全株玉米青贮营养品质的紧实度效应

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王旭哲, 岳亚飞, 张凡凡, 马春晖. 全株玉米青贮营养品质的紧实度效应. 草业科学, 2016,33(9):1893-1900
Wang Xu-zhe, Yue Ya-fei, Zhang Fan-fan, Ma Chun-hui. The compaction effect of nutritional quality of whole plant corn silage. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(9): 1893-1900 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

全株玉米青贮营养品质的紧实度效应

王旭哲, 岳亚飞, 张凡凡, 马春晖

石河子大学动物科技学院,新疆石河子 832003

通信作者:马春晖(1966-),男,新疆哈密人,教授,博士,研究方向为饲草生产与加工。 E-mail:chunhuima@126.com

第一作者:王旭哲(1991-),男,吉林九台人,在读硕士生,研究方向为饲草生产与加工。E-mail:690953197@qq.com

收稿日期: 2016-04-02

基金: 国家自然科学基金项目(31460637); 国家牧草产业技术体系(CARS35)

摘要

本研究旨在分析不同紧实度对全株玉米( Zea mays)青贮品质变化的影响,以便筛选出适宜的青贮紧实度。以新饲玉10号青贮玉米为材料,青贮装料密度设计为5个(350、400、500、600、700 kg·m^-3),分别在青贮制作完成后1、3、5、7、9、15、30、50 d取样,测定青贮料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)和pH,并动态监测开窖后各处理青贮内部温度变化规律,同时对比开窖前后的相对饲喂价值(RFV)。结果表明,青贮时间和紧实度的交互作用仅对CP、ADF和pH有极显著影响( P<0.01),对DM、NDF和WSC均无显著影响( P>0.05)。处理600 kg·m^-3的pH最低且CP含量最高;处理700 kg·m^-3的DM、WSC以及RFV值含量最高,NDF及ADF含量最低。处理600 kg·m^-3有氧暴露后稳定的时间显著高于其它处理( P<0.05),达到100 h。同时,有氧暴露时间与温度呈现出单调递增的趋势,且相关性显著( P<0.05)。随着紧实度的增大(350~600 kg·m^-3),青贮饲料的品质增加,有氧稳定性提高;当紧实度为600 kg·m^-3时,品质较700 kg·m^-3变化不显著,600 kg·m^-3为最佳紧实度,建议采用。

关键词: 紧实度; 玉米青贮; 营养品质

中图分类号:S816.11 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)9-1893-08 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0669

The compaction effect of nutritional quality of whole plant corn silage

Wang Xu-zhe, Yue Ya-fei, Zhang Fan-fan, Ma Chun-hui

College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China

Corresponding author: Ma Chun-hui E-mail:chunhuima@126.com

Abstract

In this study, the whole plant corn ( Zea mays) silage nutritional quality at different compactions was analyzed to determine the appropriate compaction of silage. The treatments used Xinsiyu 10 for silage materials with five compaction degrees (350, 400, 500, 600 and 700 kg·m^-3). Sampling and determination of the DM, CP, NDF, ADF, WSC and RFV of silages were done on the 1 st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 15th, 30th and 50th day after ensiling. Dynamic monitoring of the temperature change of each silage treatment was also measured after opening silo. Results indicated that DM, CP, NDF, ADF, and WSC content and pH value from compaction degree of corn silage decreased significantly than before ensiling ( P<0.05). Silage time had a significant effect on above indicators ( P<0.01). After opening silo, 600 kg·m^-3 had the lowest pH value, while the content of CP was the highest; DM, WSC and RFV of 700 kg·m^-3 treatment was the highest, NDF and ADF was the lowest. The stable time after exposure to oxygen of treatment 600 kg·m^-3 was significantly higher than other treatments ( P<0.05), reaching 100 h. At the same time, there was a monotonic increasing trend of oxygen exposure time and temperature, and the correlation was significant ( P<0.05). With the increasing of charge degree range (350~600 kg·m^-3), the fermentation quality of the silage correspondingly increased. When compaction degree reaching to 600 kg·m^-3, the quality did not change significantly, suggesting that 600 kg·m^-3 is the best compaction.

Keyword: compaction; corn silage; nutritional quality

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调制青贮饲料的目的就是最大限度地保持青贮原料原有的营养价值, 并将营养物质的损失降至最低^[1]。在青贮调制过程中, 适当的青贮紧实度可以通过改变青贮饲料间的孔隙决定氧气穿透青贮饲料的程度^{[2, 3]}, 进而改善青贮饲料的青贮品质^{[4, 5]}, 随着紧实度的增加青贮牧草的pH可显著降低^[6], 同时高密度青贮窖可有效降低干物质损失^[7]。所以, 紧实度的控制对青贮品质尤为重要^[8]。但有关紧实度在青贮中的系统研究报道较少。在生产实践中, 机械、填装作业、设施高度等因素均影响青贮紧实度的控制, 同时实际操作中很少量化控制青贮的紧实度, 缺乏可供参考的适宜范围, 对青贮品质产生较大影响。因此, 本研究设置不同紧实度的青贮处理, 探究不同紧实度下全株玉米青贮品质的变化规律, 同时结合有氧稳定性比较各紧实度下的全株玉米青贮品质, 旨在选出合适的青贮紧实度从而为生产实践提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

