This study aimed to determine the impact of temperature and humidity conditions on the flight capacity and main utilization of energy substances to adults of Oedaleus asiaticus B. Bienko. The flight capability differences between female and male adults of O. asiaticus at 10 day ages as well as the impact of temperature and humidity on utilization of energy substances were studied by a flight-mill method. The results showed that 10 day ages O. asiaticus exhibited the strongest flight capacity under 28 ℃ and 60% relative humidity (RH), the maximum flight duration, distance and speed of single adult reached to 1.62 h、9.87 km and 2.03 km·h -1 , respectively. The flight capacity for O. asiaticus was dramatically decreased under 16 ℃ or above 28 ℃. In the range of 40%~80% RH, the flight speed was normal. The relation between humidity and flight distance was similar to flight time. When the temperature increased, the flight time prolonged and the flight speed increased. The results indicated that flight temperature and humidity had significant effects on the consumption and utilization of flight energy substances. The grasshopper consumed less energy materials (triglyceride) when they flew in the suitable temperature and humidity, while consumed more when the ambient temperature and humidity beyond the suitable scopes. The different utilization efficiency of flight energy substances was one of the main reasons leading to different flight capacity in different temperature and humidity.

本研究采用昆虫飞行数据微机采集系统(飞行磨)吊飞方法,测定了温、湿度对10日龄亚洲小车蝗( Oedaleus asiaticus )雌雄成虫的飞行能力及主要能源物质利用的影响。结果表明,在环境温度为28 ℃、相对湿度(RH)为60%时,10日龄亚洲小车蝗成虫表现出最优的飞行能力,单个个体的最大飞行时间、最大飞行距离和最大飞行速度分别可达1.62 h、9.87 km和2.03 km·h -1 。在温度16 ℃以下或28 ℃以上,其飞行能力明显降低。在40%~80%RH时,成虫均能进行正常的飞行活动。环境温、湿度会显著影响亚洲小车蝗成虫飞行能源物质的消耗情况( P <0.05)。在最适的温、湿度条件下,小车蝗飞行所需的能源物质(甘油三酯)最少,其飞行单位距离消耗的甘油三酯也最低,能源利用效率最高。较高或较低的温、湿度条件,能源物质的消耗都显著高于最适条件。飞行能源物质利用效率的不同是导致其在不同温、湿度下飞行能力产生差异的主要原因之一。

Acting as molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (Hsps) could help fixing denatured proteins and preventing aggregation of other proteins. In order to better understand the function of molecular chaperones of Hsp families in the parasitoid Pteromalus puparum , Pphsp90, Pphsp70, Pphsc70, Pphsp60, Pphsp40 and Pphsp20 genes from this parasitoid were over-expressed in Escherichia coli . The results showed that the five genes except Pphsp40 were highly expressed and these expressed recombinant Pphsps were soluble and stable under high temperature (80℃). In vivo experiments, Pphsp20 and Pphsp90 significantly increased the survival rate of E. coli cells under high temperature (50℃, 1 h). In vitro protection study verified that only purified recombinant Pphsp20 could reduce the aggregation of luciferase under high temperature. The results suggest that both Pphsp20 and Pphsp90 may be involved in thermo-protective role in E. coli , and Pphsp20 may work independently while Pphsp90 requires the cooperation with other cofactors.

作为分子伴侣， 热激蛋白可起修复变性蛋白与阻止其他蛋白质聚集的作用。为进一步理解蝶蛹金小蜂 Pteromalus puparum 热激蛋白家族的分子伴侣功能， 本研究对来自该寄生蜂的热激蛋白Pphsp90， Pphsp70， Pphsc70， Pphsp60， Pphsp40和Pphsp20的基因在大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli BL21菌株中进行了过表达。结果表明： 除Pphsp40外， 其余5个基因均得到高效表达， 且表达的重组热激蛋白在高温下（80℃）具可溶性与热稳定性。其中， Pphsp20与Pphsp90在大肠杆菌中的表达显著提高了高温下（50℃， 1 h）细胞的存活率。离体活性实验证实， 利用纯化的融合蛋白Pphsp20可减少高温下荧光素酶的聚集现象。据此认为， Pphsp20与Pphsp90均具有大肠杆菌细胞的热保护功能， 但Pphsp20可以单独发挥作用， 而Pphsp90可能需其他因子协同作用才有保护活性。

The objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of temperature stress on the expression of hsp70 . The hsp70 in Liriomyza trifolii was cloned using RT-PCR and RACE, and its expression in response to temperature stress was examined using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method. A hsp70 gene, named Lthsp70-1, from L.trifolii was cloned and sequenced, the cDNA contains a 1�B923�Bbp open reading frame (ORF) and encodes 640 amino acids. The gene contains the signature sequences of HSP70 family (IFDLGGGTFDVSIL, IVLVGGSTRIPK), the DnaK sequence (IDLGTT(Y)S(C)V), the non-organellar motif (RARFEEL), and the C-terminal four amino acids of HSP70 (EEVD). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that temperature stress induced the expression of hsp70 : the level of expression in adults increased from 31 to 33�B℃, peaked at 33�B℃, and decreased rapidly from 35 to 39�B℃. Exposure of pupa to 0�B℃ for 0.5 to 2.0�Bh also elicited the expression of hsp70 and the expression level increased with the exposure time. The hsp70 in L.trifolii is inducible, as its expression level varies in response to both low and high temperature stress.

为了明确高低温胁迫对三叶草斑潜蝇 hsp70 表达量的影响,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术获得了1条三叶草斑潜蝇诱导型热激蛋白基因 hsp70 ,命名为Lthsp70-1,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其在温度胁迫后的表达量。该基因的开放阅读框为1?B923?Bbp,编码640个氨基酸。氨基酸序列中含有HSP70家族的签名序列IFDLGGGTFDVSIL和IVLVGGSTRIPK、DnaK特征基序IDLGTT(Y)S(C)V、非细胞器基序RARFEEL,以及C末端的保守序列EEVD。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示:成虫在31～33℃范围内,其 hsp70 表达量随温度升高而上升,33℃时达到最高峰;35~39?B℃时, hsp70 表达量迅速下降;蛹经0?B℃胁迫0.5～2.0?Bh,其 hsp70 表达量随时间延长呈上升趋势。由此可见,高低温胁迫均能诱导三叶草斑潜蝇 hsp70 的表达。

Climate change is an important environmental problem which has caused great concern around the world. Climate change\|particularly global warming\|has a direct and indirect impact on poikilothermic animals, especially for insects and the biotic community around them. We review the most recent progress in effects of global warming on insects and methodologies used in the research. Global warming may lead to an advance in insect phenology, and shift in geographic distribution to higher latitude and altitude. It may also restrain abundance of the low temperature adaptive species and promote abundance of the high temperature adaptive species. In addition, global warming disturbs the synchrony of host plant\|herbivore\|natural enemy in phenology and other interactions among different species, modifies the spectrum of host\|plants and feeding capacity of insects. An intense stress caused by long\|term high temperature leads to a variation of gene frequency in insect population. Furthermore, global warming in terms of the increase in daily average temperature and maximum temperature, and the decrease in diurnal temperature have crucial effects on the development, reproduction, and survival of insect. The main research approaches to study effects of global warming on insects include: direct observation in field, regression models developed with historical data, day\|degree models, and ecological risk assessment programs e.g. CLIMEX and GIS, paleontological comparison, ecological experiments in climate chambers, and examination of the gene frequency with gene marker. At last, we review the weakness of previous studies and point out research directions in the near future: (1) investigating biology and ecology of more species of important crop pests, and inter\|specific interactions under global warming scenarios; (2) studying more on insect adaptation to high temperature; (3) developing new experimental approaches and collecting better data under artificial climate conditions; (4) constructing validated ecological models of insects which was driven by temperature and other ecological factors.

