个样地。2014年9月在上述每个样地内, 用典型选样的方法随机布设3个取样点, 除去地表杂草苔藓等覆盖物, 挖取50 cm× 50 cm面积土样, 分0-5、5-10和10-15 cm土层进行手捡计数, 收集大型土壤动物并放入盛有75%酒精的容器内带回室内鉴定; 同时, 根据相同方法随机布设3个取样点收集中小型土壤动物, 分别用100和25 mL的圆形取样器按0-5、5-10和10-15 cm连续分层采取干生土壤动物和活动性较弱的湿生土壤动物。取好的土样须迅速用0.15 mm的尼龙纱包裹好放入写有标签的黑色小布袋中, 以防止土壤动物逃逸, 带回室内分离鉴定。土壤动物的分离均在烘虫箱中进行。在中小型干生土壤动物的烘虫箱中放置直径为10 cm的漏斗, 筛孔直径为1 mm; 在中小型湿生土壤动物的烘虫箱中放置直径为10 cm的漏斗, 下接夹有两个止水夹的乳胶管, 筛孔直径为0.25 mm。两种烘虫箱的温度控制在35~40 ℃, 烘虫时间均为48 h, 分离出的干生土壤动物用盛装75%酒精的培养皿收集, 在解剖镜下观测土壤动物数量和种类, 收集湿生土壤动物的容器不加酒精, 直接在清水中用解剖镜观察鉴定种类和数量, 干生动物每12 h观测一次, 湿生动物开始每4 h观测一次, 以后时间间隔逐步加长, 以防止线蚓自溶^[12]。

1.3 数据分析与处理

类群数量等级划分:个体数量占个体总数10%以上的为优势类群, 占个体总数1%~10%的为常见类群, 少于1%的为稀有类群。

多样性指数:选用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和密度-类群指数(Density-Groups, DG)来描述土壤动物的群落状况, 公式如下:

Shannon Wiener指数:H=- $\begin{matrix} \overset{S}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ P_i ln P_i;

Simpson指数:C= $\begin{matrix} \overset{S}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ (P_i)²;

Pielou指数:J=H/lnS;

Density-Groups:DG=(g/G) $\begin{matrix} \overset{g}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ (D_iC_i/D_i_maxC).

式中, S为样方中类群个数; P_i=n_i/N; n_i为第i个类群的个体数目, N为所有类群的个体数目, D_i为第i个类群的个体密度, D_i_max为第i个类群的最大密度, g为群落中的类群数, G为各类群所包含的总类群数, C_i/C为相对次数, 即为第i个群落在C个群落出现的次数^[13]。

群落相似性:选择Jaccard相似性系数(q)和Gower系数(S_g)描述土壤动物群落的相似性, 公式如下:

Jaccard相似性系数:q= $\begin{matrix} \frac{c}{a + b - c} \end{matrix}$ × 100%;

Gower系数: .

式中, a为A模式全部类群数, b为B模式全部类群数, c为A、B两模式共有的类群数。n为两个群落相比较的类群数; X_i为第i类群的个体数; j和k代表不同的群落; R_i是第i类群在j和k类群的个体总数。

土壤动物功能团划分:拥有不同生活生长方式, 但在功能上相接近的土壤动物类群, 在一定群落中形成具有相同功能的种团, 根据不同的种团功能, 一般划分为腐食性、捕食性和植食性3类功能团^{[14, 15, 16]}。

采用SPSS 17.0对所测数据进行统计分析, 对不同土层深度土壤动物个体密度及类群数进行单因素方差分析, 并用LSD及Duncan法进行多重比较; Excel 2007制图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 土壤动物群落组成

本次调查共获得土壤动物303只, 分属3门7纲17目(表1)。在全部土壤动物中, 以线虫纲、膜翅目及蜱螨目为优势类群, 其个数占总捕量的61.06%; 常见类群为鞘翅目幼虫(Coleoptera)、后孔寡毛目(Oligochaetaopisthopora)、弹尾目(Collembola)、倍足纲(Diplopoda)、蜘蛛目(Araneae)、原尾目(Protura)、直翅目(Orthoptera)、等足目(Isopoda)和地蜈蚣目(Geophilomorpha), 占到总捕量的35.64%; 其余5个类群为稀有类群, 共占3.3%。

表1 不同模式下土壤动物类群及个体数组成 Table 1 Groups and individuals of soil animals in four compound planting patterns

模式Ⅰ 包含15个类群, 其中以线虫纲、膜翅目及蜱螨目为优势类群, 共占57.95%, 余下各类群为常见类群; 在模式Ⅱ 的12个类群中, 以线虫纲、膜翅目、鞘翅目幼虫和后孔寡毛目为优势类群, 占到其群落个体总数的72.62%, 其余均为常见类群; 在模式Ⅲ 中的11个类群中, 优势类群为线虫纲、膜翅目和鞘翅目幼虫, 占到模式Ⅲ 总个体数的71.08%, 其余均为常见类群; 模式Ⅳ 共含9个类群, 其中以线虫纲、膜翅目、蜱螨目、鞘翅目幼虫及后孔寡毛目为优势类群, 占到87.5%, 剩余为常见类群。在每个群落内, 由于基数较小, 计算后显示均无稀有类群, 但在全部土壤动物中显示, 鞘翅目成虫(Coleoptera)、鳞翅目幼虫(Lepidoptera)、缨翅目(Thysanoptera)、石蜈蚣目(Lithobiomorpha)及等翅目(Isoptera)为稀有类群。在4个群落中, 线虫纲和膜翅目均为优势类群, 占全部土壤动物个数的49.83%, 且线虫纲作为第一优势类群, 占到总体个数的30.36%。土壤动物类群数和个体数量均呈现出模式Ⅰ > 模式Ⅱ > 模式Ⅲ > 模式Ⅳ 。方差分析可知, 3种林草模式下的土壤动物个体数量都显著高于纯林模式(P< 0.05), 土壤动物类群数较后者也有明显的增长, 表明林草模式下的土壤动物丰富度优于纯林模式, 林+草的复合结构能有效增长土壤动物的数量及种类, 尤其以核桃+苜蓿(模式Ⅰ )达到最大。

2.2 土壤动物群落垂直分布特征

土壤动物由于自身生理特征以及对环境变化的响应不同决定了其在土壤空间分布的差异。此次调查发现, 模式Ⅰ 、模式Ⅱ 和模式Ⅲ 中的土壤动物的个体分布具有明显的表聚性, 个体密度从上层(0-5 cm)至下层(10-15 cm)依次减少, 但与3种林草模式不同的是, 在模式Ⅳ 中土壤动物个体密度表现为中层> 下层 > 上层, 呈现出“ 中间大, 两头小” 的纺锤型结构分布(图1)。方差分析表明, 模式Ⅱ 中土壤动物个体密度在各土层间没有显著差异(P> 0.05), 但模式Ⅰ 、模式Ⅲ 和模式Ⅳ 土壤动物个体密度在最密集土层与其它土层中差异显著(P< 0.05), 进一步LSD多重比较表明, 模式Ⅰ 和模式Ⅲ 上层的土壤动物个体密度与中层和下层之间差异均显著(P< 0.05), 两个模式中层和下层的土壤动物个体密度相互差异均不显著(P> 0.05); 模式Ⅳ 中层的土壤动物个体密度与上层和下层之间差异显著(P< 0.05), 而上、下层之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。