青贮原料:以玉米品种新饲玉10号(新疆农垦科学院作物所选育的早中熟品种)为青贮材料, 其生长期为2015年4月10日-2015年7月20日(生长期101 d), 乳熟末期至蜡熟初期刈割, 当场切碎为1~2 cm 长的物料, 待贮。测定全株青贮玉米水分和水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量分别为77.37%和18.77%, pH为4.91, 粗蛋白(CP)含量为9.64%, 中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为59.25%、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)为47.16%。

青贮罐规格:直筒, 直径19.4 cm, 高102 cm, 壁厚0.6 cm, 容积为30.2 L, 采用PVC管制作。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 试验设计试验地位于新疆石河子大学牧草试验站(44° 20' N, 88° 30' E, 海拔420 m)。将青贮装料密度即紧实度设为5个, 分别为 350、400、500、600、700 kg· m^-3, 每个紧实度3次重复。分别在青贮装罐完成后1、3、5、7、9、15、30、50 d取样, 青贮50 d时开窖, 每个时间点在各处理组的3个青贮罐分别取样, 即3个重复, 对青贮料的营养成分、WSC和pH进行分析, 计算开窖当天各处理组的相对饲喂价值(RFV), 并在开窖后动态监测各处理青贮饲料的温度变化。

1.2.2 测定方法干物质(DM)采用105 ℃烘干法测定^[9]; NDF(%DM)和ADF采用范氏法(van Soest)测定^[10]; CP采用凯氏定氮法测定^[10]; 水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)采用蒽酮比色法测定^[11]; pH利用酸度计(PHS-25, 上海雷磁)测定; 不同处理青贮饲料的温度采用多点式温度记录仪(i500-E3TW, 玉环智拓仪器科技有限公司)动态监测, 温度记录仪测量时间间隔设置为5 min, 每个处理放置3个温度探头。

RFV的计算公式^[12]为:

RFV=DMI× DDM/1.29.

式中:DMI为干物质随意采食量(% BW), DMI=120/NDF; DDM为可消化干物质含量(% DM), DDM=88.9-0.779× ADF; ADF为酸性洗涤纤维含量; 选择1.29是饲草DMI× DDM的参数值。

1.3 数据处理

在Excel中作数据的基本处理, 用SPSS 17.0对各处理的DM、NDF、ADF、CP、WSC和pH以及有氧稳定时间进行方差分析, 通过Duncan法对各处理间的差异进行比较。采用Origin 8.0进行绘图并对开窖温度进行线性拟合。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同紧实度下全株玉米青贮营养品质变化

pH在青贮期内变化明显(表1)。青贮1 d后, pH开始出现差异, 随后的青贮过程中350和400 kg· m^-3的pH始终与其它处理差异显著(P< 0.05)。青贮3 d时, 500、600和700 kg· m^-3处理的pH均降为4.00以下。青贮5 d时, 350 kg· m^-3处理的pH降至3.99, 随后出现缓慢上升趋势。青贮15 d时, 400、500、700 kg· m^-3处理的pH均降至最低; 400 kg· m^-3与除350 kg· m^-3处理外其余3个处理间差异显著(P< 0.05), 而500、600和700 kg· m^-3处理间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。在青贮50 d时, 处理350和400 kg· m^-3的pH与其它处理差异显著(P< 0.05)且350 kg· m^-3的pH最高, 为4.13, 其余3组间差异不显著(P> 0.05), 处理600 kg· m^-3的pH最低, 为3.97。

表1 青贮过程中不同紧实度下全株玉米青贮营养品质的变化 Table 1 Change of the nutritional quality of whole-plant corn silage at different compactions during fermentation process

