旅游对喀纳斯景区植被和土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响

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唐高溶, 郑伟, 王祥, 朱亚琼. 旅游对喀纳斯景区植被和土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响. 草业科学, 2016,33(8):1476-1485
Tang Gao-rong, Zheng Wei, Wang Xiang, Zhu Ya-qiong. Effects of tourism disturbance on the ecological stoichiometry characteristics of C, N and P of the vegetation and soil in Kanas Scenic Area. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(8): 1476-1485 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

旅游对喀纳斯景区植被和土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响

唐高溶¹, 郑伟^1,², 王祥¹, 朱亚琼¹

1.新疆农业大学草业与环境科学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052

2.新疆维吾尔自治区草地资源与生态重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052

通讯作者:郑伟(1978-),男,湖北武汉人,教授,博士,主要从事草地生态及植物生态的教学和科研工作。E-mail:zw065@126.com

第一作者:唐高溶(1990-),男(土家族),湖南石门人,在读硕士生,主要从事植物生态及生态旅游方面的研究。E-mail:tgrhq99@163.com

收稿日期: 2016-06-13

基金: 国家自然科学基金项目(31460636); 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项——应对气候变化的碳收支认证及相关问题(XDA05050405)

摘要

为了探究旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区植被和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征的影响,根据喀纳斯景区游客活动离游道的距离远近、景点吸引游客数量、景点草地植被状况,将样地划分为Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区4个区域,测定4个不同旅游干扰强度区域植被和土壤的C、N、P含量。结果表明,随着旅游干扰强度的增加,植被和土壤的C、N、P含量均呈递减的趋势,植被和土壤的C:N、C:P、N:P值均随旅游干扰强度的增加而增大;在旅游干扰较强的区域,植物生长易受P限制,旅游干扰弱的区域,植物的生长受N限制。对喀纳斯草地植被与土壤C、N、P含量及生态化学计量特征进行动态监测,可以减轻旅游活动造成的负面影响,有助于喀纳斯景区科学合理的管理。

关键词: 喀纳斯景区; 旅游干扰; 生态化学计量; 游道距离; 植被与土壤

中图分类号:S812.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)8-1476-10 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0580

Effects of tourism disturbance on the ecological stoichiometry characteristics of C, N and P of the vegetation and soil in Kanas Scenic Area

Tang Gao-rong¹, Zheng Wei^1,², Wang Xiang¹, Zhu Ya-qiong¹

1.College of Grassland and Evironment Sciences, Xingjiang Agriculatual University, Urumqi 830052, China

2.Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Grassland Restorces and Ecology, Urumqi 830052, China

Corresponding author: Zheng Wei E-mail:zw065@126.com

Abstract

In order to explore the effects of tourism disturbance on the characteristics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the vegetation and soil in Kanas Scenic Area, the sample were divided areas into 4 zones: Ⅰ zone, Ⅱ zone, Ⅲ zone and Ⅳ zone according to the law of Kanas Scenic Area tourist activities (including hiking, horseback riding, roller compaction, the drift) and the distance of tourism channel, the number of attracted tourist, the conditions of vegetation and the C, N, P contents in vegetation and soil of these four different zones were measured. The results showed that the contents of N, P and C in both vegetation and soil decreased with the increase of the tourism disturbance intensity. The ratios of C:N, C:P and N:P in vegetation and soil increased with the increase of the tourism disturbance intensity. Dynamic monitoring of C, N and P in vegetation and soil can reduce the negative impacts of tourism disturbance and contribute to the scientific and rational management of Kanas Scenic Area.

Keyword: Kanas Scenic Area; tourism disturbance; ecological stoichiometry; distance of tourism channel; vegetation and soil

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生态化学计量学结合了生物学和化学等基本原理, 是研究生态系统能量平衡和多重化学元素(主要是C、N、P)平衡的科学^[1]。生态化学计量学有助于解决植物和生态系统养分供应与需求平衡等方面的难题, 其优点是通过分析生态系统组成部分的元素含量比值关系, 认识养分耦合循环特征、驱动力及其机制等问题^[2]。植被与土壤是陆地生态系统中两个主要的组成部分, 植物中的N、P含量及比值可以作为限制其生长的指示因子, 当N:P小于14, 则植物生长受N限制; 当N:P大于16, 则植物生长的限制因素为P; 当N:P在14与16之间, 则植物生长受N、P双重元素的限制。因此, 研究植物与土壤的C、N、P含量及生态化学计量学特征, 既可以深入了解植物生长过程中的养分利用状况, 又对理解区域生态系统物质循环过程与元素耦合关系具有重要意义^[3]。

关于生态化学计量学的研究, 国外起步较早, 在水生和陆生生态系统均取得一些优异的研究成果^{[4, 5]}。近年来, 我国生态化学计量学发展较快, 研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]}。研究内容涉及施肥对群落N:P的影响^[14], 不同林龄树木重吸收率及其C、N、P化学计量特征^[15], 区域优势植物叶片生态化学计量特征^[16], 纬度和水分因素对植物和土壤生态化学计量特征的影响等^[17]。此外, 关于人类活动干扰对草地植被和土壤生态化学计量特征影响的研究也是人们关注的主要领域^{[12, 13]}。探讨不同干扰方式下植物功能属性与生态系统功能关系的方法框架, 有助于认识植物属性变化引起的生态系统功能变化的原因与过程。旅游干扰作为草地生态系统重要的干扰方式之一, 深刻的影响着草地生态系统的植被与土壤^[18]。旅游干扰的强度很难直接定量评价, 学者们主要通过旅游环境容量、生态环境承载力、景观敏感值、生态干扰度等综合指标的量化间接反映旅游干扰的强度^{[19, 20, 21, 22]}。石强和贺庆棠^[21]通过研究张家界景区土壤含水量、容重和硬度的差异, 确定旅游干扰对土壤的影响范围在游径外3 m以内。郑伟^[18]在研究旅游干扰对植物多样性影响的时候, 通过对土壤践踏痕迹和紧实程度的调查, 将旅游干扰程度划分为4个等级。蒋依依等^[23]认为在景点尺度上, 为了获得更高的旅游效用, 旅游者在可及范围之内游览观光, 该尺度旅游干扰的空间特征表现为以旅游景点为核心向四周的扩散。对旅游干扰下草地植被和土壤生态化学计量特征的变化规律, 以及生态化学计量特征变化导致的生态系统功能变化的原因与过程尚不明确。因此, 以草地植被和土壤的生态化学计量特征为本研究的切入点, 以新疆喀纳斯景区山地草甸为研究对象, 探讨旅游干扰后草地植物和土壤C、N、P生态化学计量学特征的变化规律, 探析喀纳斯景区山地草甸旅游干扰后生态功能变化的原因与过程, 以期为喀纳斯景区草地资源的综合管理和可持续开发提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

