草业职业教育借鉴澳大利亚AHC10培训包的探讨
刘迎春1, 张东杰1
1.青海畜牧兽医职业技术学院,青海 湟源 812100
2.昆士兰农业培训学院,澳大利亚昆士兰州Gatton,8117号楼,4343
通信作者:刘迎春(1962-),女,山东寿光人,教授,博士,主要从事草业科学、农牧业职业教育。E-mail:yingchunliu63@163.com
摘要

《农业、园林、保护和土地管理培训包AHC10》是指导澳大利亚农业职业教育与培训的纲领性文件,本文展示了AHC10培训包内容和结构。借鉴能力标准和考评指南,有助于全面准确地反映我国草产业职业教育岗位所需以及界定草产业岗位知识技能等级,为完善我国国家职业资格制度打好基础。遵循草地农业系统4个生产层理论,本文列举了草业职业教育核心和选修能力单元,为草产业编写能力标准提供参考。同时提出了将能力标准落实于教学的构想,可以为提升我国草产业职业教育提供参考。

关键词: 草产业职业教育; AHC10培训包; 能力标准; 草产业职业教育全国管理体系
中图分类号:S812-4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2017)09-1962-07 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2016-0577
Discussion on referring to the Australian AHC10 training package in pratacultural vocational education
Liu Ying-chun1, Whistler R2, Zhang Dong-jie1
1.Qinghai Vocational and Technical College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Huangyuan 812100, China
2.Queensland Agricultural Training Colleges, Building 8117, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia
Corresponding author: Liu Ying-chun E-mail:yingchunliu63@163.com
Abstract

AHC10 Agriculture, Horticulture and Conservation and Land Management is a set of training guidelines used in Australian agricultural vocational education and training. In this paper, its content and structure have been discussed. It has been indicated that by learning and referring to the competency standards and assessment guidelines of the AHC10 training package, the requirements for skill and knowledge on pratacultural occupations are better implemented, and occupational levels in the pratacultural industry are defined precisely, which may contribute to the finalization of the national system of vocational qualification in China. Complying with the theory of four production levels of grassland agro-ecosystem, examples of core and elective units of competency for pratacultural vocational education have been proposed, which could be referred to or even followed by the pratacultural industry as examples in the writing units of competency. Deliverance of the competency standards in pratacultural vocational education in China has been proposed. It is expected that this paper will contribute as a reference to improve pratacultural vocational education in China.

Keyword: pratacultural vocational education; AHC10 training package; competency standards; national administrative authority of pratacultural vocational education.

澳大利亚2 438万人口在762万km2的土地上创造了农业奇迹, 2015年农业产值增长率达到17%[1, 2], 其重要原因之一是拥有先进的农业职业教育与培训[2, 3]。培训包是澳大利亚职业教育与培训体系的纲领性文献[4], 它不是教学大纲或教材课本, 而是产业根据岗位需求, 向职业教育与培训机构提出的人才规格标准[5, 6]。农业产业的培训包名称为《农业、园林、保护和土地管理培训包AHC10》[7](简称AHC10培训包), 内容涉及大田作物生产、动物科学、园林、自然保护、土地管理、草坪、养蜂和农村社区管理等10个专业内容。本文介绍AHC10培训包内容和结构, 讨论我国草业职业教育借鉴澳大利亚培训包的意义和构想, 以期为提升草业职业教育提供参考。

1 澳大利亚AHC10培训包内容简介

AHC10培训包的核心部分是澳大利亚资格框架、能力标准和考评指南。能力单元是构成能力标准的基本单位, AHC10培训包有840个能力单元和242个从其它产业培训包导入的能力单元, 还有为需要执照的特殊岗位如农药管理、野生动物管护等设定的特殊能力单元的56个技能群。考评是对考生所展示能力的评判和取证过程, 要符合《国家职业教育与培训质量框架》[8], 依照考评指南的取证和评判规则、能力单元内容和企业岗位的要求进行考评。

AHC10培训包包括澳大利亚资格框架[9]下的6个等级, 即1级、2级、3级、4级、文凭和高等文凭, 共91个资格证书, 每个等级包括不同专业, 如农业3级证书、运动草坪3级证书等。表1列举了AHC10培训包每个等级的部分资格证书名称。