“全球气候变化”已成为国内外最受关注的环境问题。气候变化中以温度升高为特征的气候变暖对变温动物昆虫自身及其所在的生物群落产生直接或间接影响。从研究内容与研究方法2个方面综述了气候变暖对昆虫影响研究的国内外进展。气候变暖导致昆虫发生期提前，地理分布向更高纬度和海拔地区扩散，低温适生种种群密度下降，高温适生种种群密度增加。气候变暖改变寄主植物—害虫—天敌的物候同步性和昆虫原有种间互作关系，影响植食性昆虫的寄主植物范围和取食为害程度。长期的气候变暖带来的强烈的选择性压力引起某些昆虫种群的基因组发生变异。以日均温升高、日最高气温升高和昼夜温差变化等为主要特征气候变暖对昆虫发育、繁殖及存活等生态学指标产生重要影响。研究方法上主要是利用野外直接观察法、回归预测模型、有效积温模型、CLIMEX和GIS等生态风险评估软件、生物化石比较技术、人工气候下生态试验、检测标记基因频率变化等方法来研究气候变暖对昆虫的影响。最后简要评述了已有研究的不足并指出未来的研究方向：(1）气候变暖情景下开展昆虫种间互作研究并拓展研究对象；(2）高温下昆虫适应性研究；(3）建立完善人工模拟气候下的实验方法；(4）构建昆虫有效生态机理模型。

The pest insects seriously occur in natural grassland, which caused serious damage to the animal husbandry in China. During the past ten years from 2003 to 2012, the damage grassland of annual averaged 20.99 million hectares and the pasture lost annual averaged 9.45 billion kg by the pest insects. The pest insects damage in natural grassland reduced gradually by disaster prevention and control measures organized by the ministry of agriculture of China. Compared with 2003, the damaged area of pest insects decreased by 34.7% in 2012. Grasshoppers’ damage significantly decreased and the other pest insect’ damage decreased except with that grassland caterpillars’ damage decreased since 2008 although its damage increased from 2003.The main reasons which lead to the heave pest damage included less annual prevention area, weakly monitor and warming and less support in science and technology. Some suggestions on how to effectively control the pest insects were also put forward in this paper.

我国天然草原上害虫发生严重,近10年年均危害面积2 099万hm 2 ,每年因灾造成的牧草鲜草损失高达94.5亿kg,对我国畜牧业生产造成严重破坏。近10年来,国家不断加大防控力度,草原虫害蔓延的趋势得到一定程度的遏制,危害面积呈明显的下降趋势。与2003年相比,2012年危害面积下降了34.7%。其中,草原蝗虫危害减轻趋势明显;草原毛虫呈现增加趋势,但自2008年以来有下降趋势;其他害虫危害呈下降趋势。经分析指出,防治面积偏低、监测预警能力弱以及科技支撑能力不强是造成虫害偏重发生的主要因素,针对分析结果对进一步做好草原虫害防控工作提出了建议。

Based on the monthly average precipitation and temperature data from 14 meteorological stations in suitable distribution areas of Calliptamus italicus L.during 1961-2013，the precipitation and temperature characteristics of 3 areas（Southern Xinjiang，Tianshan Mountains and Northern Xinjiang）during the past 53 years were analyzed by using of linear regressive analysis and moving average.The results showed that the average annual precipitation in Southern and Northern Xinjiang increased significantly（P<0.05），with an amplitude peak in summer in Southern Xinjiang，and in winter in Northern Xinjiang.The average annual precipitation in Tianshan Mountains was higher than that in Southern and Northern Xinjiang，but the increasing rate was insignificant.The average annual temperature presented an increasing trend at statistical significance level（P<0.01）in 3 areas，and the rising trend was most significant in winter in Southern and Northern Xinjiang，while in autumn in Tianshan Mountains.The maximum temperature increased significantly（P<0.01）with an amplitude peak in autumn in 3 areas.The minimum temperature presented an increasing trend at statistical significance level（P<0.01）in 3 areas，and the rising trend was most significant in winter in Southern and Northern Xinjiang，while in summer in Tianshan Mountains.The rising trend of the minimum was higher than that of the maximum.In the background of global climate warming，the climate in suitable distribution areas of Calliptamus italicus L.during the last 53 years became warmingwetting，which could cause changes in geographical distribution and outbreak mechanism of locust.