喀纳斯景区位于新疆维吾尔族自治区布尔津县境内, 地理坐标:48° 35'-49° 11' N, 86° 54'-87° 54' E(图1)。景区总面积25万hm², 海拔在1 064~3 147 m, 大陆性气候, 多年平均降水量1 065.4 mm, 蒸发量约1 097 mm, 两者大致持平。年平均气温-0.2 ℃, ≥ 5 ℃和≥ 10 ℃年积温分别为1 790.4和1 595.4 ℃· d。春秋温暖, 全年无夏季, 冬季长达7个月, 最冷月1月均温为-16 ℃, 最热月7月均温为15 ℃, 无霜期在80~108 d。研究区草地主要由高山草甸、亚高山草甸、山地草甸组成。草地植被类型为山地草甸的杂类草-禾草草甸, 分布在海拔1 300-1 800 m的河谷阶地、缓斜坡地、坡地及谷地上, 集中在当地主要旅游景区附近^[18], 土壤类型为草甸黑钙土, 有机质含量在10%~25%。草层高度为25~70 cm, 草层盖度56%~99%。主要植物有草甸早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、直立委陵菜(Potentilla recta)、地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、狭颖鹅观草(Roegneria angustiglumis)、绿草莓(Fragariavirdis)、千叶蓍(Achillea millefolium)、短柄苔草(Carex pediformis)、阿尔泰老鹳草(Geranium affine)等。

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	图1 研究区和采样点示意图Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the study area and sampling points

1.2 样地设置与样品采集

本研究在样地设置上借鉴了圈层结构理论与距离衰减法则, 在保证所有样地的地形、坡度、坡向等特征基本一致的前提下, 于2013-2015年每年的8月初进行样品的采集(旅游旺季和植物生长旺盛时期), 以喀纳斯最为频繁的旅游观光线路设置采样调查点, 根据喀纳斯景区游客活动离游道的距离远近、景点草地植被状况、景点吸引游客数量, 划分为4个区域:Ⅰ 区, 游客活动极少到达区, 距旅游景点800 m以外; Ⅱ 区, 游客活动较少到达区, 距旅游景点500-800 m; Ⅲ 区, 游客活动常到达区, 距旅游景点200-500 m; Ⅳ 区, 游客活动频繁区, 距旅游景点200 m以内(表1)。每个区域选择3个典型的样地, 样地面积为10 m× 10 m, 设置样方面积为0.5 m× 0.5 m, 10次重复。采样时, 首先记录样方内植物的群落特征, 即植物种类、数量、高度、密度、盖度和生物量(鲜重), 然后齐地割取样方内所有植物的地上部分, 标记后带回实验室用于植被C、N、P化学计量学的测定。在每个样地上随机设置3个取土样点, 用直径为5 cm的土钻按0-5、5-10、10-20、20-30 cm分层取样, 混合后带回实验室待测。

表1 样地的类型及分区 Table 1 The type and partition of the plots

区域 Zone	样地名称 Plot name	距离 Distance /m	干扰情况 Tourist quantity and the interference	盖度 Coverage/ %	草地类型 Grassland type	优势种/重要值 Dominant specie/ Important value
Ⅰ	月亮湾 Moon bay	950	无游径和裸斑 No trails bare patches	97.2	杂类草+禾草型 Forbs + Grasses	地榆Sanguisorba officinalis/0.12
	观鱼亭 Guanyu pavilion	925	无游径和裸斑 No trails bare patches	98.0	杂类草+禾草型 Forbs + Grasses	直立委陵菜Potentilla recta/0.15
	湿地桦 Shidihua	876	无游径和裸斑 No trails bare patches	98.0	杂类草+禾草型 Forbs + Grasses	地榆Sanguisorba officinalis/0.13
Ⅱ	喀纳斯湖头 Kanas lake	627	无游径, 少量裸斑 No trails, less bare patches	90.6	杂类草+禾草型 Forbs + Grasses	草甸早熟禾 Poa pratensis/0.18
	卧龙湾2 Dragon bay 2	638	无游径, 少量裸斑 No trails, less bare patches	89.8	禾草+杂类草型 Grasses+Forbs	草甸早熟禾 Poa pratensis/0.22
	鸭泽湖 Duck lake	635	无游径, 少量裸斑 No trails, less bare patches	87.3	多年生杂类草+禾草 Forbs +Grasses	草甸早熟禾 Poa pratensis/0.28
Ⅲ	点将台 Dianjiangtai	368	有少量游径和裸斑 Less trails bare patches	84.4	禾草+一年生草本 Grasses+Annuals	短柄苔草Carex pediformis/0.21
	卧龙湾1 Dragon bay 1	258	有少量游径和裸斑 Less trails bare patches	81.0	禾草+杂类草型 Grasses+Forbs	短柄苔草Carex pediformis/0.35
	神仙湾 Immortal bay	230	有少量游径和裸斑 Less trails bare patches	80.4	禾草+杂类草型 Grasses+Forbs	草甸早熟禾 Poa pratensis/0.31
Ⅳ	贾登峪 Jiadengyu	78	游径、裸斑密集 The trails, bare patches intensive	56.67	一年生草本+禾草型 Annuals+Grasses	千叶蓍Achillea millefolium/0.48
	图瓦新村 Tuwa village 1	85	游径、裸斑密集 The trails, bare patches intensive	65.0	一年生草本+禾草型 Annuals+Grasses	绿草莓Fragaria virdis/0.39
	图瓦新村2 Tuwa village 2	81	游径、裸斑密集 The trails, bare patches intensive	70.0	一年生草本+禾草型 Annuals+Grasses	绿草莓Fragaria virdis/0.42

Note:Distance refers to the distance from plot to greenway which was the basis to set zone Ⅰ , zone Ⅱ , zone Ⅲ and zone Ⅳ in this study from the road distance refers to the plot.

注:距离指样点离游道的距离, 也是本研究设置研究区域的依据。

表1 样地的类型及分区 Table 1 The type and partition of the plots

1.3 样品的测定

植物样品带回实验室后, 放置在烘箱105 ℃下杀青15 min, 65 ℃烘干至恒重, 冷却后用球磨仪研磨, 植物样品的有机碳、全氮测定采用碳氮元素分析仪(Elementar Analyzer 3000, 意大利), 全磷用NaOH熔融-钼锑抗比色法(GB 9837-88)测定^[1]。土壤样品自然风干后, 剔除须根和杂物, 分别过0.25和0.15 mm筛, 过0.25 mm筛的土样用来测定土壤C和N含量, 过0.15 mm筛的土样用来测定P含量。土壤有机碳采用重铬酸钾-外加热法, 全氮采用凯氏定氮法, 全磷采用NaOH熔融-钼锑抗比色法(GB 9837-88)^[1]。

1.4 数据处理与分析

所有数据为3年测定的均值, 前期数据处理均采用Excel 2013。使用SPSS 20.0, 对不同区域的植被、土壤C、N、P化学计量比进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA), 并采用LSD多重比较分析不同组的差异, 利用Pearson相关系数分析离游道距离与植被和土壤的C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量特征间的关系。