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	图1 不同种植模式下土壤动物群落的垂直结构分布Fig.1 Vertical distribution of soil animals in different soil layers

除模式Ⅳ 外, 模式Ⅰ 、模式Ⅱ 和模式Ⅲ 的上层土壤动物类群数均大于中层和下层, 但比较中层和下层类群数可以发现, 4种模式下两层土壤动物类群数较接近, 甚至在模式Ⅲ 和模式Ⅳ 中表现出非完全逆向性分布的现象(图1)。经方差分析表明, 模式Ⅰ 及模式Ⅱ 各土层间的土壤动物类群数差异均不显著(P> 0.05), 但模式Ⅲ 0-5 cm土层与其它土层间的土壤动物类群数差异显著(P< 0.05), 中层类群数与下层差异不显著(P> 0.05)。模式Ⅳ 的中层土壤动物类群数显著高于上、下层(P< 0.05), 而上层类群数与下层之间差异不显著(P> 0.05), 在模式Ⅳ 的中层无论是类群数及个体密度均占优势。

2.3 土壤动物群落多样性指数

Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)值排序为模式Ⅰ > 模式Ⅱ > 模式Ⅳ > 模式Ⅲ , 可以看出, 模式Ⅰ 拥有相对丰富的物种, 模式Ⅲ 则相对较寡; Pielou均匀度指数(J)值排序为模式Ⅳ > 模式Ⅱ > 模式Ⅰ > 模式Ⅲ , 在模式Ⅲ 中均匀度指数J最小, 但Simpson优势度指数(C)却最大, 然后依次为模式Ⅰ 、模式Ⅳ 及模式Ⅱ , 综合均匀度指数(J)和优势度指数(C)可知, 模式Ⅲ 群落中土壤动物分布较不均匀, 部分类群优势明显(表2)。模式Ⅳ 土壤动物个体数与其它3种模式差异较大, 总数较小, 分布相对较均匀, 模式Ⅱ 中均匀度指数(J)仅次于模式Ⅳ 的, 且优势度指数C最小, 说明模式Ⅱ 中土壤动物分布较均匀, 无明显的优势类群, 模式Ⅰ 稍次于模式Ⅱ 。密度-类群指数(DG)值排序为模式Ⅰ > 模式Ⅱ > 模式Ⅲ > 模式Ⅳ , 即3种林草模式较纯林模式有更丰富的土壤动物类群及数量。

表2 不同种植模式下土壤动物群落多样性指数 Table 2 The diversity indices of soil animals in four compound planting patterns

2.4 土壤动物群落相似性

选择Jaccard相似性系数(q)研究各模式群落间类群的相似性, 依系数值划分, 在0~0.24为极不相似, 0.25~0.49为中等不相似, 0.50~0.74为中等相似, 0.75~1.00为极相似。结果显示(表3), 模式Ⅰ 与模式Ⅱ 、模式Ⅲ 、模式Ⅳ 以及模式Ⅱ 与模式Ⅲ 均为中等相似, 尤其是模式Ⅱ 与模式Ⅲ 间的相似性系数(q)为最大值, 与其它模式相比, 这两种模式之间的类群更具相似性。模式Ⅳ 与模式Ⅱ 和模式Ⅲ 均属于中等不相似, 尤其是模式Ⅳ 与模式Ⅱ 之间的q值最低, 在4种模式中, 两者类群类型相对差异较大。综合来看, 3种林草模式之间的类群具有一定的相似性, 属于中等相似, 仅有核桃+苜蓿(模式Ⅰ )与纯林模式(模式Ⅳ )的类群具有中等相似性, 核桃+菊苣(模式Ⅱ )和核桃+鸭茅(模式Ⅲ )下的类群种类均与纯林模式(模式Ⅳ )之间呈现中等不相似, 但数值都在0.4以上, 差异程度不大。

表3 不同模式下土壤动物群落的相似性系数 Table 3 Similarity indice of soil animals in four compound planting patterns

Gower系数(S_g)反映不同模式群落中土壤动物个体数的相似性。模式Ⅰ 、模式Ⅱ 及模式Ⅲ 相互间的S_g数值均大于其与模式Ⅳ 之间的S_g值, 尤其模式Ⅱ 与模式Ⅲ 的土壤动物个体数最为接近, 模式Ⅰ 与模式Ⅳ 之间的土壤动物个体数差异最大(表3)。总体上, 核桃+菊苣(模式Ⅱ )和核桃+鸭茅(模式Ⅲ )无论是土壤动物类群种类还是个体数与纯林模式(模式Ⅳ )都具有一定差异, 而核桃+苜蓿(模式Ⅰ )虽然在土壤动物个体数上与纯林模式(模式Ⅳ )有明显差异, 但在类群种类上却与纯林模式(模式Ⅳ )最相似。相对于纯林的种植方式, 加入苜蓿草种进行复合经营的, 不仅没有改变原有纯林模式下的土壤动物类群类型, 保持了一定的相似性, 更显著提高了系统中土壤动物的个体数量, 从另一方面表明, 林草复合种植模式在一定程度上有利于土壤动物的生长活动, 增强群落结构的稳定性。

2.5 土壤动物群落同功能团

土壤动物数量庞大, 种类繁多, 拥有不同的生活生长方式, 但某些土壤动物类群在功能上相接近, 形成具有相同功能的种团, 在群落生态系统中发挥着重要的作用。本次调查的土壤动物主要划分为腐食性、捕食性和植食性3类功能团, 腐食性同功能团对土壤形成及生态系统内物质能量流通影响巨大, 通常作为衡量土壤肥高低与生态系统稳定性强弱的生态指标之一^{[16, 17]}; 捕食性同功能团通过捕食行为可在一定程度上有效控制生态系统内的种群数量; 植食性同功能团通常为一些危害林地植被根茎的害虫。

全部模式土壤动物同功能种团组成均表现出腐食性> 捕食性> 植食性(除模式Ⅳ 中捕食性动物类群数与植食性相同), 在4种模式中腐食性动物分别占到72.73%、59.52%、51.81%和64.58%, 捕食性动物分别占20.45%、23.81%、36.14%和20.83%, 植食性动物仅占到其中的6.82%、16.67%、12.05%和14.58%(表4), 综合3种林草模式(模式Ⅰ 、模式Ⅱ 及模式Ⅲ )来看, 腐食性动物在整个林草系统中占到61.57%, 植食性动物占26.67%, 植食性动物占14.51%。可以看到, 腐食性同功能团作为重要的生物肥力指标, 在4种模式中比例均占到绝对优势, 尤其在模式Ⅰ 中比例最大, 达72.73%, 而植食性仅有6.82%, 且模式Ⅰ 拥有最多的土壤动物个体数量, 也说明模式Ⅰ 即核桃+苜蓿拥有相对稳定健康的生态系统和适宜土壤动物生长活动的环境条件。