选取新疆境内意大利蝗（Calliptamus italicus L.）适生区14个气象站1961-2013年月降水量及平均气温资料，采用线性回归和趋势分析方法，分南疆地区、天山山区和北疆地区3个气候区对近53a（1961-2013）降水量和气温变化特征进行分析。结果表明，（1）南、北疆地区年平均降水量均显著增加（P<0.05），南疆以夏季增加为主，北疆以冬季增加为主，天山山区年平均降水量高于南、北疆地区，但其53a来变化不显著；（2）3个区域年平均气温均极显著升高（P<0.01），南、北疆地区以冬季增温幅度最大，天山山区秋季增幅最大；（3）3个区域年平均最高气温均极显著升高（P<0.01），且均以秋季升幅最大；各区年平均最低气温均极显著升高（P<0.01），南北疆地区冬季增幅最大，天山山区夏季增幅最大，其最低气温增幅高于最高气温。在全球气候变暖背景下，意大利蝗适生区近53a气候总体呈暖湿趋势，气候格局的显著变化，会导致蝗虫地理分布格局及灾变规律的重大改变。

Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is one of the most conservative and important proteins in heat shock protein family. Overexpression of HSP70 may obviously improve the survivability of cells, and enhance their tolerance to stress. To investigate the effects of heat stress on HSP70 expression in Chilo suppressalis larvae, RT-PCR and RACE methods were used for cloning the full length cDNA encoding HSP70 from haemocytes of C.suppressalis in this study. The cDNA obtained is 2 102 bp in length, containing an ORF of 1 959 bp, encoding 652 amino acid residues, with a 5′UTR of 81 bp and a 3′UTR of 62 bp ． Cluster analysis confirmed that the deduced amino acid sequence shared high identity with the reported homologous sequences from other insects (73%-97%). Real-time quantitative PCR showed that HSP70 gene expression could be induced by heat stress. The maximal induction of HSP70 gene expression in larval haemocytes of C.suppressalis was achieved at 36 ℃ . HSP70 protein expression was observed by using flow cytometry. The results revealed that the expression profiles of HSP70 at both the mRNA level and the protein level are highly in agreement with each other.

热休克蛋白 70 是 已知热休克蛋白家族中最重要的一种 , 它在细胞内的大量表达可以明显改善细胞的生存能力 , 提高对环境胁迫的耐受性。为探讨热胁迫对二化螟 Chilo suppressalis 幼虫热休克蛋白 70 表达的影响 , 采用 RT-PCR 及 RACE 技术从二化螟血淋巴细胞中克隆了热休克蛋白 70 基因全长 cDNA 序列。该基因全长 2 102 bp, 开放阅读框 (open reading frame, ORF) 为 1 959 bp, 编码 652 个氨基酸 ; 5′ 非编码区（ untranslated region, UTR) 为 81 bp, 3′UTR 为 62 bp 。从该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他昆虫的同源序列比较有很高的相似性（ 73%~97%) 。实时定量 PCR 显示二化螟 HSP70 基因能被热胁迫诱导表达 , 幼虫血淋巴细胞的 HSP70 基因在 36 ℃ 时表达量最高。流式细胞术研究发现 HSP70 在蛋白质水平上的表达变化 与在 mRNA 水平上高度一致 , 说明二化螟 HSP70 基因在转录及翻译水平上受到热应激的调节。