青贮时间 Silage time/d	紧实度 Compaction/kg· m^-3	DM/%	CP/%	NDF/%		ADF/%		WSC/%	pH
1	350	20.20a	8.96a	57.64a		46.80a		13.03b	4.23a
	400	20.25a	8.26b	57.59ab		46.05ab		13.31b	4.18a
	500	20.59a	8.45ab	56.68bc		45.57b		13.31b	4.05b
	600	20.54a	7.38c	56.96abc		44.18c		16.86a	3.98c
	700	22.38a	8.42ab	56.25c		45.89ab		17.29a	4.10b
	SE	0.48	0.07	0.13		0.13		0.27	0.01
3	350	20.44b	7.92a	57.41a		45.95a		12.63b	4.11a
	400	20.37b	7.92a	57.10ab		43.63b		13.19ab	4.08a
	500	20.95ab	8.30a	55.94bc		42.40c		12.54b	3.94b
	600	20.83ab	7.82a	55.68c		42.75c		16.31a	3.96b
	700	21.45a	7.72a	54.97c		42.14c		14.24ab	3.96b
	SE	0.11	0.10	0.19		0.12		0.23	0.01
5	350	19.87b	7.67bc	56.62a		44.78a		11.68a	3.99b
	400	20.30b	7.36c	55.77ab		43.94b		11.06a	4.07a
	500	20.62ab	8.02a	54.89ab		41.69c		8.62a	3.91d
	600	20.76ab	7.96ab	54.84ab		42.34c		13.84a	3.95c
	700	21.56a	7.51c	54.45b		41.62c		12.73a	3.95c
	SE	0.14	0.04	0.19		0.12		0.23	0.01
7	350	19.70b	7.33b	55.20a		44.05a		11.12a	4.00b
	400	20.21ab	6.30c	54.70ab		42.85b		10.04a	4.06a
	500	20.92a	7.22b	53.64ab		39.93d		8.50a	3.92c
	600	20.54ab	7.92a	53.62ab		37.44e		8.77a	3.94c
	700	21.15a	7.44b	53.18b		41.16c		8.84a	3.93c
	SE	0.17	0.06	0.22		0.11		0.27	0.01
9	350	19.35b	6.68c	54.11a		43.13a		8.99a	4.02a
	400	20.28a	6.42d	53.49ab		37.27d		9.36a	4.05a
	500	20.58a	7.18b	52.70b		38.78c		6.58a	3.89b
	600	20.98a	7.92a	52.35bc		36.28e		8.13a	3.88b
	700	20.92a	7.81a	51.17c		40.35b		8.65a	3.89b
	SE	0.13	0.02	0.12		0.12		0.27	0.01
15	350	18.68c	6.58c	53.62a		37.66a		7.48a	4.04a
	400	19.70b	6.64c	53.54a		35.49b		7.97a	4.04a
	500	19.68b	7.08b	51.75b		35.69b		7.17a	3.88b
	600	20.39ab	7.79a	51.63b		31.97d		6.74a	3.89b
	700	21.04a	7.58a	51.07b		33.48c		8.10a	3.88b
	SE	0.14	0.05	0.18		0.14		0.30	0.01
30	350	18.64c	6.33d	52.80a		36.27a		3.03b	4.08a
	400	19.22bc	6.45d	52.23a		33.64b		4.82ab	4.04b
	500	20.24ab	6.81c	51.20a		35.59a		5.29ab	3.90c
	600	20.34ab	7.73a	51.47a		31.24c		5.29ab	3.91c
	700	21.03a	7.48b	50.64a		32.37bc		7.76a	3.91c
	SE	0.23	0.03	0.36		0.22		0.25	0.01
青贮时间 Silage time/d	紧实度 Compaction/kg· m^-3	DM/%	CP/%	NDF/%	ADF/%		WSC/%		pH
50	350	18.56c	6.06e	52.14a	35.10a		2.94c		4.13a
	400	19.17bc	6.41d	51.51ab	32.12b		4.24b		4.08a
	500	20.02ab	6.69c	50.23b	31.83bc		5.16b		4.00b
	600	19.60b	7.71a	50.45ab	30.66cd		4.61b		3.97b
	700	20.77a	7.44b	49.88b	30.15d		6.95a		4.00b
	SE	0.14	0.02	0.24	0.21		0.15		0.01

Note: Different lower case letters for the same silage time within the same column mean significant differences among different compaction treatments at 0.05 level.

注:同列不同小写字母表示同一青贮天数各紧实度处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。

青贮50 d时, 350 kg· m^-3的DM含量显著低于500~700 kg· m^-3(P< 0.05)的, 但400~600 kg· m^-3处理间无显著差异(P> 0.05)(表1)。

在青贮过程的初期, 各处理CP含量均缓慢下降, 但随着青贮的进行, 下降速度逐渐平缓, 青贮3 d时各处理间无显著差异(P> 0.05), 15 d后基本保持稳定。青贮50 d时各处理间CP含量均差异显著(P< 0.05), 且600 kg· m^-3的CP含量为7.71%, 显著高于其它各处理的, 350 kg· m^-3的CP含量最低, 只有6.06%。

青贮青贮过程中, 各处理NDF含量均呈现出下降趋势(表1)。青贮1 d时, 350和400 kg· m^-3的NDF含量显著高于处理700 kg· m^-3(P< 0.05), 其余两个处理间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。随后的青贮过程中, 处理350 kg· m^-3的NDF含量始终显著高于700 kg· m^-3(P< 0.05), 到青贮30 d时各处理间差异均不显著(P> 0.05)。青贮50 d时, 除处理350 kg· m^-3显著高于400和600 kg· m^-3处理(P< 0.05)外, 其余各处理间未表现出明显差异(P> 0.05), 其中700 kg· m^-3的NDF含量降至最低, 为49.88%。

随着青贮的进行, 各处理组ADF含量呈现出下降趋势(表1)。青贮1 d时, 600 kg· m^-3的ADF含量显著低于其余处理的(P< 0.05), 在随后的青贮过程中, 除青贮30 d后, 500 kg· m^-3与350 kg· m^-3无显著差异外, 处理350 kg· m^-3始终显著高于其余处理(P< 0.05)。

在青贮的前15 d, 各处理WSC含量逐步下降, 随后15-30 d下降幅度加大, 但30-50 d趋于平缓。(表1)。青贮1 d时, 处理600和700 kg· m^-3的WSC含量均显著高于其余处理的(P< 0.05)。但在青贮5、7、9、15 d时, 各处理间无显著差异(P> 0.05)。在青贮的前15 d, 各处理WSC含量快速下降, 但在青贮30 d之后下降平缓。直至青贮50 d时, 处理700 kg· m^-3的WSC含量显著高于其它处理的(P< 0.05), 其WSC含量为6.95%, 处理350 kg· m^-3显著低于其它处理(P< 0.05), 其WSC含量为2.94%。

2.2 紧实度、青贮时间及其互作对全株玉米青贮营养品质的影响

青贮时间对于DM、CP、NDF、ADF、WSC和pH的变化均有极显著影响(P< 0.01)(表2), 同时紧实度对于上述各指标也均有极显著影响(P< 0.01)。但时间与处理的交互作用仅对CP、ADF和pH有极显著影响(P< 0.01), 对DM、NDF和WSC均未产生显著影响(P> 0.05)。