表4 不同模式下土壤动物功能性类群及个体组成 Table 4 The functional groups and individuals of soil animals in four compound planting patterns

3 讨论

3种林草模式下的土壤动物个体数和类群数皆高于纯林模式, 不同林草模式内的土壤动物个体数量及类群类型也不尽相同, 其中核桃+苜蓿模式生境条件最优越, 土壤动物的个体数和类群数最丰富。此次调查结果表明, 线虫纲、膜翅目和蜱螨目为研究区土壤动物优势类群, 占全部土壤动物个体数的61.06%, 属于亚热带地区森林生态系统典型类群, 这与殷秀琴等^[18]对我国土壤动物地理研究的结论一致。调查结果还显示, 线虫为林地优势类群, 与三江平原湿地岛状林^[19]和长白山针阔林混交林^[2]的研究结果相同, 产生这种情况可能是由于调查时期为夏秋交接时, 降水增多, 同时林下草种还具有一定保水保肥的能力, 保证了微环境的水分水平达到了线虫生长的条件, 使得线虫达到类似湿地林一样的生长优势。

林草模式下的土壤动物空间分布表现出表聚性, 核桃+鸭茅模式土壤动物个体数量垂直分布下降最快, 核桃+苜蓿模式次之, 核桃+菊苣模式变化最缓。纯林模式下的土壤动物个体密度垂直分布呈现出5-10> 10-15> 0-5 cm, 有悖于常论, 根据殷秀琴等^[20]对松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统的研究发现, 在气候环境要素中, 地温对土壤动物影响明显。而此次调查在9月展开, 气温依然较高, 纯林模式林下无草种覆盖, 生长初期的核桃林分郁闭不高, 凋落物积累较少, 太阳直射地表, 地表气温较高, 不适宜土壤动物活动, 使得土壤动物不得不往下层活动, 与朱凡等^[21]在夏季对节肢动物群落变化的研究结果相同。

Shannon-Wiener多样性指数被广泛作为衡量生态系统群落多样性状况的指标, 然而在本研究发现, 核桃+鸭茅模式无论是土壤动物个体数还是类群数均高于纯林模式下的土壤动物, 但Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值却比纯林模式的值低。因此, 可以看出, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数存在一些局限性, 并不能完整反映出真实的群落多样性状况, 更适用于生态功能较简单的群落。从密度-类群指数结果可以看出, 其规律基本遵循了林地的分布事实, 相比Shannon-Wiener多样性指数, 密度-类群指数综合考虑了个体、类群、均匀度、优势度等问题, 因此, 对于复杂群落的土壤动物多样性程度更具指示作用。

土壤动物的群落分布与地表植被多样性及植被地上和地下的结构关系紧密相关^{[9, 22]}。从密度-类群指数分布可以看出, 不同模式下土壤动物丰富程度依次为核桃+苜蓿> 核桃+菊苣> 核桃+鸭茅> 纯林模式, 3种林草模式皆比纯林模式具有更加丰富的土壤动物群落多样性, 地表植被多样性也比纯林模式丰富, 与土壤动物群落多样性分布一致。在3种林草模式之间比较, 核桃+苜蓿具有更加丰富的群落多样性, 是三者间最适宜的林草模式。在本研究中, 虽然只是根据整体食性将土壤动物群落同功能团粗略地划分成了3个大类, 但有便于研究土壤动物在生态系统中的功能作用, 其数量顺序为腐食性> 捕食性> 植食性。这是由于地下土壤动物的取食途径所决定的, 地下土壤动物不能像地上土壤动物一样直接摄取绿色植物, 主要食物来源是凋落的有机残体, 因而腐食性动物较多, 植食性动物较少。在林草系统中, 草种的保水保肥功能, 使得微环境中营养物质丰富, 水热条件适中, 使得更多土壤动物聚集, 土壤动物间竞争、新陈代谢等作用加剧, 地下腐食性土壤动物拥有更多食物源, 从而形成了良好的生态循环。

通过研究可以看出, 林草系统内土壤动物群落种类丰富, 林下种草不仅能改善土壤动物生存环境条件, 还能促进土壤动物类群及个体的明显增长, 相比纯林模式, 林草模式拥有更加健全稳定的生态系统。不同林草模式内表现也不尽相同, 但关于林草模式下土壤动物与土壤理化性质的关系, 林木与草种之间的作用以及季节动态变化还有待进一步研究。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2011

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朱新玉, 胡云川. 土壤动物对土壤质量变化的响应述评. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27(11): 236-240.

Zhu X

, Hu Y

Review on the response of soil fauna to soil quality change.

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(11): 236-240. (in Chinese)

The biological indication of soil fauna to the environment of soil quality has been a hot issue of general interest in soil ecology around the world. The paper reviewed the indices of soil quality, the indication of the soil fauna and the relationships between the indication of soil fauna and the soil quality. It pointed out that soil fauna had a sound foundation and application prospect to indicate the soil quality. Moreover, the future researches in the field of the bio-indication of soil fauna to the soil quality changes were also prospected. Therefore, expecting and desiring these review can provide theories and practice to soil conservation, soil health maintain, concentrated fertilization and bring the soil fauna to the system of soil quality evaluation.

土壤动物对土壤质量指示作用的研究已成为国际土壤生态学领域的热点和前沿课题。文章述评了土壤质量表征指标，土壤动物指示作用以及土壤动物指示作用与土壤质量的联系现状，指出了土壤动物作为土壤质量的指示者潜力巨大，具有坚实的基础和良好的应用前景；并对未来在土壤动物及土壤动物指示作用领域的研究进行了展望。为我国从土壤动物学角度开展土壤质量健康维持的研究，以及将土壤动物指标纳入土壤质量评价体系提供参考

... 土壤动物作为生态系统中重要的组成部分,不仅能够改善土壤结构,参与物质、能量的循环,同时由于其数量庞大、种类繁多、活动范围宽广、对土壤环境变化敏感等特点,常被作为反映土地健康状况的指示性生物^[1,2,3,4] ...

2000

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... 调查结果还显示,线虫为林地优势类群,与三江平原湿地岛状林^[19]和长白山针阔林混交林^[2]的研究结果相同,产生这种情况可能是由于调查时期为夏秋交接时,降水增多,同时林下草种还具有一定保水保肥的能力,保证了微环境的水分水平达到了线虫生长的条件,使得线虫达到类似湿地林一样的生长优势 ...

1997

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2000

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1996

0.0

裘福庚, 房嘉兴. 农林复合经营系统及其实践. 林业科学研究, 1996, 9(3): 318-322.

Qiu F

, Fang J

Agroforestry and its application.

Forest Research, 1996, 9(3): 318-322. (in Chinese)

This article is to expound the concept of agroforestry system as the basis toclassify into six types of the system with descriptions :farm-forestry type,forestry-farm type,forestry-animal husbandry type,farm-forestry-fishery type,forestry-cash crop type,regional farm-forestry type. Typeical examples of the application of the agroforestry system vvere introduced.Their common characteristics is based on the principles of ecology and economics,and made use of the reasonable space and time distribution of plant species to maintain the dynamic balance and to increase the comprehensive benefits of the systems.