2 结果与分析

2.1 植被C、N、P含量及其C:N、C:P、N:P计量特征

植被的C、N、P含量特征表现为Ⅰ 区> Ⅱ 区> Ⅲ 区> Ⅳ 区(表2)。与Ⅰ 区相比, Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区、Ⅳ 区植被的C含量分别下降了1.04%、1.27%、3.48%, 除了Ⅳ 区显著低于Ⅰ 区外(P< 0.05), Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区与Ⅳ 区、Ⅰ 区之间差异均不显著(P> 0.05)。这说明植被C含量稳定性较强, 旅游干扰对其影响有限。随着离游道距离的增加, N含量呈升高的趋势; Ⅰ 区植被N含量从32.98 mg· g^-1下降到了Ⅳ 区的20.05 mg· g^-1, 降幅为39.21%, 且Ⅰ 区显著高于其它3个区(P< 0.05)。植被P含量从Ⅰ 区到Ⅳ 区, 分别下降了46.49%、60.15%和69.74%, Ⅰ 区显著高于其它3个区, Ⅲ 区和Ⅳ 区间差异不显著, 但均显著低于Ⅱ 区。

表2 喀纳斯景区不同区域植被的C、N、P含量 Table 2 C, N and P contents of vegetation in different zones of Kanas Scenic Area

表3 土壤的C、N、P含量 Table 3 C, N and P contents of soil

由Ⅰ 区到Ⅳ 区, 植被的C:N、C:P、N:P均呈逐渐上升的趋势(图2)。Ⅲ 区和Ⅳ 区之间的C:N差异不显著(P> 0.05), 但都显著高于Ⅰ 区(P< 0.05), 增幅在41.93%~59.81%; Ⅳ 区的C:P比Ⅰ 区增加了240.05%, 差异显著(P< 0.05), Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区之间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。4个区域植被的N:P均值在12.22~26.45, 从Ⅰ 区至Ⅳ 区, N:P分别增长了31.42%、63.42%和116.45%。Ⅰ 区的N:P显著低于Ⅳ 区域, Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区和Ⅳ 区之间的差异不显著(P> 0.05)。

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	图2 植被的C、N、P生态化学计量比注:不同小写字母表示不同区域间差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig.2 C, N, P of vegetation ecological stoichiometrys Note: Different lower case letters indicate significant difference among different zones at 0.05 level.

2.2 土壤C、N、P含量及其C:N、C:P、N:P计量特征

4个区域土壤的C、N、P含量都随着土壤深度的增加而减少(表3)。从土深0-5到20-30 cm, 4个区域C含量依次下降了47.74%、44.06%、45.79%和32.91%, 下降速率表现为Ⅰ 区> Ⅲ 区> Ⅱ 区> Ⅳ 区。Ⅰ 区、Ⅳ 区不同土层之间的C含量均差异显著(P< 0.05), Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区在10-20和20-30 cm两个土层间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。Ⅰ 区各土层土壤的N含量都显著高于其它3区各土层的。除了Ⅳ 区外, 其它各区的20-30 cm的N含量都显著低于其它土层。研究区土壤P的含量在0.72~1.74 mg· g^-1。4个区域0-5 cm土层的P含量均显著高于10-30 cm土层(P< 0.05), 4个区域20-30 cm土层比0-5 cm土层P含量依次下降了43.10%、41.32%、34.87%和43.75%。

4个区域土壤的C:N在0-5和5-10 cm间差异均不显著(P> 0.05), 在10-20 cm土层, Ⅰ 区、Ⅱ 区和Ⅲ 区之间的差异不显著, Ⅳ 区显著高于Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区(P< 0.05), 但Ⅳ 区0-30 cm各土层间的差异不显著(图3)。Ⅰ 区的C:P各个土层间的差异不显著, 除20-30 cm外, 其它各层土壤的C:P都表现为Ⅰ 区和Ⅲ 区差异不显著, Ⅱ 区和Ⅳ 区差异不显著。在0-30 cm土层, Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区和Ⅳ 区的N:P都为同一区域不同土层间的差异不显著。Ⅰ 区的20-30 cm土壤的N:P要显著高于其它土层。

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图3 土壤的C、N、P生态化学计量比
注:不同小写字母代表同一指标相同土层间差异显著(P< 0.05), 不同大写字母代表相同区域同一指标不同土层间差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig.3 C, N, P of soil ecological stoichiometry
Note:Different lower case letters of the same soil depth indicate significant difference among different zones at 0.05 level. Different capital letters of the same zone indicate significant difference among different soil depths at 0.05 level.

2.3 植被、土壤C、N、P含量与游道距离的相关关系

相关性分析表明(表4), 样点到游道的距离与植被的C、N、P含量呈显著正相关(P< 0.05), 而与C:N、C:P、N:P呈显著负相关(P< 0.05)。表明随着离游道距离的增加, 植被C、N、P含量逐渐增加。其中P的相关性达到了0.904, 说明其对距离的响应最为敏感。土层0-30 cm的C、N、P含量均与离游道的距离呈显著正相关, 说明土壤对旅游干扰较为敏感, 且随着土层的增加, 相关性逐渐降低。

表4 样点到游道距离与植被、土壤各指标之间的相关关系 Table 4 The correlation between the distance from the road to point and the index of soil and vegetation

3 讨论

3.1 旅游干扰对景区植被的影响

C、N、P都是植物组成的重要元素, C是植物的结构性元素, 也是构成植物体干物质的最主要元素^[24]。植物生长受N或P的限制^[3], 通常C在大多数植物体内相对稳定, 植物生长主要受N、P含量控制。本研究中4个区域的C含量均值为410.23 mg· g^-1。与其它研究相比, 喀纳斯景区植被C含量低于广东鼎湖山景区(504.9 mg· g^-1)^[25], 也低于广西喀斯特地区(427.5 mg· g^-1)^[3]和新疆艾比湖流域的(428.60 mg· g^-1)^[26]。由于喀纳斯景区纬度较高, 低温多雨, 植物不能将太阳能大量地变成化学能, 导致植被的C含量下降。喀纳斯景区植物N含量平均值为24.44 mg· g^-1, 高于中国湿地植被(16.07 mg· g^-1)^[8]和草原植被(18.18 mg· g^-1)^[27]的平均C含量。有研究表明, 中国陆地植物叶片P含量与全球尺度相比偏低^[28]。喀纳斯景区植物P含量平均值为1.35 mg· g^-1, 高于中国草原植被(1.25 mg· g^-1), 但低于中国湿地植被(1.85 mg· g^-1)。N:P可作为判断环境对植物生长养分供应状况和植物生长速率的重要指标, 喀纳斯景区植被N:P平均值为18.08, 高于中国草原植被(16.75 mg· g^-1)和中国湿地植被(8.67 mg· g^-1), 说明喀纳斯植被在受N、P共同作用的同时更易受P限制, 这与新疆艾比湖^[26]的研究结论一致。

草地旅游已经成为草地生态系统重要的人为干扰方式之一, 旅游者通过选择性的采摘、挖掘及作为旅游工具的马匹等牲畜的践踏、啃食作用干扰草地环境, 使植被的群落结构及土壤理化性质受到不同程度的影响^[29]。徐沙等^[28]比较了内蒙古草原区围封、放牧和割草3种不同利用方式下的植物生态化学计量特征, 结果发现植物的C含量比较稳定, 不同的利用方式对其无显著影响, N含量在整个生长季内总体呈下降趋势, 放牧样地长芒草(Stipa bungeana)叶片的N、P含量均高于割草和围封样地, 植物生长普遍受到N的限制, 适度放牧有利于植物的生长。放牧样地植物叶片N、P含量均高于围封样地, C:N和C:P小于围封草地, 植物C含量和N:P变异也较小, 但N:P变异明显大于围封草地, 为21.30%, 表明放牧影响植物C、N、P计量特征, 且C含量和N:P具有较强的内稳性^[30]。综上所述, 旅游干扰对植被C含量的影响与放牧干扰差异不大, 但N、P含量在旅游干扰下要高于放牧干扰, 放牧干扰下C:N、C:P和N:P均高于旅游干扰下。