每个能力单元还包括通用基本能力, 内容如交流沟通、团队合作、解决问题、创新创业、组织规划、自我管理、学习提高、应用新技术能力等。规定数量的能力单元考评合格, 才能获得资格证书, 如获得天然草地恢复3级证书, 要通过两个必修单元考评, 即“ 积极参与岗位健康安全活动” 和“ 参与工作中的可持续环保活动” ; 根据岗位的需要, 还要通过14个选修单元考评, 必须从以下26个能力单元中选取这14个能力单元:执行天然草地恢复、天然草地管护、采集保存生物样品、实施草地补播、实施草地免耕、采集种子、分类种子、杂草防除等。这种必修和选修单元的选取是资格证书的“ 打包规则” [10], AHC10培训包中的91个资格证书全部具有明确的打包规则。

表1 AHC10培训包部分资格证书列表 Table 1 List of certain certificates and diplomas in the AHC10 training package
2 我国草业职业教育借鉴AHC10培训包的意义
2.1 借鉴资格证书的意义

每个资格证书对应产业中的一个工种岗位[11], 如获得天然草地恢复3级证书后可申请天然草地管理3级工岗位, 该证书要求完成的16个能力单元, 完整准确地反映目前该岗位所需的知识技能[7]。持有草地保护和土地管理4级证书可申请地区土地管理官员助理等岗位, 持有农业经营管理高等文凭可以申请地区农业发展规划官员、农业职教学院校长等职位[12, 13], 这与澳大利亚高度产业化、集约化的现代农业生产模式相适应。我国《国家职业资格分类》中, 草产业职业岗位有草原监护员、牧草工、草坪建植工、畜牧与草业技术人员和草业生产人员5个职业岗位[14], 今后将会进一步细化产业的工种岗位[15]。借鉴AHC10培训包“ 资格证书” , 可以清晰地界定草产业的岗位及其所需知识技能的等级, 有利于求职者就业和企业的人力资源管理。AHC10培训包不规定知识技能的获取途径和方式, 考评合格便可获得证书, 个人能力被认可[16]。资格证书制度还可以与先前学习认证(Prior Learning Recognition, PLR)衔接[17]

2.2 借鉴能力标准和考评指南的意义

能力标准的基本单元— — 能力单元, 以能力要素、操作标准和所需知识技能的形式综合表达岗位技能包含的内容, 每个能力单元对应岗位的一项技能[18], 能力单元考评合格后, 这项岗位技能便得到了认可。学习者在规定数量的必修和选修单元考评合格后, 获得某个资格证书。因此, 能力标准全面地、直接地反映了产业岗位所需的知识、技能、职场态度和职业道德等, 学习者掌握的技能知识与岗位所需完全对接。经过多次改革, 我国草产业职业教育内容已经删除了46%的理论性学术知识[19], 但技能性内容仍然按照学术性的逻辑顺序编排[20, 21], 严重地影响了学习内容与产业岗位所需的对接, 影响实训实习资源条件建设[22]。能力单元的能力要素和操作标准就是考评的内容[7], 而且教学与考评同步进行, 这为实操技能教学、学生的学习、操练和参加考评提供了便利[23]。AHC10培训包对教材没有任何规定和要求[24], 职业学院要根据能力单元的内容和考评指南的要求, 灵活多样地组织教材。澳大利亚农业职业学院授课教师中具有生产岗位经验或企业兼职的教师占53%[25]

2.3 借鉴澳大利亚职业教育与培训体系的意义

澳大利亚职业教育与培训体系包括资格框架、质量培训框架和培训包[26], 农业产业的全国管理机构是“ 澳大利亚农业食品技能委员会” , 其职责之一是代表产业开发设计培训包[27]。借鉴澳大利亚职业教育与培训全国性自上而下的管理体系[28]和“ 农业食品技能委员会” [29]机构的理念, 有利于我国草产业形成职业教育全国管理体系, 促进职教学院与产业沟通交流, 促进政府、产业和学院联合办职教[30]。有利于从职业教育领域入手, 协调产业发展兴衰与其职业教育之间互为因果、相互制约的关系[31], 使职业教育推动产业的发展[32]。企业可以根据地域、生产特点、岗位需要等, 按资格证书的“ 打包规则” , 从AHC10培训包的能力单元、导入能力单元中选择能力单元, 有较大的自由选择空间, AHC10培训包既兼顾全国各地各个类型生产岗位的特点, 又具有较高的灵活性[33]