表2 青贮时间和紧实度对全株玉米青贮营养品质的影响 Table 2 Effect of silage time and compaction on nutritional quality of whole-plant corn silage

2.3 全株玉米青贮前后营养品质对比分析

对全株玉米青贮前后营养品质进行对比分析(表3)发现, 在青贮开窖后各处理与青贮原料在DM、CP、NDF、ADF、WSC、pH和RFV均有显著差异(P< 0.05), 且各处理DM、CP、NDF、ADF、WSC含量和pH均降低, RFV逐步上升。

表3 青贮前后全株玉米营养品质对比分析 Table 3 Analysis of nutritional quality of whole-plant corn befor and after the silage

通过比较开窖后各处理的RFV值(表3)发现, 各处理的营养品质均与青贮原料的存在显著差异(P< 0.05), 且随着青贮进程的推进, 各处理的RFV值较青贮原料有所升高。处理350 kg· m^-3的RFV值显著低于其余处理(P< 0.05), 而处理500、600、700 kg· m^-3间无显著差异(P> 0.05), 且700 kg· m^-3的RFV值最大。

2.4 紧实度对全株玉米青贮有氧稳定性的影响

有氧稳定时间为青贮饲料暴露于空气中的温度高于室温2 ℃时所需时间(h)^[13]。处理350~700 kg· m^-3有氧暴露后稳定的时间分别为15、49、62、100、73 h, 且各处理间均差异显著(P< 0.05)(图1)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同紧实度青贮玉米暴露于空气下的有氧稳定性注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig.1 Aerobic stability of different compactions corn silage exposed to air Note: Different lower case letters mean significant difference at 0.05 level.

对各处理氧暴露时间与温度进行回归分析(图2), 结果表明, 5个紧实度处理下全株玉米青贮的有氧暴露时间与温度存在相关性, 二者关系表现出随着有氧暴露时间的延长, 温度呈现线性递增的趋势且相关性显著(P< 0.05), 二者关系为Y=0.002X+24.920(R²=0.768), 其中, X是有氧暴露时间, Y是温度。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 玉米青贮有氧暴露时间与温度之间的关系Fig.2 Relationship between oxygen exposure time and temperature in corn silage

3 讨论

3.1 紧实度对玉米青贮饲料品质的影响

pH能反映青贮饲料是否保存较好及其被腐败菌分解的程度, 品质优良的青贮饲料pH为3.8~4.5^[14]。紧实度和青贮时间对pH有极显著影响(P< 0.01), 且随青贮时间的延长均呈现下降趋势。这是因为青贮初期各类微生物活动活跃, 消耗了原料中的WSC, 从而产生大量的酸, 导致pH快速下降, 这与杨云贵等^[15]的研究结果一致。青贮3 d时, 500、600、700 kg· m^-3的pH均降为4.00以下。随着青贮紧实度的增加, pH逐渐降低, 说明较大紧实度的pH相对较低^[7], 600 kg· m^-3的pH最低, 350和400 kg· m^-3的pH与其它处理差异显著(P< 0.05), 其余3个处理间异不显著(P> 0.05)。随着青贮紧实度的增大WSC含量的减少量逐渐降低, 这是由于青贮初期青贮原料WSC含量较高, 为乳酸菌提供了大量营养物质^[16], 导致乳酸菌活动活跃, 产生了更多乳酸, 随着青贮紧实度的增大, pH能较快进入稳定状态, 从而可尽早减少对WSC的消耗量^{[3, 17]}。

本研究中, 各处理与青贮前相比, DM含量明显下降, 由于青贮原料是在乳熟末期收获调制的, 其含水量较高, 作为青贮过程中微生物重要青贮来源的WSC的含量也高, 被微生物利用后导致其最后DM含量损失相对较高。随着青贮紧实度的增大, DM含量的减少量逐渐降低, 处理350 kg· m^-3的DM含量最小, 这是由于高密度的青贮可减少呼吸损失和其它有氧损失^{[7, 18]}。

本研究在青贮的过程中, 随着青贮时间的推移, 各处理CP含量均较青贮原料有所降低, 是由于青贮中的腐败微生物梭菌会分解原料中的氨基酸、含氮盐类(硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐)、嘌呤和嘧啶产生氨态氮, 这些生物活动都会降低青贮蛋白的含量。但随着青贮紧实度的增大, CP含量减少量较小, 是由于随着青贮密度的增加, 饲料的孔性降低, 氧气含量减少^[3], 腐败微生物的生长减缓, 从而CP的损失减少。

NDF和ADF含量越高, 饲料营养品质越差。本研究中, NDF及ADF含量都有不同程度的降解, 由于青贮初期存在部分产纤维素酶的微生物^[19], 其消耗青贮中的营养物质产生纤维素酶导致ADF下降相对较快且NDF也有所下降, 之后基本保持稳定。本研究中, 随着青贮紧实度的增大, NDF及ADF含量的减少量逐渐降低, 是由于青贮初期细胞呼吸和接下来的酶解过程容易导致碳水化合物分解, 从而使不可消化组分的含量相对增加^[20]。因此, WSC含量高的处理700 kg· m^-3比WSC含量低的350 kg· m^-3处理的NDF、ADF含量低, 且与处理500、600 kg· m^-3间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。综上所述, 700 kg· m^-3的RFV含量最高。