3.2 旅游干扰对景区土壤的影响

旅游干扰对土壤的影响主要表现为土壤性质的变化, 喀纳斯最主要干扰方式就是游客践踏、碾轧和采摘等活动, 随着旅游活动强度和频度的上升, 地表裸露程度增加, 土壤接受植物残体的归还量减少, 土壤有机质及氮素来源减少, 其含量减少。陆林等^[31]的研究也证实了随距游径距离的增加, 黄山景区土壤有机质含量逐渐升高。本研究的4个区域0-10 cm土层的C、N、P含量平均值分别为92.05、6.57、1.48 mg· g^-1, 土壤的C、N、P含量略高于黄山相同土层深度的84.11、5.67、0.93 mg· g^-1, 显著高于山东泰山景区的14.88、1.66、1.14 mg· g^-1和江西鄱阳湖沙山的20.62、1.01、0.36 $\begin{matrix} mg \cdot {g^{- 1}}^{[32 - 33]} \end{matrix}$ , 彭崇玮^[34]对相同研究区域的土壤C、N进行了分析, C、N含量和C:N均明显高于本研究结果。

喀纳斯景区旅游观光栈道上至喀纳斯湖头, 下至卧龙湾桥头, 全长12 km, 是喀纳斯游客主要的活动区域。Ⅳ 区土壤C、N、P含量明显低于其它3个区域, 原因在于Ⅳ 区的样地游客较为集中, 游客长久、持续、高强度的践踏, 使的草地植被受到破坏, 裸地面积加大, 土壤板结程度加剧, 植物凋落物归还量减少, 从而减少了土壤有机质的来源, 加之植被破坏后引起水土流失, 部分有机质流失。土壤有机质又是N、P等元素的重要来源, 因此, N、P含量与有机质的变化规律一致。Ⅰ 区远离游道, 人迹罕至, 区域内生长着大量中生植物, 物种多样性增加, 生产力大大提高, 从而为土壤C、N、P提供了养分的来源; Ⅱ 和Ⅲ 离游道距离逐渐减小, 土壤C、N、P含量也呈逐渐减小的趋势。综上所述, 喀纳斯景区土壤C、N、P含量在各大景区中相对适中, 但由于旅游开发的深入, 下降的趋势明显, 特别是游客较为集中的Ⅳ 区。在今后开发的过程中, 应该充分考虑喀纳斯景区的环境承载力, 适当控制游客数量。

4 结论

1)样点到游道的距离与植被的C、N、P含量呈显著正相关, 而与C:N、C:P、N:P呈显著负相关; 土壤的C、N、P含量均与离游道的距离呈显著正相关, 且随着土层深度的增加, 相关性逐渐降低。

2)喀纳斯旅游干扰较强的区域(Ⅱ 区、Ⅲ 区、Ⅳ 区), 植被的生长受P影响较大; 旅游干扰弱的区域(Ⅰ 区), 植被的生长受N影响较大。

3)喀纳斯景区草地植被和土壤受旅游干扰的影响较为严重, 在景区日常管理和开发过程中必须考虑环境容量和承载力。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[25]	王晶苑, 王绍强, 李纫兰, 闫俊华, 沙丽清, 韩士杰. 中国四种森林类型主要优势植物的C: N: P化学计量学特征. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(6): 587-595. Wang J Y, Wang S Q, Li R L, Yan J H, Sha L Q, Han S J. C: N: P stoichiometric characteristics of four forest types’ dominant tree species in China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(6): 587-595. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[26]	阿布里孜·阿不都热合曼, 吕光辉, 张雪妮, 公延明. 新疆艾比湖流域植物光合器官碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征. 生态学杂志, 2015, 34(8): 2123-2130. Abulizi·Abudureheman, Lyu G H, Zhang X N, Gong Y M. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of photosynthetic organs across Ebinur Lake Wetland Natural Reserve of Xinjiang, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2015, 34(8): 2123-2130. (in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
[27]	张文彦, 樊江文, 钟华平, 胡中民, 宋璐璐, 王宁. 中国典型草原优势植物功能群氮磷化学计量学特征研究. 草地学报, 2010, 18(4): 503-509. Zhang W Y, Fan J W, Zhong H P, Hu Z M, Song L L, Wang N. The Nitrogen: Phosphorus stoichiometry of different plant functional groups for dominant species of typical steppes in China. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2010, 18(4): 503-509. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[28]	徐沙, 龚吉蕊, 张梓榆, 刘敏, 王忆慧, 罗亲普. 不同利用方式下草地优势植物的生态化学计量特征. 草业学报, 2014, 23(6): 45-53. Xu S, Gong J R, Zhang Z Y, Liu M, Wang Y H, Luo Q P. The ecological stoichiometry of dominant species in different land uses type of grassland . Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(6): 45-53. (in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
[29]	郑伟, 朱进忠, 潘存德. 草地植物多样性对人类干扰的多尺度响应. 草业科学, 2009, 26(8): 72-80. Zheng W, Zhu J Z, Pan C D. Multi-scale response of plant diversity in grassland ecosystem to anthropogenic disturbances. Pratacultural Science, 2009, 26(8): 72-80. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[30]	牛得草, 董晓玉, 傅华. 长芒草不同季节碳氮磷生态化学计量特征. 草业科学, 2011, 28(6): 915-920. Niu D C, Dong X Y, Fu H. Seasonal dynamics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in Stipa bungeana. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(6): 915-920. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[31]	陆林, 巩劼, 晋秀龙. 旅游干扰对黄山风景区土壤的影响. 地理研究, 2011, 30(2): 209-223. Lu L, Gong J, Jin X L. Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil in Huangshan Mountain scenic area. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(2): 209-223. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[32]	王全辉, 董元杰, 刘春生, 邱现奎, 胡国庆, 王艳华, 张秀玮. 旅游活动对泰山景区土壤质量的影响. 土壤学报, 2012, 49(2): 398-402. Wang Q H, Dong Y J, Liu C S, Qiu X K, Hu G Q, Wang Y H, Zhang X W. Impacts of tourism activities on soil quality of mountain Taiscenic area. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2012, 49(2): 398-402. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[33]	付姗, 吴琴, 郑艳明, 胡启武. 鄱阳湖沙山植物叶片与土壤C: N、C: P沿沙化梯度分布特征. 长江流域资源与环境, 2015, 24(3): 447-454. Fu S, Wu Q, Zheng Y M, Hu Q W. C: N and C: P stoichiometry of leaf and soil in response to desertification gradient in a sand y hill along Poyang Lake. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2015, 24(3): 447-454. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[34]	彭崇玮. 喀纳斯湖区的土壤. 新疆大学学报: 自然科学版, 1991, 8(2): 90-97. Peng C W. Soil in district of Kansi Lake. Journal of Xinjiang University: Natural Science Edition, 1991, 8(2): 90-97. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

2015

0.0

李玮, 郑子成, 李廷轩. 不同植茶年限土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(1): 9-16.