在阐述农林复合经营系统概念的基础上,将该系统划分为6个类型,即农林复合型、林衣复合型、林牧复合型、农林渔复合型、林特复合型、地域性农林复合型,并作了概要描述。对国内外农林复合经营系统的实践也作了典型介绍,这些典型的共同特点是根据生态学和经济学原理,利用物种在时空上合理布局,保持组合的动态平衡,提高综合效益。

... 林草模式是农林复合系统(Agroforestry System)的一个类型,将多年生木本植物与农业、牧业在同一土地单位不同空间有机结合的复合型经营模式^[5],通过高效的空间结构形成物质与能量的可持续循环,提高生产力,充分发挥林地生态效益和经济效益 ...

2002

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傅必谦, 陈卫, 董晓晖, 邢忠民, 高武. 北京松山四种大型土壤动物群落组成和结构. 生态学报, 2002, 22(2): 215-223.

Fu B

, Chen

, Dong X

, Xing Z

, Gao

The composition and structure of the four soil macrofaunas in Songshan Mountain in Beijing.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(2): 215-223. (in Chinese)

Based upon the investigation of the four ecosystems of Songshan Mountain in Beijing, a comparative study was conducted on the composition, vertical structure, and community diversity of the soil macrofaunas. A new analytical method was proposed in comparing the community diversity of different soil faunas. ;The explored four ecosystems were the artificial Chinese pine (%Pinus tabulaeformis)% forest, the natural Chinese pine forest, the deciduous broad-leaved forest and the mountain-top meadow. Two sampling sites of which each was with three soil layers (Ⅰ: 0~5cm; Ⅱ: 5~10cm; Ⅲ:10~15cm) were established in each ecosystem. Soil animals were collected from these sites, and the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and pH values of the soil were also measured.;Abundant taxa of macro soil animals were found in these sites, which belong to 65 families, 23 orders, 8 classes and 4 phyla. Among these, Formicidae, Staphylinidae, Geophilidae, Mecistocephalidae, Lithobiidae and Lumbricidae were the dominant groups. They were not only abundant accounting for 20.62%, 11.56%, 7.13%, 6.74%, 6.74% and 5.20% of the total collected individual numbers respectively, but also were widespread existing in all the four ecosystems except the Lumbricidae, which was only found in three ecosystems. ;Both group numbers and individual numbers in the four macrofaunas varied in the amount in the order of mountain-top meadow fauna (D), deciduous forest fauna (C), artificial Chinese pine forest fauna (A) and natural Chinese pine forest fauna (B). In every fauna, groups and individuals in layerⅠwere much richer than those in layerⅡand layer Ⅲ. However, the numbers of groups and individuals in different soil layers and the tendency of declination with the soil depth were obviously different. Of the faunas, fauna D was the richest of all three soil layers; while fauna B was the poorest in both layerⅠand layerⅡ. And a remarkable decrease from layerⅠto layer Ⅱ for fauna B was noted. Apart from that, the numbers of groups found only in one fauna were greatly different among the faunas. Two groups were found in fauna B, which was much less than those in the other faunas.;The community diversity of the faunas was analyzed with Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′). As a result,H′ j for fauna A, B, C, D was 0.9282, 1.1335, 1.3139 and 1.2193. H′ jmax was 1.4472, 1.3802, 1.4914 and 1.5185. E j was 0.6414, 0.8213, 0.8810 and 0.8030 respectively. The significant correlation was found between the values of H′ and the evenness of groups (%p%<0.05), but not between H′ and the richness of groups in each fauna.;The composition similarities of the four faunas were measured with Jaccard coefficient, Gower coefficient and Pianka’s α index. It was shown that the four faunas were obviously heterogeneous in composition and the values of their similarity coefficients were generally low. Furthermore, fauna A and fauna B were the most similar of the four faunas by whichever the coefficient or index. Furthermore, the community compositions of forest macrofaunas at eleven areas (including Songshan Mountain) of different climatic zones in China were compared. All the five climatic zones in China were divided into two parts. One includes the mid-tropics and southern subtropics, and another includes the wide region from the mid-temperate zone to the mid-subtropics. In the former, Isoptera and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups, while Myriapoda and Hymenoptera were often the dominant or subdominant groups in the latter. ;Apart from that, an analytical approach for comparing the diversity of different soil faunas was also discussed in this paper. As is well known, one of the significant characteristics of soil faunas is that soil faunas are usually composed of many different taxa, whose individual numbers are generally greatly different either within a fauna or among faunas. It usually makes the diversity of soil faunas significantly correlational to the evenness but not to the richness of groups. As a result, the H′ value for a soil fauna with a simpler c...

对北京松山4种生态系统中大型土壤动物群落的组成、垂直结构、多样性及相似性进行了比较研究。全部调查共获大型土壤动物4门8纲23目65科 ,其中以蚁科、隐翅甲科、地蜈蚣科、长头地蜈蚣科、石蜈蚣科和正蚓科最为重要。4个土壤动物群落中 ,类群数和个体数的变化趋势均为:山顶草甸群落(D)>落叶阔叶林群落(C)>人工油松林群落(A)>天然油松林群落(B),这一数量差异突出表现在群落 D中各个土层的高丰富性以及群落B表层的贫乏和层土壤动物的急剧减少。不同群落中狭布类群的多寡也存在明显差异 ,群落 B远较其他群落为少。4个群落的 Shannon-Weiner多样性指数 (H′)的相对大小为 :群落C>群落D>群落B>群落A,与群落均匀度的变化显著相关 (p<0.05)而与丰富度关系不密切。Jaccard系数、Gower系数和Piankaα指数的分析结果表明,4个群落的组成具有很高的异质性 ;其中群落A与群落B的相似性最高,群落A与群落D的相似性最低。进一步比较了包括松山在内的国内不同温度带11个山地林区大型土壤动物群落的组成特征 ,对大型土壤动物群落组成的纬向变化趋势进行了初步分析。最后 ,在对土壤动物群落的特征以及 H′指数和廖崇惠等的DG指数进行分析讨论的基础上 ,提出了一个新的群落……

... 目前,关于森林土壤动物的研究多集中于典型森林生态系统内的群落特征^[6,7,8],不同土地利用方式下的群落关系^[9,10,11]等方面,有关土壤动物在农林复合生态系统中群落多样性研究鲜有报道 ...

2002

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廖崇惠, 李健雄, 杨悦屏, 张振才. 海南尖峰岭热带林土壤动物群落——群落的组成及其特征. 生态学报, 2002, 22(11): 1866-1872.

Liao C

, Li J

, Yang Y

, Zhang Z

The community of soil animal in tropical rain forest in Jianfengling Mountain, Hainan Island , China——Composition and characteristics of community.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(11): 1866-1872. (in Chinese)

The community characteristics of soil animals in tropical rain forest was studied as one part of the research on the community composition and dynamics in different climatic zones of China. The protozoan, nematodes and other soil animals in the nucleus of Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan, South China (N18° 23′~18° 52′,E108° 36′~109° 05′) were sampled and identified. The nature reserve was in the primary tropical forest and was about 800m in altitude. Because of the oceanic climate, the average annual...