3.2 紧实度对玉米青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响

本研究中, 不同紧实度玉米青贮饲料的有氧稳定性存在显著差异(P< 0.05)。随着青贮紧实度的增大, 玉米青贮饲料的有氧稳定性时间逐渐延长。较高的青贮密度可提供较为稳定的pH环境, 可抑制好氧微生物的生长^[21]。因此, 处理350 kg· m^-3有氧暴露后稳定的时间仅有15 h, 而处理600 kg· m^-3达到100 h, 显著高于其它处理(P< 0.05)。但处理700 kg· m^-3的WSC含量较高, 相对于处理600 kg· m^-3为好氧微生物创造了有利的生存条件, 因此, 600 kg· m^-3的有氧稳定时间长于700 kg· m^-3。直至最后一组处理暴露于空气中高于室温2 ℃时开窖结束。随着有氧暴露时间的延长, 温度呈现出线性递增趋势(P< 0.05), 正是由于开窖后随时间延长, 好氧微生物的活动增强, 其利用青贮底物产生水、二氧化碳和热量^[22]。因此, 温度随有氧暴露时间延长而上升。

4 结论

本研究中, 不同紧实度对玉米青贮过程中pH、DM、CP、NDF、ADF、WSC、RFV含量变化以及开窖后有氧稳定时间均影响显著。综合比较, 随着紧实度的增大(350~600 kg· m^-3), 青贮饲料的营养品质增加, 有氧稳定时间提高。当紧实度达到600 kg· m^-3后, 营养品质变化不显著, 有氧稳定性最好。因此, 600 kg· m^-3为最佳紧实度。同时, 有氧暴露时间与温度呈现出线性递增的趋势Y=0.002X+24.920(R²=0.768)。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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[10]	朱丹, 张佩华, 赵勋, 刘士杰, 张开展, William P. Weirs, 卜登攀. 不同NDF与淀粉比例饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的降解特性. 草业科学, 2015, 32(12): 2122-2130. Zhu D, Zhang P H, Zhao X, Liu S J, Zhang K Z, Weirs W P, Bu D P. Rumen degradation characteristics of different neutral detergent fiber/starch ratio diets in dairy cattle. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(12): 2122-2130. (in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
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[21]	Gerlach K, Roß F, Weiß K, Büscher W, Südekum K-H. Aerobic exposure of grass silages and its impact on dry matter intake and preference by goats. Small Ruminant Research, 2014, 117(2-3): 131-141. [本文引用:1]
[22]	徐春城. 现代青贮理论与技术. 北京: 科学出版社, 2013: 129-130. Xu C C. Silage Science and Technology. Beijing: Science Press, 2013: 129-130. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

2006

0.0

... 调制青贮饲料的目的就是最大限度地保持青贮原料原有的营养价值,并将营养物质的损失降至最低^[1] ...

2012

0.0

... 在青贮调制过程中,适当的青贮紧实度可以通过改变青贮饲料间的孔隙决定氧气穿透青贮饲料的程度^[2,3],进而改善青贮饲料的青贮品质^[4,5],随着紧实度的增加青贮牧草的pH可显著降低^[6],同时高密度青贮窖可有效降低干物质损失^[7] ...

2007

0.0

... 随着青贮紧实度的增大WSC含量的减少量逐渐降低,这是由于青贮初期青贮原料WSC含量较高,为乳酸菌提供了大量营养物质^[16],导致乳酸菌活动活跃,产生了更多乳酸,随着青贮紧实度的增大,pH能较快进入稳定状态,从而可尽早减少对WSC的消耗量^[3,17] ...

... 但随着青贮紧实度的增大,CP含量减少量较小,是由于随着青贮密度的增加,饲料的孔性降低,氧气含量减少^[3],腐败微生物的生长减缓,从而CP的损失减少 ...

2009

0.0

2010

0.0

2009

0.0

2007

0.0

... 随着青贮紧实度的增加,pH逐渐降低,说明较大紧实度的pH相对较低^[7],600 kg#cod#x000b7 ...

... m^-3的DM含量最小,这是由于高密度的青贮可减少呼吸损失和其它有氧损失^[7,18] ...

2011

0.0

... 所以,紧实度的控制对青贮品质尤为重要^[8] ...

2015

0.0

任海伟, 赵拓, 李金平, 李雪雁, 李志忠, 徐娜, 王永刚, 喻春来, 高晓航, 王晓力. 玉米秸秆与废弃白菜混贮料的发酵特性及其乳酸菌分离鉴定. 草业科学, 2015, 32(9): 1508-1517.

Ren H

, Zhao

, Li J

, Li X

, Li Z

, Xu

, Wang Y

, Yu C

, Gao X

, Wang X

. Identification of lactic acid bacteria and fermentation characteristics of mixed ensilages of corn stover and cabbage waste. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(9): 1508-1517. (in Chinese)

To explore the feasibility of corn stover (CS) and cabbage waste (CW) mixed silage, the effects of different ratio on ensilages quality were studied to assess the best ration of two materials. Meanwhile, conventional identification methods and 16SrRNA sequence analysis were employed to analyze the lactic acid bacteria diversity from the optimum mass ratio of CS and CW ensilages. The results showed that the pH value of all the mixed silages were lower than CS solely ensilages (SECS, P

1.China Western Energy & Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; 2.School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; 3.China Northwestern Collaborative Innovation Center of Lowcarbon Urbanization Technologies, Lanzhou 730050, China；4.Animal and Veterinary Pharmaceutics Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China

将玉米秸秆（Zea mays）与废弃白菜（Brassica pekinensis）进行不同比例（玉米秸秆与废弃白菜鲜质量比分别为29∶19、27∶21、25∶23、23∶25、21∶27和19∶29）混合青贮，研究二者混贮60 d时的化学组分和发酵品质，筛选出发酵品质最好的混贮比例，并对最优混贮料中的乳酸菌进行分离鉴定。结果表明，所有混贮组的pH值均显著低于玉米秸秆单贮组（P

... 2 测定方法干物质(DM)采用105 ℃烘干法测定^[9] ...