, Zheng Z

, Li T

Ecological stoichiometry of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus within soil aggregates in tea plantations with different ages.

Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(1): 9-16. (in Chinese)

This study selected 4 tea plantations with different ages (12-15, 20-22, 30-33 and >50 year old) located in Ya’an, Sichuan Province, China to investigate the distribution patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), and to examine the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of C, N and P within soil aggregates. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of SOC, TN and TP were 17.5%, 16.3% and 9.4%, respectively in the 0-20 cm soil layer and were 24.0%, 21.0% and 9.2%, respectively in the 20-40 cm soil layer. The spatial variation of TP was lower than that of SOC and TN but there were significant positive correlations among them. SOC and TN were distributed in the smallsize aggregates and both of them had the greatest values in the >50 yearold tea plantation, however, the distribution of TP was relatively uniform among aggregates and ages. The coefficients of variation of C/N, C/P, and N/P were 9.4%, 14.0% and 14.9%, respectively in the 0-20 cm soil layer and were 7.4%, 24.9% and 21.8%, respectively in the 20-40 cm soil layer. Variation of C/N was lower than that of C/P and N/P. Averaged C/P and N/P values in the smallsize aggregates were higher than in aggregates of other sizes, and the maximum values were in the >50 yearold plantation. C/N, C/P and N/P had good indication for soil organic carbon storage.

试验选取了四川雅安12～15年、20～22年、30～33年和>50年的茶园,研究其土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量分布及其生态化学计量学特征,以阐明不同植茶年限土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征的指示意义.结果表明: 0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量的变异系数分别为17.5%、16.3%、9.4%和24.0%、21.0%、9.2%;全磷的空间变异性低于有机碳和全氮,但三者呈极显著的正相关关系.有机碳与全氮含量集中分布于小粒径团聚体中,且均在植茶50年后达到最大值,土壤全磷在各粒径团聚体中分布则较为均匀,在种植年限上的变化也不大;0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的变异系数分别为9.4%、14.0%、14.8%和7.4%、24.9%、21.8%;土壤C/N的变异性较低,土壤C/P和N/P均在小粒径中较高,且在植茶50年后达到最大值. 土壤C/N、C/P和N/P对土壤有机碳储量具有良好的指示作用.

... 生态化学计量学结合了生物学和化学等基本原理,是研究生态系统能量平衡和多重化学元素(主要是C、N、P)平衡的科学^[1] ...

... 3 样品的测定植物样品带回实验室后,放置在烘箱105 ℃下杀青15 min,65 ℃烘干至恒重,冷却后用球磨仪研磨,植物样品的有机碳、全氮测定采用碳氮元素分析仪(Elementar Analyzer 3000,意大利),全磷用NaOH熔融-钼锑抗比色法(GB 9837-88)测定^[1] ...

... 土壤有机碳采用重铬酸钾-外加热法,全氮采用凯氏定氮法,全磷采用NaOH熔融-钼锑抗比色法(GB 9837-88)^[1] ...

2014

0.0

李从娟, 徐新文, 孙永强, 邱永志, 李生宇, 高培, 钟显彬, 闫健, 王桂芬. 不同生境下三种荒漠植物叶片及土壤C、N、P的化学计量特征. 干旱区地理, 2014, 37(5): 996-1004.

Li C

, Xu X

, Sun Y

, Qiu Y

, Li S

, Gao

, Zhong X

, Yan

, Wang G

Stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, P for three desert plants leaf and soil at different habitats.

Arid Land Geography, 2014, 37(5): 996-1004. (in Chinese)

Ecological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of multiple chemical elements in ecological interactions，it plays an important role in determining plants and ecosystem nutrient supply and their balance. The content of leaf chemical element is restricted by environmental nutrient availability，especially the restricted nutrient. Leaf nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） concentrations are two of the key traits which make important effect on the function and dynamics of ecosystem. Leaf N，P and N∶P vary with different species and sites. Study on the plants leaf nutrient content （N，P） and its variance in extreme environment is important not only in revealing the plants nutrient requirement and soil nutrient supply capacity，but also in revealing the plants adaptability to environment. Three typical sorts of desert plants，named Haloxylon ammodendron ， Tamarix ramosissma and Calligonum mongolicunl ，were involved in the study to investigate the effects of different habitats （Taklimakan Desert Botanical Garden - Botanical Garden，Gurbantonggut desert no irrigation shelterbelt - no irrigation shelterbelt，as well as their original habitats - original habitat） on three kinds of plant leaves ecological stoichiometry. The Two-Way ANOVA was used to determine the difference of soil and leaf C，N，P content and its stoichiometric ratio with various habitats. The results are as follows：in arid region，the surface soil presented as alkaline soil，soil salinity was significantly higher（4 mS·cm -1 ）in the botanical garden than in other habitats （ P T. ramosissma were higher，while the others were relatively low （ P T. ramosissma original habitats，botanical gardens，no irrigation shelterbelt，and H. ammodendron original habitats followed，and the smallest was C. mongolicunl original habitat. There was no significant difference for N∶P at different habitats （ P >0.05），which indicates that the arid soil remains relatively stable N∶P. There are some differences for leaves C content of three plants， C . mongolicunl was the highest， T. ramosissma followed， H. ammodendron was relatively small （ P <0.05），indicating that the there were some differences for C accumulation of three plants. However，plant leaf N，P content is mainly affected by the species，and the effects of habitats on plant leaves N，P content were not significant，the mean leaf N∶P is 15.91±0.68，and there is no significant difference between the different species in different habitats，this result indicates that leaves of plants in arid regions have a relatively constant N∶P. It also further illustrates the desert plants have relatively higher stability，thereby making them have a strong adaptability to extreme environment such as drought，barren and saline. The results of the research will be both a good supplement and a meaningful attempt for ecological stoichiometry in extreme environment.

以新疆地区三种典型荒漠植物梭梭、多枝柽柳和沙拐枣为研究对象，分别研究其不同生境（塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中植物园—植物园，古尔班通古特沙漠明渠免灌林—免灌林，以及各自的原生生境—原始生境）下三种植物叶片和土壤的生态化学计量特征，每个处理5个重复。研究结果显示：土壤C、N、P含量在不同生境中的分布趋势相似，均表现为柽柳原生地和植物园较高，其他三者相对较低（ P P >0.05），这说明N和P含量在不同生境中的变化是一致的，即干旱区土壤保持了相对较为稳定的N∶P。三种植物叶片C含量存在一定差异，总体表现为沙拐枣最高，其次为柽柳，梭梭相对较小（ P P >0.05），说明干旱区的这三种植物叶片在不同生境中具有相对较为恒定的N∶P。这也进一步说明了这三种植物叶片的N∶P不随生境土壤N、P含量的变化而变化，即就是这三种漠植物具有相对较高的内稳性机制，进而使其具备了较强的适应极端环境（干旱，贫瘠，盐碱）的能力。

... 生态化学计量学有助于解决植物和生态系统养分供应与需求平衡等方面的难题,其优点是通过分析生态系统组成部分的元素含量比值关系,认识养分耦合循环特征、驱动力及其机制等问题^[2] ...