以海南尖峰岭自然保护区热带山地雨林为标准样地 ,研究热带土壤动物在原始生境中的群落结构。样地设 5个固定取样点 ,每月固定时间用 3种方法 ,对原生动物、线虫和其它大、中型土壤动物分别取样。调查结果显示 :(1 )以风干土培养法获得的原生动物共有 1 8目 72种 ,种类以纤毛虫类为主 ,数量则以肉足虫类为主。本调查点与以北各地带相比 ,其分布的种类较少 ,这与热带林枯枝落叶层薄有关。 (2 )以湿漏斗法获得的线虫有 7目 76种 ,为国内各地带之首。其中矛线目种类及个体数量均占多数。 (3 )以手拣和大、小干漏斗法获得的土壤动物共有 3 2个类群 (以目为主 ) ,其多样性指数(H′)高于本区以北各地带调查点。类群的重要性 ,按平均数量及其稳定性来排序 ,排在最前的几个类群有蚂蚁、鞘翅目、蚯蚓、及等翅目等。比西双版纳热带沟谷雨林的土壤动物群落结构更具热带性。

2003

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唐本安, 唐果, 唐敏, 李翠娥. 云山国家森林公园土壤动物资源生态特征. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(4): 499-504.

Tang B

, Tang

, Li C

Study on the ecological characteristic of soil animal resources in Yunshan National Park.

Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(4): 499-504. (in Chinese)

From1998to2001,we studied the ecological characteristics of soil animal resources in the Yunshan National Forest Park of China.Of the9769total soil animals,the invertebrates include31genera in13classes and6phyla.Almost all subtropical soil animals are found to be distributed in Yunshan National Forest Park.Among them,Acarina,Collembola and Nematoda are dominant species;Hymenoptera,Diplura,Protura,Enchytraeidae and Diptera are common species;and the rest is rare species.Analysis and comparison of the community ecosystem of soil animals indicate that affected by terrestrial biodiversities,there are abundant soil animal species with complete primitive community structure,apparent zonal transitivity of faunal composition and mountaintop Arthropoda of individual partial heavy ecological characteristic.The research results show that the Yunshan National Forest Park situated in Nanling,Xuefengshan and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,the three different kinds of mountain system of China,is not only a surface bio-ecological gene pool with rich resources but also an extremely precious underground bio-ecologi-cal gene pool.

1998年5月至2001年5月对云山国家森林公园土壤动物资源进行了生态特征研究,共获得土壤动物9769个,隶属6门13纲31个类目。亚热带土壤动物的类群在这里几乎都有分布。其中优势类群为蜱螨目、弹尾目及线虫类3类;常见类群有膜翅类、双尾目、原尾目、线蚓类、双翅目5类;其余为稀有类群。通过与我国东西方向及其南北方向上典型土壤动物生态群落的分析比较,研究过程发现,受其地表生物多样性的影响,云山土壤动物资源种群丰富;原始群落结构完整;区系组成地带过渡性明显;山体顶部灌丛地段节肢动物有个体偏大的生态特征。研究结果表明:地处我国南岭、雪峰山及滇黔桂地区3种不同类型山系过渡地带的云山国家森林公园,作为自然保护区,不但是一个资源丰富的地表生物生态基因库,同时还是一个异常宝贵的地下生物生态基因库。

2006

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吴东辉, 张柏, 陈鹏. 长春市不同土地利用条件下大型土壤动物群落结构与组成. 动物学报, 2006, 52(2): 279-287.

Wu D

, Zhang

, Chen

Community structure and composition of soil macrofauna under different land use in Changchun City.

Acta Zoologica Sinica, 2006, 52(2): 279-287. (in Chinese)

对长春市郊区天然次生林、市区公园绿地、郊区防护林和农田等典型土地利用生境进行大型土壤动物调查,手拣法野外采集大型土壤动物,应用个体密度和类群数量等指标,研究土地利用变化对大型土壤动物群落特征的影响。研究区共捕获大型土壤动物3773只,分别隶属于3门6纲17目102科。研究结果表明:不同土地利用生境大型土壤动物群落个体密度和类群数存在差异,其中郊区农田和防护林土壤动物的类群数和个体密度明显减少;植物群落类型对大型土壤动物群落特征有一定影响;大型土壤动物群落个体密度和类群数主要集中分布在地表0-5cm土壤层,生境地表凋落物的移除对土壤动物群落的类群数和个体密度影响不明显;此外,不同土壤动物类群对土

... 土壤动物的群落分布与地表植被多样性及植被地上和地下的结构关系紧密相关^[9,22] ...

2005

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葛宝明, 孔军苗, 程宏毅, 郑祥, 鲍毅新. 不同利用方式土地秋季大型土壤动物群落结构. 动物学研究, 2005, 26(3): 272-278.

Ge B

, Kong J

, Cheng H

, Zheng

, Bao Y

Community structure of soil macrofauna in different using types of soils in autumn.

Zoological Research, 2005, 26(3): 272-278. (in Chinese)

From October to November 2004 by using a sampling method,we investigated the soil macrofauna communities at 7 using types of soils,paddy field (P),kaleyard (K),orchard (O),wilderness (W),yard (Y),lawn (L) and building site (B) in Jinhua,Zhejiang. There were 1 161 soil macrofauna individuals belonged to 20 orders,8 classes,and 3 phylums in total samplings. The dominant orders were Nematoda and Hymenoptera,the frequent orders were Araneae,Diplura, Lumbricida,Isopoda,Stylommatophora,Coleoptera,Lepidoptera and Diptera,and then the remnant orders were rare orders. The complexity index of community ? tended O>K>W>B>L>P>Y,and Shannon-Weiner index (H′) L>B>W>K>O>P>Y. C was manifested better than H′ in representing the complexity and the diversity of communities. The vertical distribution of soil macrofauna had obvious surface assembly. Using the Hierarchical Cluster and the Non-matric Multi-dimensional Scaling method,the 7 communities were classed to 3 groups: highly disturbing and non-bestrow group,herbage growth group and orchard group,which shows the response of soil macrofauna communities to the different soil using types.

为了解不同利用方式土地的大型土壤动物群落结构，于2004年10—11月对浙江省金华市市区北部7种土地，即农田(P)、菜园(K)、果园(O)、荒地(W)、庭院(Y)、草皮绿地(L)和建筑工地(B)进行垂直(上、中、下3层)取样，共获得大型土壤动物1 161只，隶属3门8纲20目。分析表明：大型土壤动物群落优势类群为近孔寡毛目、膜翅目，常见类群为蜘蛛目、双尾目、正蚓目、等足目、柄眼目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目和双翅目，其他均为稀有类群。大型土壤动物群落的群落复杂性指数?为O>K>W>B>L>P>Y，Shannon-Weiner指数(H′)为L>B>W>K>O>P>Y，C比H′更好体现了群落的复杂性与多样性。垂直分布显示大型土壤动物具明显的表聚现象。根据大型土壤动物群落聚类和排序的结果，可将7种土地分为3组，即强干扰无植被组、草本种植组和果园组，显示了大型土壤动物对不同土地利用方式的响应情况。

2005

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张秀娟, 苏永春, 杨晨利, 倪向利. 洞庭湖环湖丘岗区生态系统大型土壤动物群落结构特征分析. 华中农业大学学报, 2005, 24(6): 633-637.