To clarify the effect of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) on tolerance to high temperature in larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a full-length cDNA encoding HSP90 from S. exigua was cloned and characterized by RT-PCR and RACE technique. The complete cDNA (2 453 bp) contains a 2 154 bp open reading frame encoding 717 amino acid residues   (GenBank accession no. FJ862050). The complete amino acid sequence of HSP90 deduced from the cDNA consists of 25 residues for the putative signal peptide and 692 residues for the mature protein with the predicted molecular weight of 82.6 kD and the isoelectric point of 5.0, respectively, and carries an important and intact HSP90 signature sequence. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA is highly similar with the HSP90 cDNA sequences of some other insect species. In order to explore the effects of HSP90 on tolerance to high temperature, a standard system was designed for real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR, with which the relative expression of HSP90 gene at different instars of larvae in response to high temperatures was detected. The results indicated that high temperature induced the HSP90 expression obviously. Relative expression levels of HSP90 gene increased with the increase of temperature. The HSP90 expression levels in larvae of all tested instars under 43℃ and 45℃ were significantly higher than that under the normal temperature. However, the HSP90 expression levels in larvae of different instars were not significantly different. The results suggest that HSP90 may play an important role in high temperature tolerance in S. exigua .

为阐明热激蛋白90（heat shock protein 90, HSP90）在甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)幼虫抵抗高温过程中的作用, 克隆了其HSP90基因cDNA全长序列, 并检测了在系列高温胁迫下不同龄期幼虫体内其相对表达量。根据已报道的热激蛋白90基因序列同源性设计简并引物, 利用反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）结合cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术成功克隆了甜菜夜蛾HSP90基因全长cDNA（GenBank登录号FJ862050）。该cDNA序列开放阅读框长2 154 bp, 编码717个氨基酸, 预测的相对分子量和等电点分别为82.6 kD和5.0。该序列具有HSP90家族的典型特征和特殊的功能结构域, 并且与多种生物的HSP90基因序列有较高的同源性。为了研究HSP90抵抗高温的作用, 构建荧光定量RT-PCR体系, 检测了37, 39, 41, 43和45℃胁迫下甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫体内HSP90表达量的变化。结果表明, 高温胁迫对甜菜夜蛾幼虫体内的HSP90表达具有明显的诱导作用。幼虫体内HSP90表达量随着温度升高呈增加的趋势。43℃和45℃胁迫下, 各龄幼虫体内HSP90的表达量均显著高于常温（ P < 0.05）, 但不同龄期之间没有显著差异。这说明HSP90在甜菜夜蛾幼虫抗高温中起到重要作用。

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a worldwide quarantine pest and possesses the plasticity in thermotolerance ability. The temperature fluctuations may enhance its tolerance to heat stress. In the present study, we determined the critical threshold of tolerance to high temperature by bioassay method in C. pomonella laboratory population, and applied the techniques of homology-based cloning, RACE and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to elucidate the function of Hsp90 responding to heat stress in C. pomonella . The results of bioassay showed that the mortality of C. pomonella was significantly increased as temperature was elevated and time prolonged. When the 1st-5th instar larvae were exposed to 50℃ and 52℃ for 2, 5 and 10 min, the 3rd instar larvae were found to be the most sensitive and the 5th instar larvae the most resistant. The 1st-4th instar larvae were killed 100% when exposed to 50℃ for 10 min and 52℃ for 5 min, while the survival rate of 5th instar larvae still maintained at 25.0% and 11.1%, respectively. The full-length cDNA of hsp90 gene was obtained from the 5th instar larvae of C. pomonella exposed to 35℃, which is 2 470 bp in length and has an open reading frame (ORF) of 2 148 bp encoding a protein of 716 amino acids with the deduced molecular weight of 82.07 kDa. This gene was registered in GenBank under the accession number JN624775 and designated as Cphsp90 . CpHsp90 shares 96% amino acid sequence identity with the Hsp90 from Ostrinia furnacalis and Mamestra brassicae , suggesting that the Hsp90 family is highly conserved. The result of RT-qPCR showed that the Cphsp90 was heat inducible, and the relative expression level of Cphsp90 mRNA was positively correlated with the heat stress when the larvae were exposed to 32-44℃ for 1 h. When the larvae of C. pomonella were exposed to 35℃, Cphsp90 was expressed abundantly in cuticle with the expression level significantly higher than that in the hemolymph, fat body and midgut. The result of the mRNA expression pattern of the Cphsp90 under higher temperature after pretreatment at 35℃ for 3 h indicated that the maximum expression level in the larvae preheated was induced at higher temperature (45℃ for 10 min) compared with the larvae not preheated (40℃ for 10 min). This result further proved that preheat treatment enhanced the thermotolerance of 5th instar larvae. It is so concluded that the positive expression of the Cphsp90 mRNA may play an important role in theromotolerance and the plasticity of C. pomonella.