2015

0.0

朱丹, 张佩华, 赵勋, 刘士杰, 张开展, William

P. Weirs

, 卜登攀. 不同NDF与淀粉比例饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的降解特性. 草业科学, 2015, 32(12): 2122-2130.

Zhu

, Zhang P

, Zhao

, Liu S

, Zhang K

, Weirs W

, Bu D

. Rumen degradation characteristics of different neutral detergent fiber/starch ratio diets in dairy cattle. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(12): 2122-2130. (in Chinese)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the rumen degradation characteristics of four different neutral detergent fiber/starch ratio diets. Silage maize, oat grass and corn grain were used to adjust the NDF/Starch ratio. Four total mixed rations were fed with different NDF/Starch in ratios of 0.86(Ⅰ),1.13(Ⅱ),1.56(Ⅲ) and 2.38(Ⅳ), respectively. Three healthy Holstein cows in midlactation (600±21 kg body weight) with permanent ruminal cannulas were selected as experimental animals, and the rumen degradation rates of dry matter (DM),organic matter (OM),crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of four rations were measured using nylon bag method. The culture time of rations in the rumen was 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The results showed that differences were found in common nutritional components, and rumen effective degradability of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF among four different neutral detergent fiber/starch ratio diets. Ranking of the rumen effective degradability of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF among four diets from high to low was group Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ, Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ, Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ, Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ, Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ, respectively. In conclusion, in order to provide a basic parameters and theoretical foundation in formulating rations of dairy cows and use feed resources more effectively, ruminal degradation characteristics of rations are dissimilar, dietary ratio of NDF/Starch between 0.86 and 1.13, have the higher nutritive value among the four types of testing rations.

1.Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; 2.State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; 3.World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100081, China; 4.Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Harbin 150030, China; 5.China feed industry association, Beijing 100125, China; 6. Beijing Sino Farm, Beijing 100125, China; 7.College of Animal Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, America

本研究旨在探讨不同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与淀粉(Starch)比例饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的降解特性。选用青贮玉米( Zea mays )、燕麦( Avena sativa )干草和玉米籽粒调整饲粮中性洗涤纤维和淀粉比例,配制0.86(Ⅰ)、1.13(Ⅱ)、1.56(Ⅲ)和2.38(Ⅳ)4种全混合日粮,以体况良好、平均体重为(600±21) kg且安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的3头荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,通过尼龙袋法对4种饲粮的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解参数和有效降解率进行评定。饲料样品在瘤胃内的培养时间分别为 2、4、8、16、24、36、48和72 h。结果表明,不同中性洗涤纤维与淀粉比例的日粮常规营养成分存在差异。4种日粮的DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率之间存在差异,其高低顺序分别为Ⅰ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅲ组>Ⅳ组、Ⅰ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅲ组>Ⅳ组、Ⅱ组>Ⅰ组>Ⅳ组>Ⅲ组、Ⅰ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅳ组>Ⅲ组、Ⅰ组>Ⅳ组>Ⅲ组>Ⅱ组。由此可见,从4组饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的消化特性来看,NDF与淀粉比例为0.86~1.13的营养价值较高,本研究结果为科学、合理地配制奶牛日粮从而有效利用饲料资源提供依据。

... NDF(%DM)和ADF采用范氏法(van Soest)测定^[10] ...

... CP采用凯氏定氮法测定^[10] ...

2004

0.0

... 水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)采用蒽酮比色法测定^[11] ...

2011

0.0

... RFV的计算公式^[12]为: ...

2015

0.0

刘辉, 卜登攀, 吕中旺, 李发弟, 刘士杰, 张开展, 王加启. 乳酸菌和化学保存剂对窖贮紫花苜蓿青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2015, 46(5): 784-791.

Liu

, Bu D

, Lyu Z

, Li F

, Liu S

, Zhang K

, Wang J

. Effect of lactic acid bacteria or a chemical preservative on the quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage produced in farm-scale silos. Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2015, 46(5): 784-791. (in Chinese)

This study evaluated the effect of different additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa herbage（ Medicago sativa L .）.Whole fourth-cut alfalfa was harvested at the early bloom stage of maturity and allowed to wilt to a DM content of about 50%.Chopped grasses were untreated or after the following treatments：1）Control（no additives）（CK）；2） Lactic acid bacteria（a commercial inoculant）（LAB） at 2×10 5 colony-forming units cfu•g -1 of fresh forage；3） A combination of lactic acid bacteria at 2×10 5 cfu•g -1 of fresh forage and molasses at 2% of fresh forage weight （LAB+M）；4） Sodium dehydroacetate（SD） at 0.1% of fresh forage weight.Silages were sampled on d 90 after ensiling for fermentation and chemical analysis.At the end of the ensiling period，90 d，the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test.In this test，temperature variation was measured and served as spoilage indicators.The results showed that all silages have a good fermentation quality.The application of LAB，LAB+M and SD as silage additives could significantly increase the lactic acid，lactic acid/acetic acid ratio and dry matter recovery but did not alter the crude protein，neutral detergent fiber，Acid detergent fiber and water soluble carbohydrates.The SD silages had less lactic acid concentrations and greater ammonia-N（of % TN） compared with the LAB and LAB+M silages，implied a relatively lower fermentation quality.The LAB silages and LAB+M silages had an equal quality.Silages treated with LAB，LAB+M，and SD took longer to heat than untreated silage when exposed to air，and improvements were numerically substantial.Inoculating alfalfa silage with LAB dramatically improved the aerobic stability of alfalfa haylage.These results indicated that alfalfa haylages produced in farm-scale silos treated with LAB could obtain the best quality.