Zhang X

, Su Y

, Yang C

, Ni X

The composition and distribution of soil animal community in the hilly areas around the Dongting Lake.

Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2005, 24(6): 633-637. (in Chinese)

从2003年11月至2004年10月,选取洞庭湖环湖丘岗区的4种生态系统--茶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和竹林为样地,对其大型土壤动物群落的组成、多样性、垂直剖面分布及季节性变化等进行了比较研究.结果表明,被调查的4个土壤动物群落中动物类群数依次为竹林＞茶林＞阔叶林＞针阔混交林;个体数依次为茶林＞针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞竹林;多样性指数(H′)依次是竹林＞阔叶林＞茶林＞针阔混交林,与群落均匀度的变化显著相关,而与群落的优势度关系不密切;4个群落的DG指数是:竹林＞茶林＞阔叶林＞针阔混交林;通过对Jaccard指数分析结果表明,4种土壤动物群落组成具有较高的异质性,茶林和针阔混交林的相似性最高,茶林和阔叶林的相似性最低;4种群落的大型土壤动物类群及数量均具有表聚性,并随土层加深逐渐减少,且速度越来越快,尤其是随着季节变化波动性比较大.

2006

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黄玉梅, 张健, 杨万勤. 巨桉人工林土壤动物群落结构特征. 生态学报, 2006, 26(8): 2502-2509.

Huang Y

, Zhang

, Yang W

The characteristics of soil animal community structure in Eucalyptus grand is plantatio.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2502-2509. (in Chinese)

Recently, much attention has been given to soil animal because they play an important role in nutrient cycling as well as a potential bioindicator of soil fertility in the forest ecosystem. However, there is lack of the information on soil animal under the eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) plantation in Hongya County, Sichuan, which is difficult to meet needs of man-made forest management. The groups and the densities of soil animal communities in the eucalypt plantation and oak (Quercus acutissima) secondary forest were investigated here to understand the nutrient cycling, provide the information on changes in soil fertility, and evaluate the ecological effects of conversion of secondary forest to eucalypt plantation. Soil macrofauna were picked up by hand in the fields. Nematodes and mesofauna were separated and collected from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods, respectively. By preliminary identification, there were 1311 specimens of soil animals, which belonged to 6 phyla, 10 classes and 20 orders in the eucalypt plantation. Acarina, Collembola, Nematoda and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups in the eucalypt plantation. Although Acarina, Nematoda and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups in the oak forest, there was lack of Collembola. The results here indicated that soil animal community structure has changed with plant species composition when oak secondary forest was converted to eucalypt plantation. The groups and individual number were lower in eucalypt plantation than in oak secondary forest. Moreover, the Shannon-Wiener index and DG (Density-groups) index of soil animals in the eucalypt plantation were 1.818 and 4.002, which were also lower than those of oak secondary forest. It implies that soil biodiversity might decline when oak secondary forest was converted to eucalypt plantation. The percentage of saprozoic animal, which was used as a potential bioindicator of soil fertility, was 81.78% in the eucalypt plantation, and was higher than that in oak secondary forest (65.00%), resulting from higher organic material returns via litterfall in the former in comparison with the latter. The groups and individual numbers decreased with the increase of soil depth in two forest ecosystems. However, there was no significant difference in soil animal density between eucalypt plantation and oak secondary forest. There were higher Jaccard and Gower coefficients between the two studied forests, implying that the group composition of soil animal community was similar to a certain extent in the two forest ecosystems. The results indicated that soil animal community structure had not changed significantly although the soil biodiversity declined slightly when oak secondary forest was converted to eucalypt plantation. To deeply understand the ecological processes in the eucalypt plantation, soil ecological processes related to soil animal need to be performed in the future.

为深入了解巨桉人工林生物养分循环及土壤肥力变迁，客观全面地评价巨桉人工林的生态效益，对比研究了四川省洪雅县巨桉人工林和青冈次生林土壤动物群落结构特征。研究方法，大型土壤动物采用野外分层手捡计数，中小型土壤动物用取土器分层取土，带回室内分别用干湿漏斗分离并镜检。结果表明：（1）洪雅巨桉人工林共获1312头土壤动物，分属6门10纲21目，其优势类群分别为蜱螨目、弹尾目、线虫纲、膜翅目；（2）巨桉人工林土壤动物群落的类群数和个体数均低于青冈次生林，其Shannon-Wiener指数和密度-类群指数分别为1.818和4.002，低于青冈次生林的1.963和8.091；（3）巨桉人工林土壤动物群落中腐食性同功能种团比例为81.78% 高于青冈次生林的64.18%；（4）巨桉人工林与青冈次生林土壤动物密度剖面分布具明显表聚性，二者经F-检验无显著差异；（5）巨桉人工林与青冈次生林土壤动物群落有比较高的Jaccard相似性系数和Gower 系数，表明两类林分在土壤动物类群和个体数量分布上有比较大的相似度。

... 两种烘虫箱的温度控制在35~40 ℃,烘虫时间均为48 h,分离出的干生土壤动物用盛装75%酒精的培养皿收集,在解剖镜下观测土壤动物数量和种类,收集湿生土壤动物的容器不加酒精,直接在清水中用解剖镜观察鉴定种类和数量,干生动物每12 h观测一次,湿生动物开始每4 h观测一次,以后时间间隔逐步加长,以防止线蚓自溶^[12] ...

2013

0.0

高立杰, 侯建华, 安哲, 马冬雪, 高宝嘉. 不同土地利用类型大型土壤动物群落结构. 草业科学, 2013, 30(7): 1111-1115.

Gao L

, Hou J

, An

, Ma D

, Gao B

Community structure of large size soil acrofauna in different land use types.

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(7): 1111-1115. (in Chinese)

Community structure of large size soil macrofauna were studied by quadrats statistical methods under four different land use types, including forest, forestmeadow, meadowsteppe and steppe in foreststeppe ecotone of Southeastern Inner Mongolia Plateau. There were 2 394 soil macrofauna individuals belonging to 22 orders, 8 classes and 3 phylums, and there were large changes in community composition and an obvious decreasing trend in the number of individuals. Besides, there were groups of large size soil macrofauna in the transition process from forest zone to steppe zone. It showed a significant differences（P＜0.05）in the number of groups and densitygroup index（DG）of large size soil macrofaun between different land use types. The number of macrofauna individuals in forest zone were significantly higher than that in forestmeadow, meadowsteppe and steppe zone, and the diversity index (H′) in forest zone was significantly greater than that in steppe zone. In contrast, there were no significant differences in evenness index (J) between four land use types. In short, the forest zone had the highest number of individuals, groups,H and DG values, followed by the forestmeadow zone, meadowsteppe zone and steppe zone.