世界检疫性害虫苹果蠹蛾 Cydia pomonella 是一种温度耐受可塑性很高的物种。本研究针对温度波动可能导致其耐热性增强的科学问题， 采用生测法鉴定了苹果蠹蛾实验种群的高温耐受阈值， 采用同源克隆、 RACE和实时荧光定量PCR (RTqPCR)等方法研究了苹果蠹蛾热激蛋白Hsp90基因的应激表达对耐热性的重要作用。高温耐受阈值研究结果表明， 苹果蠹蛾实验种群的死亡率随温度的升高和时间的延长显著性升高， 1-5龄幼虫分别经50℃和52℃高温处理2， 5和10 min后， 3龄幼虫耐热性最差， 5龄幼虫最强。50℃和52℃分别处理10 min和5 min均可导致1-4龄幼虫全部死亡， 而5龄幼虫在这两种处理下仍有25.0%和11.1%的存活率。以35℃处理的5龄雌幼虫为材料克隆苹果蠹蛾Hsp90基因全长cDNA， 结果显示该基因全长为2 470 bp， 完整开放阅读框为2 148 bp， 共编码716个氨基酸， 预测分子量为82.07 kDa， 命名为Cphsp90 (GenBank登录号JN624775)。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis和甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae等昆虫的Hsp90的氨基酸序列一致性高达96%， 表明了Hsp90家族的保守特性。Cphsp90 mRNA的相对表达量在32~44℃高温胁迫下随温度的升高而显著增高， 证实Cphsp90是诱导型热激基因， 且mRNA相对表达量与胁迫程度正相关。Cphsp90基因的表达还具有组织特异性， 35℃处理幼虫的表皮中Cphsp90相对表达量显著高于血淋巴、 脂肪体和中肠， 应激响应最为活跃。与未经温热预处理的昆虫相比， 35℃温热预处理3 h后的5龄幼虫在40， 45和50℃更高的温度胁迫下， Cphsp90 mRNA达到最高表达量所需要的胁迫温度有所提升， 由未经预热处理的40℃处理10 min提高到45℃处理10 min， 这与温热预处理会增强5龄幼虫耐热性的现象相符， 表明Cphsp90基因的响应表达在苹果蠹蛾耐热性及其可塑性过程中发挥重要的作用。

【Aim】 Calliptamus italicus is a serious plague in arid and semiarid grasslands of Xinjiang. Previous studies claimed that its outbreak is closely related to climate warming in Xinjiang since 1980s. This research aimed to explore the effect of temperature increasing on the respiratory metabolism of C. italicus.【Methods】 We detected the respiratory rate, metabolic rate, CO 2 release rate, Q 10 (rangeability of the respiratory rate per 10℃ rising) and the respiratory quotient of C. italicus adults by using Sable Systems at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃). 【Results】 The respiratory rate, metabolic rate and CO 2 release rate of the locust all increased as the temperature went up, with the values at 15℃ significantly lower than at the other temperatures ( P P C. italicus . However, the respiratory rate, metabolic rate and CO 2 release rate measured between 20℃ and 30℃ were not significantly different ( P >0.01), revealing that this temperature range is suitable for C. italicus development. The values of respiratory rate (Q 10 ) at different temperatures showed that C. italicus is sensitive to temperature change. The Q 10 value reached the maximum (2.42) when the temperature ranged from 25℃ to 35℃, and the minimum (1.03) from 20℃ to 30℃, suggesting that the temperature ranging from 20℃ to 30℃ is the optimal condition for C. italicus development. With an average of 0.9450, the respiratory quotient has no significant difference among different temperature treatments ( P >0.01), suggesting that carbohydrates are consumed during respiration. 【Conclusion】 Temperature between 20℃ and 30℃ is suitable for growth and development of C. italicus , and the continuing warming would still make C. italicus as one of the important pests in Xinjiang grasslands.