3 草业职业教育借鉴AHC10培训包的构想
3.1 由全国草产业职业教育管理机构组织制定草产业能力标准

要成立由政府、产业和职业学院组成的全国管理机构如“ 草业职业技能委员会” , 代表产业主导职业教育, 作为草产业职业教育工作的基础。借助这个平台, 开发草产业职业教育能力标准。基于“ 草地农业系统4个生产层” 的理论[34], 设计草产业职业教育的能力单元[35]图1中, 列出了核心能力单元和由4个生产层衍生出的4类草业职业教育选修能力单元。可以将4类选修能力单元归于教育部设立的草业技术专业的草原保护与利用和牧草生产与利用两个专业方向[36]之下, 每个专业方向中可以包括不同的生产层的内容, 因而有不同的能力单元内容, 如前植物生产层下的选修能力单元类, 包括的草地资源监管、草地生态旅游专业等内容, 归于草原保护与利用专业; 植物生产层下, 包括的草地培育改良、饲草和种子生产等内容, 归于牧草生产与利用专业。核心能力单元和4类选修能力单元之下, 又分为Ⅰ 级至Ⅵ 级, 其中的Ⅱ 至Ⅵ 级与5个国家职业资格等级相对应, 即初级技能、中级技能、高级技能、技师和高级技师[37], Ⅰ 级为技术工人入门等级, 没有列入国家职业资格等级中。同样, Ⅰ 至Ⅵ 级中每个等级中仅列举了几个能力单元名称。图1中列举的能力单元将起到抛砖引玉的作用。根据草产业岗位需求, 将以此为样板, 增添更多的能力单元, 使得能力标准更完善。

图1 由“ 草地农业系统的4个生产层理论” 衍生的草业职业教育的核心和选修能力单元举例Fig.1 Examples of core and elective competence units derived from the theory of four production

3.2 编写并在教学中修改完善草产业能力单元

在全国“ 草业职业技能委员会” 的组织和指导下, 草产业根据生产岗位的需要, 增添更多的专业和选修能力单元(图1), 并以AHC10培训包能力单元为模板, 撰写每个能力单元, 制定约包括270个能力单元的《全国草业职业技术能力标准》草案, 将全面准确地反映草产业岗位所需知识技能[38]。在教学中试用能力标准, 及时向全国“ 草业职业技能委员会” 反馈、修改存在的问题, 达到反映岗位需求、符合职业技术学习者的认知规律、增强教学可操作性的目的[39]。草业职业教育课程随着新技术推广而更新, 能力单元的设置要为此预留空间[40, 10]

3.3 职教学院相应的课程和专业建设

课程和课程体系是实施能力标准的平台。采用工作过程系统化的方法[41], 将能力标准进行教学化处理, 确定课程内容的排序和结构。即考虑岗位工作的流程及其复杂程度, 将多个能力单元整合形成典型工作领域; 根据职业成长和学习认知规律、设备、场地等教学资源条件, 将典型工作领域转换为课程, 课程的名称要明确反映职业岗位工作过程。能力标准转换为课程体系。课程开发完成后, 每门课设计3个以上的学习情境, 如“ 草地改良技术” 课程可以由严重退化草地的改良方法、中等退化草地的改良方法、轻度退化草地的改良方法、天然草地的维护几个学习情境组成, 采用不同的教学手段, 如项目教学、角色扮演、小组讨论、虚拟训练、顶岗实习等, 教师由“ 手把手” 过渡到“ 放开手” , 鼓励学习者独立思考学习[42]。要发挥国家、地方和学院的作用, 健全草产业职业教育的教材开发和管理体制, 开发规范而又符合各地区草产业的职教教材[43]。坚持聘用企业一线技术骨干承担实践性课程尤其是实习课程的教学, 由职教集团解决企业兼职教师的人事管理问题[44]

全国“ 草业职业技能委员会” 代表草产业向全国职业教育管理权威机构和人力资源部门推荐《草产业职业技术能力标准》, 纳入国家相关的职教体系和职业资格认定体系[45]

4 结论

借鉴澳大利亚AHC10培训包, 以全国“ 草业职业技能委员会” 为平台, 草产业以能力标准和考评指南的形式, 向职教学院提出产业岗位的人才规格标准, 可以全面准确地反映岗位知识技能需求。职教学院将能力标准贯彻落实在教学活动中, 使草产业职业教育真正立足于岗位工作过程, 推动草产业发展。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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