利用样方统计法，对内蒙古高原东南缘森林草原过渡地带森林、森林草甸、草甸草原和草原4种不同土地利用类型大型土壤动物群落结构进行了研究。共采集大型土壤动物2 394只，隶属于3门8纲22目（类）。由森林向草原过渡过程中，大型土壤动物群落组成变化较大，土壤动物个体数量和类群数呈递减趋势。统计分析表明，大型土壤动物类群数和密度-类群指数（DG）在不同土地利用类型之间存在显著差异（P＜0.05）；森林带大型土壤动物个体数量显著大于森林草甸、草原和草甸草原（P＜0.05），多样性指数（H′）显著大于草原带，均匀度指数（J）在4个土地利用类型之间无显著差异（P>0.05）。森林具有最高的大型土壤动物个体数量、类群数、H′值和DG值，其次是森林草甸，草原带最低。

... n_i为第i个类群的个体数目,N为所有类群的个体数目,D_i为第i个类群的个体密度,D_i_max为第i个类群的最大密度,g为群落中的类群数,G为各类群所包含的总类群数,C_i/C为相对次数,即为第i个群落在C个群落出现的次数^[13] ...

2001

0.0

张雪萍, 侯威岭, 陈鹏. 东北森林土壤动物同功能种团及其生态分布. 应用与环境生物学报, 2001, 7(4): 370-374.

Zhang X

, Hou W

, Chen

Soil animal guids and their ecological distribution in the northeast of China.

Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2001, 7(4): 370-374. (in Chinese)

对位于小兴安岭的东北林业大学凉水自然保护区和位于张广才岭的东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场的土壤动物进行了研究.结果表明,该地区土壤动物可划分为腐食性、植食性、捕食性动物三个同功能种团,土壤动物各同功能种团在组成、个体数量、生物量等方面均具有相对稳定性,群落土壤动物同功能种团的数量分布状况能在很大程度上反映群落环境的相似与差异程度;群落中各土壤动物同功能种团的个体数量间无明显的相关性,但腐食性动物与捕食性动物两个同功能种团的生物量之间具有显著的相关性.图1表2参13

... 土壤动物功能团划分:拥有不同生活生长方式,但在功能上相接近的土壤动物类群,在一定群落中形成具有相同功能的种团,根据不同的种团功能,一般划分为腐食性、捕食性和植食性3类功能团^[14,15,16] ...

1992

0.0

2006

0.0

林英华, 孙家宝, 刘海良, 张夫道, 孙龙, 金森. 黑龙江帽儿山土壤动物群落组成与多样性分析. 林业科学, 2006, 42(4): 71-77.

Lin Y

, Sun J

, Liu H

, Zhang F

, Sun

, Jin

Composition of soil fauna community and its diversity analysis at Maoershan Mountains of Heilongjiang Province.

Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(4): 71-77. (in Chinese)

From May 2002 to Sept. 2002, Soil fauna communities were investigated by modified Tullgren and hand sorting method at natural secondary coniferous forest(A), natural secondary mixed coniferous and broadleaf stands(B), artificial coniferous forest?and artificial mixed coniferous and broadleaf stands(D). 30 045 individual (24 unidentified) of soil fauna had been collected,belonging to 56 familia, 3 superorders, 21 orders, 10 classes,3 phyla, of which 7 631 collected in soil layer(0～15 cm)and 22 390 in litter, which belong to 41 familia, 3 superorders, 21 orders, 10 classes,3 phyla, and 56 familia, 3 superorders, 21 orders, 10 classes,3 phyla, respectively. The number of individuals and communities were both D>A>B>C at 4 types of forest stand, and vertical distribution were significant at the same forest, in generally, the most of individual at 0～5 cm and the least at 10～15 cm, while the community decreased with the depth of soil. The maximum and minimum of diversity index( H ′) varies with different community and month, and its relative value was D>C>A>B, either did Pielou index( Js )and Simpson index as a whole. The result by Jaccard( q )and Gower index analysis indicated composing of community was much more heterogeneous.

2002年5—9月,采用大型改良干漏斗和手拣法对天然次生针叶林(A)、天然次生混交林(B)、人工针叶林?、人工混交林(D)进行调查,共获得干生土壤动物30045只(未鉴定个体24只),隶属3门10纲21目3亚目56科,其中土层(0～15cm)7631只,隶属3门10纲21目3亚目41科,森林凋落物层22390只,隶属3门10纲21目3亚目50科。土壤动物个体数量和群落类群数在4种林型中均表现为D>A>B>C。土壤动物个体和类群数在同一林型垂直分布现象明显,个体数一般表现为0～5cm最多,10～15cm最少,类群均随着土壤剖面层次的加深而递减。多样性指数( H ′)最大值和最小值因群落、月份不同而不同,其相对大小为D>C>A>B,Pielou指数( Js )和辛普森优势度指数( C )总体水平变化与多样性指数相同。Jaccard( q )和Gower系数的分析结果表明,群落组成具有很高的异质性。

... 本次调查的土壤动物主要划分为腐食性、捕食性和植食性3类功能团,腐食性同功能团对土壤形成及生态系统内物质能量流通影响巨大,通常作为衡量土壤肥高低与生态系统稳定性强弱的生态指标之一^[16,17] ...

2011

0.0

朱新玉, 高宝嘉, 胡云川. 森林草原交错带土壤节肢动物同功能种团组成及分布. 江苏农业科学, 2011, 39(3): 478-481.

Zhu X

, Gao B

, Hu Y

Soil arthropods guids composition and distribution in forest steppe.

Jiangsu Agricultural Science, 2011, 39(3): 478-481. (in Chinese)

通过对森林草原交错带地区土壤节肢动物的野外调查,研究交错带地区土壤节肢动物群落同功能种团组成、分布及其多样性.结果表明,研究区土壤节肢动物营养方式以腐食性为主,捕食性、植食性土壤节肢动物较少,反映出土壤节肢动物对地上生态系统的适应.森林-草甸带中腐食性和植食性土壤节肢动物相对较为贫乏,系统养分来源不足,土壤肥力较为贫乏.各营养功能团的类群和个体数量在一定程度上反映了土壤质量,其中腐食性同功能团具有衡量生态系统功能强弱与土壤质量高低的生物指标潜力.

2010

0.0

殷秀琴, 宋博, 董炜华, 辛未冬. 我国土壤动物生态地理研究进展. 地理学报, 2010, 65(1): 91-102.

Yin X

, Song

, Dong W

, Xin W

A review on the eco-geography of soil fauna in China.

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010, 65(1): 91-102. (in Chinese)

This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years.The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geography distribution of soil fauna communities.Studies of ecological distributions of soil fauna and dynamics are presented in a wide range from tropical,subtropical to temperate regions,and in categories from forest,grassland,desert,wetland,farmland to urban ecosystems,the responses and indications of soil fauna to soil environments.Effects of intensive disturbance such as fire,grazing,farming,fertilization on soil fauna include sensitive and rare groups(e.g.nematode) and community indexes.The functions of soil fauna were discussed including environmental construction,environment purification,litter decomposition and elements cycles.This paper also involves the interactions between soil fauna and other biota in soil ecosystems and linking between aboveground and belowground diversity and the effects of globe change on soil fauna community in China.