2015

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曾昭霞, 王克林, 刘孝利, 曾馥平, 宋同清, 彭晚霞, 张浩, 杜虎. 桂西北喀斯特森林植物-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(7): 682-693.

Zeng Z

, Wang K

, Liu X

, Zeng F

, Song T

, Peng W

, Zhang

, Du

Stoichiometric characteristics of plants, litter and soils in karst plant communities of northwest Guangxi.

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(7): 682-693. (in Chinese)

Aims The objectives of this study were to characterize the C:N:P stoichiometry of the “plant-litter-soil” continuum and to better understand nutrient cycling and stability mechanisms in karst forest ecosystems in Southwest China. Methods Three representative forest sites were selected for each of the primary and secondary communities (28 years of natural restoration) in Northwest Guangxi, and measurements were made on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents in plants, litter and soils. Important findings Compared with other regions, the plants in karst forest ecosystems had relatively lower C content and higher N content, with a lower C:N ratio in consistency with the characteristics of plants. After 28 years of natural recovery, N and P absorption in secondary forests were at a relatively stable state compared with the primary forest communities. The values of N:P ratio varied from a range of 16-19 in the primary forest communities to 17-19 in the secondary forest communities, without apparent difference in the mean vale between the two contrasting community types. Soil organic C, N and P in karst forests occurred primarily in the top 0-10 cm soil layer, at 92.0 mg·g -1 C, 6.35 mg·g -1 N, and 1.5 mg·g -1 P, respectively. In contrast, the nutrient utilization efficiency and nutrient resorption rate were lower in karst forest plants than in other plant types, with karst forest plants exhibiting a relatively rapid nutrient turnover rate. The N resorption rate was lower, and the P resorption higher, in the primary forest communities than in the secondary forest communities, indicating that the higher N deficiency and lower P deficiency of the primary forest communities compared with the secondary forest communities. Determination of the C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics in the plant-litter-soil continuum in this study provides a scientific guidance for restoration of the vulnerable karst ecosystem in Southwest China.

1Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; 2Huanjiang Observation and Research Station of Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi 547100, China; 3College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

探明我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区植被恢复重建背景下, 森林植物、凋落物与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征有助于深入地认识喀斯特森林生态系统养分循环规律和系统稳定机制。该文选取桂西北典型喀斯特地区域3个原生林群落和3个自然恢复28年的次生林群落, 研究其“植物-凋落物-土壤”连续体的C、N、P化学计量学特征及其内在关联。结果表明: 1)圆果化香树( Platycarya longipes )、伞花木( Eurycorymbus cavaleriei )和青檀( Pteroceltis tatarinowii )以及圆叶乌桕( Sapium rotundifolium )、八角枫( Alangium chinense )和黄荆( Vitex negundo ) 6种植物的C、N、P平均含量分别为427.5、21.2、1.2 mg·g -1 ; 凋落物C、N、P平均含量分别为396.2、12.7、0.9 mg·g -1 , 而表层土壤(0-10 cm) C、N、P平均含量分别为92.0、6.35和1.5 mg·g -1 。2)原生林N再吸收率(平均值为42.7%)高于次生林(平均值为36.5%), P再吸收率(20.4%)显著低于次生林(32.3%) ( p < 0.05); 6个森林群落N的再吸收率均大于P的再吸收率。3)不同群落凋落物的C:N值差异不显著, 原生林植物的C:N值小于次生林、土壤C:N显著大于次生林; 原生林土壤C:P与次生林无显著差异, 植物与凋落物C:P小于次生林; 原生林凋落物与土壤N:P值小于次生林, 植物N:P比平均值均为17.4。4)研究区典型森林群落植物中N和P含量呈显著的正相关关系, 植物C:N与N:P、C:P与N:P比值均无明显相关关系; 经过对数变换后的土壤C:N与N:P呈显著负相关关系, 凋落物的C:P与N:P值呈极显著正相关关系。研究结果可为我国西南典型喀斯特脆弱生态区的生态功能恢复与植被重建提供科学依据。

... 因此,研究植物与土壤的C、N、P含量及生态化学计量学特征,既可以深入了解植物生长过程中的养分利用状况,又对理解区域生态系统物质循环过程与元素耦合关系具有重要意义^[3] ...

... 植物生长受N或P的限制^[3],通常C在大多数植物体内相对稳定,植物生长主要受N、P含量控制 ...

... g^-1)^[3]和新疆艾比湖流域的(428 ...

2015

0.0

... 关于生态化学计量学的研究,国外起步较早,在水生和陆生生态系统均取得一些优异的研究成果^[4,5] ...

2015

0.0

... 关于生态化学计量学的研究,国外起步较早,在水生和陆生生态系统均取得一些优异的研究成果^[4,5] ...

2016

0.0

曾昭霞, 王克林, 刘孝利, 曾馥平, 宋同清, 彭晚霞, 张浩, 杜虎. 桂西北喀斯特区原生林与次生林鲜叶和凋落叶化学计量特征. 生态学报, 2016, 36(7): 1-8.

Zeng Z

, Wang K

, Liu X

, Zeng F

, Song T

, Peng W

, Zhang

, Du

Stoichiometric characteristics of live fresh leaves and leaf litter from typical plant communities in a karst region of northwestern Guangxi, China.

Acta Ecology Sinica, 2016, 36(7): 1-8. (in Chinese)

The karst area of southwestern China covers 550,000 km 2 , and includes 105,000 km 2 that are experiencing serious rocky desertification and human disturbance. Fortunately, national and provincial conservation and afforestation projects have been developed to mitigate karst rocky desertification. Ecological stoichiometry, which approaches questions by analyzing the balance of many major elements needed by organisms and determines how those elements affect and interact with processes, provides new perspectives for studying ecosystem processes in fields ranging from leaf physiology to ecosystem productivity. In terrestrial ecosystems, the close interaction between the C, N, and P cycles constrains most ecosystem processes; therefore, the N and P status, and the N:P stoichiometry of leaves has been studied intensively to try and determine how these factors limit plant growth. Exploring the stoichiometric properties of the primary elements (C, N, and P) in live fresh leaves and leaf litter is very important and could provide constructive information and guidance for ecosystem recovery and the reconstruction in ecologically fragile karst regions. This study examined the concentration of C-N-P and the related stoichiometry of live fresh leaves and leaf litter in three primary forests and compared them to data from three secondary forest communities in northwestern Guangxi. The results showed that the N and P contents of live fresh leaves in the six forest communities were greater than that of leaf litter. However, the N:P ratios showed opposite results, which indicated that the plant N reabsorption rate in this karst region was larger than that for P. The C, N, and P contents of live fresh leaves in the six forest communities were higher than those of leaf litter. In addition, the mean C and N contents of leaves in the three primary forests were higher than in the three secondary forests. However, P levels were slightly lower in the leaves of primary forests than in secondary forests. The results also revealed that the C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios of live fresh leaves from the six communities were all less than for the leaf litter. In addition, the order of the C, N, and P stoichiometric ratios for both live leaves and leaf litter in the six forest communities was C:P > C:N > N:P, and the C:N ratios of secondary forests were larger than that of primary forests for both live leaves and leaf litter. The C:P and N:P ratios of live leaves and leaf litter in the three secondary forests were all larger than the primary forests, which indicated that the secondary forests had higher growth rates. The N:P ratios of live fresh leaves in the three primary forest communities were between 13 and 15. The N:P ratios of live fresh leaves in the three secondary forest communities were between 11 and 12, which is between the upper and lower limit thresholds for N and P nutrient levels. Therefore, the N and P nutrient status of the three secondary forests (after 28 years of spontaneous recovery) has reached a relatively stable stage through long-term environmental adaptation. A significantly positive relationship was observed between the C:N and N:P ratios of both live fresh leaves and leaf litter. The N and P contents of all community species were positively correlated, and the N:P ratio was positively correlated with N content, but significantly and negatively correlated with P content.