（1.College of Animal Science and Technology，Gansu Agricultural University，Lanzhou 730070，China；2.State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition，Institute of Animal Science，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Beijing 100193，China；3.Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition，Harbin 150030，China；4.World Agroforestry Centre，East and Central Asia，Beijing 100193，China；5.China Feed Industry Association，Beijing 100125，China；6.Beijing Sino Farm，Beijing 100028，China）

本试验旨在评价不同添加剂对窖贮紫花苜蓿青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。以初花期紫花苜蓿（ Medicago sativa L .）为材料，田间凋萎至干物质含量50%左右时进行青贮。4个处理组：1）CK：对照组（不加添加剂），2）LAB：添加2×10 5 cfu•g -1 乳酸菌组，3）LAB+M：添加2×10 5 cfu•g -1 乳酸菌+2%糖蜜组，4）SD：添加0.1%脱氢乙酸钠组。青贮90 d启窖取样分析青贮饲料发酵指标和化学成分，同时进行有氧稳定性测试。结果表明：所有处理组青贮饲料发酵品质均良好。添加LAB、LAB+M和SD可显著提高苜蓿青贮的乳酸含量、乳酸/乙酸和干物质回收率（ P ＜0.05），显著降低氨态氮/总氮（ P ＜0.05），对粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和可溶性碳水化合物含量无显著影响（ P ＞0.05）；SD处理在pH、乳酸及氨态氮/总氮指标上的青贮效果要低于LAB和LAB+M处理，LAB和LAB+M处理的青贮效果相当。启窖后，LAB、LAB+M和SD处理的苜蓿青贮饲料有氧稳定性显著高于对照组（ P ＜0.05），且添加LAB的效果优于LAB+M和SD。综上表明，在紫花苜蓿窖贮条件下添加LAB可获得品质最优的青贮饲料。

... 4 紧实度对全株玉米青贮有氧稳定性的影响有氧稳定时间为青贮饲料暴露于空气中的温度高于室温2 ℃时所需时间(h)^[13] ...

2014

0.0

... 5^[14] ...

2012

0.0

杨云贵, 张越利, 杜欣, 刘桂要, 曹社会. 2种玉米青贮饲料青贮过程中主要微生物的变化规律研究. 畜牧兽医学报, 2012, 43(3): 397-403.

Yang Y

, Zhang Y

, Du

, Liu G

, Cao S

. Study on the major microorganism changes during the silage processing of two kinds of corn silage. Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2012, 43(3): 397-403. (in Chinese)

The aim of this study was to observe the number of major microorganisms and change trends during the corn silage processing. The corn silage in bottles was made by crosscutting of corn and rubbing stalk, the raw materials of corn silage were got and the silage samples at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 days during silage processing were collected, the samples with aseptic water were soaked, and then the main microorganisms(lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold) were cultured with selective culture medium. The results showed that the moisture content changed very little during the 60 days after the corn silage sealed. pH reduced to

1.College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100,China; 2.Tibet Vocational and Technical College, Lhasa 850030, China

旨在研究玉米青贮过程中各主要微生物的数量变化及变化趋势。做去棒揉丝和带穗切段瓶制青贮，取青贮前玉米青贮原料及在装瓶后第0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9、11、13、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50天的青贮样品，用无菌水浸泡，然后用选择性培养基培养其中的主要微生物，包括乳酸菌、酵母菌和霉菌，最后进行计数。结果表明，在玉米青贮密封后60 d内，水分含量变化很小。pH在第2天下降到4以下，然后稳定在3.5左右，带穗切段玉米青贮pH低于去棒揉丝玉米青贮。乳酸菌数量剧增，在第6、7天时达到最高峰，为109数量级，之后数量缓慢下降，于第15～20天时稳定在107数量级，去棒揉丝玉米青贮的乳酸菌数量在第7天达到最高峰，带穗切段玉米青贮则在第6天出现最高峰，其稍高于去棒揉丝玉米青贮。酵母菌在青贮初期数量有些波动，出现最高峰到达107数量级后数量随时间的延长而减少，去棒揉丝玉米青贮时酵母菌数量迅速下降，第40天后没有再检测到酵母菌的存在，而带穗切段玉米在青贮12 h之内数量迅速增加，之后缓慢下降，第50天后没有再检测到酵母菌的存在。霉菌因密封后氧气缺乏而数量很快减少，最晚在第11天左右便检测不到，去棒揉丝玉米青贮中霉菌数量下降较迅速，第4天之后便检测不到霉菌存在，而带穗切段玉米青贮则比较平缓，直到第11天之后便检测不到霉菌存在。综上所述，在玉米青贮过程中主要微生物随时间大致呈现逐步减少的趋势；对玉米秸秆进行纵切揉丝处理有利于玉米青贮饲料的制作。

... 这是因为青贮初期各类微生物活动活跃,消耗了原料中的WSC,从而产生大量的酸,导致pH快速下降,这与杨云贵等^[15]的研究结果一致 ...