通过回顾我国近30年来土壤动物生态地理研究的进展,概述了我国土壤动物群落多样性及生态地理分布。包括我国从热带、亚热带到温带,从森林、草地、沙漠到湿地、农田乃至城市等诸多生态系统。总结了土壤动物群落对环境的响应及其指示意义研究的相关进展,从土壤动物对环境的营造、净化及其在生态系统凋落物分解和物质循环中的作用三个方面论述了土壤动物的功能,最后介绍了土壤动物与其他生物的互作、地上地下的生态学联系、全球变化对土壤动物群落的影响等热点领域的研究现状,并提出了未来土壤动物生态地理研究的热点问题。包括分子生物技术在土壤动物分类研究中的应用;土壤动物群落多样性的功能和机理;地上与地下生态系统的交互作用;干扰、污染、生物入侵和全球变化对土壤动物群落和功能的影响等。

... 06%,属于亚热带地区森林生态系统典型类群,这与殷秀琴等^[18]对我国土壤动物地理研究的结论一致 ...

2008

0.0

武海涛, 宋宪国, 杨青, 姜明, 佟守正. 三江平原湿地岛状林土壤动物群落结构特征及影响因素. 北京林业大学学报, 2008, 30(2): 50-58.

Wu H

, Song X

, Yang

, Jiang

, Tong S

Characteristics and influencing factors of soil fauna community structure in an island forest in wetland , Sanjiang Plain.

Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(2): 50-58. (in Chinese)

土壤动物是陆地生态系统结构的重要组成部分,对营养物质循环具有重要的作用.湿地土壤动物群落结构及影响因素研究,可为揭示湿地生物多样性及其功能提供基础资料.2005年生长季对三江平原湿地岛状林土壤动物进行了野外调查和室内分离、鉴定.结果表明,岛状林土壤动物隶属4门9纲24目,优势类群为线虫和膜翅目2类,常见类群7类,稀有类群15类;优势类群和常见类群都具有明显的季节动态变化.多样性分析表明,土壤动物的个体总数、类群数和丰富度指数最大值都出现在7月份,多样性指数和均匀度指数5月份最小,10月份最大,而优势度指数5月份最大.10月份最小.土壤动物垂直分布格局,除5月份外,其他各月都表现出明显的表聚性;5月份的逆向分布格局是由土壤动物的栖息特征和表层土壤温度特征共同决定的.土壤动物分布影响因素分析认为,在局域尺度内,土壤营养物质含量、容重和湿度是主要的影响因子.土壤动物功能类群可划分为腐食性、捕食性和植食性土壤动物,其数量比例关系整体上表现为腐食性土壤动物捕食性土壤动物植食性土壤动物.

2003

0.0

殷秀琴, 王海霞, 周道玮. 松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统土壤动物群落特征. 生态学报, 2003, 23(6): 1071-1078.

Yin X

, Wang H

, Zhou D

Characteristics of soil animals communities in different agricultural ecosystem in the Songnen Grassland of China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(6): 1071-1078. (in Chinese)

Characteristics of soil animals' communities in different agricultural ecosystems were studied in temperate Songnen Grassland Region with the purpose to provide scientific gist for the restoration and recreation of grasslands and other ecosystems in the agro husbandry eco tone, and establishing the optical ecological productive pattern. The results show that groups and individuals of soil animals from cornfield, grassland and poplar woods are great different according to notability test. The difference...

对温带松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统土壤动物群落特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,不同农业生态系统中 ,类群数为草地 >杨树林 >玉米田 ,个体数为草地 >玉米田 >杨树林。土壤动物的垂直分布存在一定差异性。玉米田土壤动物向下层聚集 ,草地具明显的表聚性 ,杨树林随着土层深度的变化较均匀。土壤动物群落的季节变化不同 ,玉米田秋季作物收割后 ,土壤动物类群明显减少 ,而杨树林秋季有增多趋势。草地土壤动物的季节变化代表了松嫩草原区土壤动物群落分布的特征。土壤动物群落的多样性为草地 >杨树林 >玉米田。分析了土壤动物与地温、土壤自然含水量、p H及土壤养分的相关性。

... 0-5 cm,有悖于常论,根据殷秀琴等^[20]对松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统的研究发现,在气候环境要素中,地温对土壤动物影响明显 ...

2014

0.0

朱凡, 刘任涛, 贺达汉. 模拟增雨条件下沙质草地地表植被和节肢动物群落变化特征. 草业科学, 2014, 31(12): 2333-2341.

Zhu

, Liu R

, He D

Variations of ground vegetation and arthropod communities under simulating precipitation in sand y grassland .

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(12): 2333-2341. (in Chinese)

In order to reveal the response of vegetation and arthropods community to simulating precipitation, the soil properties, vegetation and arthropods characteristics of sandy grassland in desert steppe of Ningxia were evaluated under different treatments including natural precipitation (control), 20% more simulating precipitation, 40% more simulating precipitation, 60% more simulating precipitation and 100% more simulating precipitation. There was no significant difference in soil, vegetation, and arthropods properties between the different treatment plots and prior experiment, which suggested the similarity of experiment plots and practicability of experimental design. After treatments, simulating precipitation had little effects on plant species richness. However, in the autumn, plant density with 40% more simulating precipitation was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that with control, and plant height with 20%and 40% more simulating precipitation was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that with control. Meanwhile, simulating precipitation also had little effects on arthropod abundance. In the autumn, the arthropod species richness with 20%, 60% and 100% more simulating precipitation were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that with control. The present results suggested that the comprehensive consideration of all the factors including soil, vegetation and arthropods was necessary for experimental design. The plant abundance and height and arthropod species richness were relatively sensitive to the precipitation although there was time delay.

以宁夏荒漠草原区沙质草地为研究对象, 设置对照、增雨20%、40%、60%、100% 5种处理样地, 通过调查土壤、植被及地面节肢动物群落特征, 初步分析了地表植被和节肢动物群落对当年模拟降雨变化的响应规律。结果表明, 1)在增雨试验前, 不同处理样地间土壤理化性质、地表植被个体数、类群数和平均高度以及地面节肢动物个体数和类群数均未出现显著差异(P>0.05), 说明试验样地设置的相似性和试验方法可行。2)模拟降雨处理后, 地表植物丰富度受降雨处理的影响较小, 而在秋季, 地表植物个体数表现为增雨40%样地显著低于对照样地(P<0.05), 植物平均高度表现为增雨20%和40%样地显著低于对照样地(P<0.05)。3)模拟降雨处理后, 地面节肢动物个体数受降雨处理的影响较小, 而在秋季地面节肢动物类群数表现为增雨20%、60%和100%样地显著高于对照样地(P<0.05)。研究表明, 基于影响因子设置不同处理试验样地需综合考虑土壤、植被和节肢动物特征, 地面植被个体数和高度以及地面节肢动物类群数对降雨处理响应更为敏感, 并存在一定的时滞性。

... 而此次调查在9月展开,气温依然较高,纯林模式林下无草种覆盖,生长初期的核桃林分郁闭不高,凋落物积累较少,太阳直射地表,地表气温较高,不适宜土壤动物活动,使得土壤动物不得不往下层活动,与朱凡等^[21]在夏季对节肢动物群落变化的研究结果相同 ...

2005

0.0

... 土壤动物的群落分布与地表植被多样性及植被地上和地下的结构关系紧密相关^[9,22] ...