研究喀斯特生态脆弱区植物新鲜叶片与凋落叶的元素化学计量学性状,对该地区森林生态系统的恢复与重建具有重要指导意义。在桂西北喀斯特区分别选取了3个原生林群落与3个次生林群落,研究其建群种植物新鲜叶片和凋落叶的C、N、P元素含量及其生态化学计量特征。结果发现,6个群落建群种新鲜叶片C、N、P含量(其平均含量分别为404.3、22.5、1.75 mg/g)均大于凋落叶(平均含量分别为376.5、19.0、1.35 mg/g),鲜叶C:N、C:P、N:P比值(均值分别为17.8、244.9、13.8)均小于凋落叶(均值分别为19.3、315.3、16.3)。6种植物新鲜叶片N、P含量大于凋落叶,而N:P比小于凋落叶,表明喀斯特区植物对N的再吸收率大于P。3个原生林群落建群种鲜叶与凋落叶的平均C、N含量均大于次生林,而P含量则略小于次生林;原生林鲜叶与凋落叶的C:N比均小于次生林,C:P、N:P则大于次生林,推测次生林相对于原生林有更快的生长速率。原生林鲜叶N:P比为13-15之间,次生林鲜叶N:P比为11-12之间,次生林鲜叶与凋落叶的N:P比均小于原生林,说明原生林凋落物分解相对较慢,原生林能相对多的保留养分以供植物吸收,更能适应喀斯特石生环境。植物鲜叶和凋落叶的C:N与N:P比值均呈极显著正相关,说明叶片养分元素间具有共变的特性;叶片N、P含量呈正相关关系,表明植物N:P比具有相对的稳定性,这是高等陆生植物C-N-P元素计量的普遍规律,体现了植物群落对环境的适应。

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

2014

0.0

张珂, 陈永乐, 高艳红, 回嵘, 何明珠. 阿拉善荒漠典型植物功能群氮、磷化学计量特征. 中国沙漠, 2014, 34(5): 1261-1267.

Zhang

, Chen Y

, Gao Y

, Hui

, He M

Stoichiometry characteristics of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus of different plant functional groups in Alash and esert region.

Journal of Desert Research, 2014, 34(5): 1261-1267. (in Chinese)

Nitrogen and phosphorus are crucial limiting factors of nutrient elements in desert ecosystem, which play vital roles in maintaining the rational composition of plant functional groups and driving the nutrient cycling of the desert ecosystem. By sampling the dominant plant leaves among the 52 sample sites that be set along the precipitation and temperature gradients from the eastern to western in Alashan desert, ecological stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus among different plant functional groups were analyzed and the restrictive effects of N and P on the desert plants were tested and discussed. The results showed that (1) Leaf N and P concentrations were (10.65±7.91) mg·g -1 and (1.04±0.81) mg·g -1 , respectively, while N:P was (11.53±5.06). Leaf nitrogen has significantly positive correlation with N and N:P ratio and leaf P has significantly negative correlation with N:P ratio. By comparison and analysis, desert plants were co-limited by N and P, and were more limited by N. (2) Generally, from the comparison of plant life types, leaf N and P content in herbaceous plants were higher than those in shrubs and N:P in shrubs was greater than in herbs. From the analysis of photosynthetic pathway, C 3 plants had higher average N concentration than C 4 plants, while C 4 plants had higher average P concentration than C 3 plants. From the type of phylogenetic, leaf N content was lower in monocotyledons than in dicotyledons while P content was higher in monocotyledons than in dicotyledons.

氮（N）、磷（P）作为荒漠生态系统重要的养分元素和限制性因子，在维持植物功能群组成及结构稳定、生态系统内养分循环中发挥着重要的作用。本研究沿水热梯度从东至西在阿拉善荒漠设置52个调查样地，通过对优势植物的调查取样，分析了荒漠植物不同功能（类）群N、P元素的生态化学计量特征，并就N、P含量及N：P值对荒漠植物的限制性作用进行了检验和讨论。结果显示：（1）所调查阿拉善荒漠区植物叶片的N、P含量分别为10.65±7.91 mg·g -1 和1.04±0.81 mg·g -1 ，N：P值为11.53±5.06，叶片N含量与P含量及N：P值均显著正相关，P含量与N：P值显著负相关；通过对比分析认为该区植物同时受到N、P双重制约，且更易受N限制。（2）从植物生活型比较，认为草本植物叶片N、P含量均高于灌木植物叶片，而灌木植物叶片的N：P值大于草本植物；对光合作用途径分析发现，C 3 植物叶片N含量高于C 4 植物叶片，而C 4 植物叶片P含量高于C 3 植物叶片；从系统发育类型方面分析，认为单子叶植物叶片N含量低于双子叶植物叶片N含量，而P含量则高于双子叶植物叶片P含量。

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

2014

0.0

胡伟芳, 章文龙, 张林海, 陈晓艳, 林伟, 曾从盛, 仝川. 中国主要湿地植被氮和磷生态化学计量学特征. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(10): 1041-1052.

Hu W

, Zhang W

, Zhang L

, Chen X

, Lin

, Zeng C

, Tong

Stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in major wetland vegetation of China.

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(10): 1041-1052. (in Chinese)

Little is known on the stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in wetland vegetation across China. This work is aimed to study the stoichiometric characteristics of wetland vegetation in China, which are of great significance for revealing the coupling relationship between vegetation and habitats.Based on previous studies, a data set comprising N and P contents and N:P of wetland vegetation attained from 649 observations in 52 study sites, was classified and analyzed, which concerned vegetation organs, growth periods, plant life forms, climate zones and wetland types.The geometric mean of N, P and the N:P of different organs occurred in descending order as follows: leaf (N, 16.07 mg·g; P, 1.85 mg·g; N:P, 8.67) > aboveground organ (N, 13.54 mg·g; P, 1.72 mg·g; N:P, 7.96) > stem (N, 7.86 mg·g; P, 1.71 mg·g; N:P, 4.58). Leaf N showed a three-peak seasonal distribution, with the peaks occurring in May, July and September, whilst stem N exhibited a bimodal distribution with peaks in May and September. Leaf N:P fluctuated in conformity to N before maturity, but changed corresponding to P in senescence phase. The type of wetlands was found to be the key factor significantly impacted the stoichiometric characteristics of wetland vegetation in China. Specifically, the highest and lowest leaf N and P contents were found in the bottom lands and marshes, respectively, while the N:P displayed a reversed trend. The geometric mean of leaf N, P contents and the N:P followed the order of: tropics > temperate zone > subtropics, albeit no significant differences (> 0.05) among them. In addition, most of the leaf N:P were less than 14, indicating that the wetland vegetation in China was under the conditions of N limitation.