2014

0.0

张庆, 张万军, 田吉鹏, 王雨, 李旭娇, 玉柱. 乳酸菌青贮技术研究进展. 草业科学, 2014, 31(2): 328-333.

Zhang

, Zhang W

, Tian J

, Wang

, Li X

, Yu

. Advances in lactic acid bacteria silage technology research. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(2): 328-333. (in Chinese)

This article reviewed the progress of lactic acid bacteria silage technology around the world. The methods, application and effects of lactic acid bacteria silage technology and the effects of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of silage were summarized. The screening and identification of different bacteria strains and their impact on animal performance were also mentioned. Throughout these review, the comments about the prospects and future directions, especially the widely application of molecular biology in lactic acid bacteria silage technology were presented.

College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193

本文综述了国内外乳酸菌青贮技术的内容、应用及效果, 总结了添加乳酸菌对青贮饲料发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响, 以及不同乳酸菌菌株的筛选和鉴定及其对动物生产性能的影响。通过分析以上内容, 对乳酸菌青贮技术今后的发展方向, 特别是分子生物学在乳酸菌青贮技术研究中应用的广阔前景做了展望。

2015

0.0

杨红, 田吉鹏, 刘贵波, 游永亮, 玉柱. 青贮容器不同部位高丹草青贮饲料的营养价值. 草业科学, 2015, 32(10): 1682-1686.

Yang

, Tian J

, Liu G

, You Y

, Yu

. Comparison of quality and nutritional value of Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense in different positions of the bucket. Pratacultural Scicncc, 2015, 32(10): 1682-1686. (in Chinese)

This study was designed to compare silage quality and nutritional value of Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense collecting from different parts of the container. The samples were taken from three parts of the 63 silage containers, and their quality, nutritional value were analyzed and relative feed value (RFV) was calculated. Results indicated that lactic acid content (LA) in silage increased with sampling sites deepened, and lactic acid content in the upper part was higher than that in the lower part significantly ( P P <0.05) by sampling positions. With the deepening of the sampling site, dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased, while the relative feeding value (RFV) gradually increased.

1.College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; 2.Institute of Dry Farming, Hebei Academy of Agroforestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, China

本试验旨在比较青贮容器中不同部位对高丹草( Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense )青贮饲料发酵品质和营养品质的影响。分别取63个青贮容器上、中、下3个部位的青贮料进行青贮发酵品质和营养成分的测定,并依此推算出各部位青贮饲料的相对饲用价值(RFV)。结果表明,青贮饲料乳酸含量随着青贮桶中取样部位的加深而增加,且青贮桶下部乳酸含量显著高于上部( P ＜0.05)。取样部位对青贮饲料干物质(DM)含量、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量和相对饲用价值(RFV)具有显著影响( P <0.05),随着部位加深其干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量逐渐减少,而相对饲用价值(RFV)逐渐增加。

2000

0.0

... m^-3的DM含量最小,这是由于高密度的青贮可减少呼吸损失和其它有氧损失^[7,18] ...

2011

0.0

... 本研究中,NDF及ADF含量都有不同程度的降解,由于青贮初期存在部分产纤维素酶的微生物^[19],其消耗青贮中的营养物质产生纤维素酶导致ADF下降相对较快且NDF也有所下降,之后基本保持稳定 ...

2004

0.0

刘贤, 韩鲁佳, 原慎一郎, 野中和久. 不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2004, 20(4): 246-249.

Liu

, Han L

, Hara S

, Nanaka

. Effects of different additives on the quality of whole-plant corn and green corn stover silage. Transactions of the CSAE, 2004, 20(4): 246-249. (in Chinese)

In order to discuss the effects of different additives on the quality of whole-plant corn and green corn stover silage, lactobacillus and enzymes were chosen to prepare the raw material solely or jointly for making silage, and after exposure of silage to air, the evaluations of sensory quality, lab and biology and aerobic stability experiment were conducted. The results showed that: the sensory evaluations of whole-plant corn and green corn stover silage treated with additives were all better than the control. When lactobacillus and enzymes were added jointly, they could reduce the contents of NDF, ADF and improve the digestibility of silage. In addition, lactobacillus1, lactobacillus1+ enzyme1 could improve the aerobic stability of silage efficiently.

为了探讨不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响,利用乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂单独或联合使用对原料进行青贮调制，并对开封后的青贮饲料进行了现场评定、实验室评定、生物评定和二次发酵试验。结果表明：不同添加剂处理后得到的全株玉米、青玉米秸青贮饲料的感官评定均优于对照组；在降低青贮饲料的NDF、ADF含量，提高动物的消化率上，乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂混合作用时的效果最显著；另外，乳酸菌1和乳酸菌1＋酶制剂1能够有效地抑制青贮饲料的二次发酵。

... 本研究中,随着青贮紧实度的增大,NDF及ADF含量的减少量逐渐降低,是由于青贮初期细胞呼吸和接下来的酶解过程容易导致碳水化合物分解,从而使不可消化组分的含量相对增加^[20] ...

2014

0.0

... 较高的青贮密度可提供较为稳定的pH环境,可抑制好氧微生物的生长^[21] ...

2013

0.0

... 05),正是由于开窖后随时间延长,好氧微生物的活动增强,其利用青贮底物产生水、二氧化碳和热量^[22] ...