【目的】意大利蝗 Calliptamus italicus L.是新疆荒漠、半荒漠草原的主要危害种类，前期研究表明其发生与新疆气候变暖显著相关，本研究进一步探讨气候变暖条件下意大利蝗的呼吸代谢适应机制。【方法】应用多通道昆虫呼吸仪测定了15， 20， 25， 30和35℃不同温度条件下意大利蝗成虫的呼吸率、代谢率、CO 2 释放率、Q 10 (每升高10℃呼吸率的变化幅度)及呼吸商并分析其变化特征。【结果】15℃时意大利蝗成虫的呼吸率、代谢率、CO 2 释放率均显著低于其他温度（ P P P >0.01），表明该温度范围是意大利蝗生长发育的适宜温度条件。不同温度下意大利蝗呼吸率的Q 10 值显示， 20~30℃温度范围内的 Q 10 值最小，为1.03， 15~25℃的Q10值为1.43， 25~35℃的Q10值最大，为2.42，说明意大利蝗的呼吸代谢活动对温度变化敏感，并表明20~30℃是意大利蝗生长发育的适宜范围。各温度条件下意大利蝗呼吸商的差异不显著（ P >0.01），平均为0.9450，判断意大利蝗呼吸代谢消耗的底物主要为糖类物质。【结论】意大利蝗生长发育的适宜温度范围是20~30℃，预示着在气候持续变暖背景下，意大利蝗仍将是新疆草原最重要的生物灾害之一。

The supercooling points of all stages of Calliptamus italicus and body temperature regulation and the heatresisting ability of adults were measured for the first time in 2013. The results showed that supercooling points of each life stage of C. italicus followed normal distribution. And supercooling points and freezing points of different life stages were different. The wintering eggs had the lowest supercooling point and freezing point (P

对意大利蝗（Calliptamus italicus）各虫态过冷却点、成虫耐高温能力和体温调节行为进行测定，并初步探究意大利蝗对温度的耐受力。结果表明，意大利蝗各虫态的过冷却点均服从正态分布；各虫态的过冷却点及冰点有所差异，其中越冬卵的过冷却点及冰点最低（P 0.05）。环境温度为41 ℃时，雌成虫和雄成虫的LT50、 LT90均最长，分别为623.83、1 604.98 h，459.52、1 181.97 h；成虫的体温与环境温度均呈极显著的线性关系（P

Heat shock proteins, or Hsps, are a small number of highly conserved protein synthesized in cultured cells or whole organisms, which exposed to elevated temperatures. It has been observed in every organism in which it has been sought, from prokaryote to eukaryote . This paper briefly reviews recently studies and focus on the traits of the major hsps family, cohorts assisting hsps , regulation of heat shock gene expression, and the possibility of signal transduction pathways. And then analyses the functions of hsps with regard to being molecular chaperone, inducing thermotolerance and stabilizing cytoskeleton. Aging and evolutional importance, biomarker and therapeutic application of Hsps are also discussed.

热休克蛋白是细胞或生物体受到热胁迫后新合成的一类遗传上高度保守的蛋白，在原核生物和真核生物中普遍存在。作者根据国内外近年来热休克蛋白的研究概况，对昆虫的主要热休克蛋白家族的生物学特性、辅助蛋白、热休克基因的调控和热激信号的传导进行了综述，分析了热休克蛋白在昆虫体内作为分子伴侣、诱导生物体耐热性和稳定细胞骨架的生物学功能，并讨论了昆虫热休克蛋白在衰老和生物进化研究中的意义以及在生物标记和肿瘤治疗上的应用前景。