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

... g^-1)^[8]和草原植被(18 ...

2015

0.0

青烨, 孙飞达, 李勇, 陈文业, 李昕. 若尔盖高寒退化湿地土壤碳氮磷比及相关性分析. 草业学报, 2015, 24(3): 38-47.

Qing

, Sun F

, Li

, Chen W

, Li

Analysis of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in degraded alpine wetland , Zoige, southwest China.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(3): 38-47. (in Chinese)

Based on their vegetation characteristics, 5 degraded alpine wetland plots were selected to investigate grassland degradation processes in the Huahu Scenic Area, Zoige County, in Southwest China. Pika ( Ochotona curzoniae ) burrow densities, soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were measured (0-10 cm depth). The mean soil C and soil N content ranged from 3.7%-4.9% and 0.38%-0.56% respectively, but there were no differences among the plots. However, soil P was significantly higher in plots on the flat areas compared with plots on sloping ground. The soil C/N, C/P and N/P ratios were 11.0, 62.3 and 5.7, respectively. Carbon, N and P all decreased with increasing soil depth as did the C/N and N/P ratio. The C/P ratio was positively correlated with pika burrow density. The study was helpful for understanding the grassland nutrient cycling processes and for identifying pika control and wetland management strategies.

以若尔盖花湖湿地保护区高寒草甸—高寒草原空间演替为研究对象，结合草地利用现状及微地形分布，遴选出5个高寒退化湿地类型进行鼠类洞穴密度和土壤碳、氮、磷含量的调查取样并进行相关性分析。结果表明，5个样地土壤表层(0～10 cm)碳、氮平均含量分布范围分别为3.7%～4.9%和0.38%～0.56%，样地间差异不显著( P ＞0.05)，磷元素含量由坡地区(样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)向平地区(样地Ⅳ、Ⅴ)呈递增趋势，差异性显著( P ＜0.05);0~40 cm土壤碳氮比(C/N)为11.01，样地间差异不显著( P ＞0.05)，碳磷比(C/P)为 62.3、氮磷比(N/P) 为5.69，样地间均差异显著( P ＜0.05);土壤碳、氮、磷含量及碳氮比、氮磷比均随土层加深呈降低趋势，其中有机碳含量减少4.36%，0～10 cm表层土壤碳氮比显著高于深层土壤( P ＜0.05);鼠类洞穴密度与碳磷比、全磷具有极显著的正相关，而土层深度与所有碳、氮、磷化学计量特征都具有极显著的负相关性。研究结果将为鼠害防控及草地营养循环、碳源/汇转化机制、退化草地植被恢复、土壤养分管理提供理论依据。

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

2015

0.0

周欣, 左小安, 赵学勇, 刘川, 罗永清, 岳祥飞, 吕朋. 科尔沁沙地不同生境植物及叶片的C、N元素计量特征. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(3): 565-575.

Zhou

, Zuo X

, Zhao X

, Liu

, Luo Y

, Yue X

, Lyu

Ecological stoichiometry of plant and leaf carbon and nitrogen indifferent habitats of Horqin sand y land .

Arid Land Geography, 2015, 38(3): 565-575. (in Chinese)

摘　要：为了研究科尔沁沙地植物及叶片的C、N元素在沙丘固定过程中的化学计量差异及变化规律,在流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘、草地4种生境上分别采集整株植物样品和叶片样品,测定其C、N元素含量,并在群落水平和功能型水平上展开分析。结果表明：（1）随着沙丘的固定,植物群落及群落叶片的C含量逐渐上升而N含量逐渐下降,且C含量的变异系数较N含量小;（2）各生境植物及叶片C、N含量表现为灌木〉一年生植物、C3植物〉C4植物、豆科植物〉非豆科植物,各功能型植物的C、N含量正相关于其叶片的C、N含量;（3）沿沙丘固定梯度,一年生、C4与非豆科植物及其叶片C含量趋于上升,而一年生、多年生、C3、非豆科植物及其叶片N含量趋于下降。沙丘固定过程中群落C含量的变化主要源于一年生、C4、非豆科植物,而N含量的下降则受草本、C3、非豆科植物的共同影响。适当补植灌木、C3植物、豆科植物对于该地区的固C效率和生物固N以及改良土壤肥力会起到积极作用。

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

2015

0.0

王振南, 张清平, 陆姣云, 杨梅, 杨惠敏. 基于灰色关联度法的不同年龄紫花苜蓿草地土壤肥力评价. 草业科学, 2015, 32(8): 1230-1236.

Wang Z

, Zhang Q

, Lu J

, Yang

, Yang H

Assessment of soil fertility in lucerne stand s of different ages using grey correlative degree analysis.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(8): 1230-1236. (in Chinese)

Soil fertility reflects the performance and growth potential of plant which is easily affected by the plant. In the perennial grasslandecosystem, the effect of forage age on the soil fertility has not been clearly elucidated yet. In the present study, the soil fertility in lucerne stands with six different ages were comprehensively analysed using grey correlative degree analysis to evaluate the effect of stand age on soil fertility. In different soil layers, the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and total potassium were different in different lucerne stands cultivated in different years, and they differently varied with stand age. Using grey correlative degree analysis, the best soil fertility was observed in 5year old stands in 0-10 and 10-20 cm soils, the best soil fertility was observed in 8year old stands and the better soil fertility was observed in 5year old stands in 20-30 cm soils. Conclusively, in the Loess Plateau, the optimal utilisation age of lucerne was 5year old considering soil fertility.

土壤肥力能反映植物的生长潜力和表现，但又受到植物的影响。在多年生草地系统中，利用年限（牧草年龄）对土壤肥力的影响还没有准确的阐述。采用灰色关联度分析法，对6个年龄紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）草地土壤碳、氮、磷、钾等指标进行综合分析，以关联度进行排序对不同年龄草地土壤肥力进行评价。结果表明，在不同土层，紫花苜蓿草地土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、全磷、速效磷和全钾含量随年龄而变化的趋势不一致。运用灰色关联度分析后发现，0-10和10-20 cm土壤肥力最好的年龄均为5龄草地，而20-30 cm土壤肥力最好的年龄为8龄，5龄草地次之。因此，从土壤肥力角度可确定黄土高原地区5龄紫花苜蓿草地利用最佳。

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

2015

0.0

洪江涛, 吴建波, 王小丹. 放牧和围封对藏北高寒草原紫花针茅群落生物量分配及碳、氮、磷储量的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(11): 1878-1886.

Hong J

, Wu J

, Wang X

Effects of grazing and fencing on Stipa purpurea community biomass allocation and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus pools on the northern Tibet plateau alpine.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(11): 1878-1886. (in Chinese)

The “grassland enclosure project” is an important measure to improve ecological and environmental quality of degradation grassland and promote economy sustainable development of pastoral area. In the present study, the Stipa purpurea community biomass allocation and carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus (P) pools were investigated in three utilization management blocks including free grazing grassland (FG), four years enclosed grassland(F4) and eight years enclosed grassland (F8) on the northern Tibet Plateau alpine. The results showed that aboveground biomass of S. purpurea community in FG, F4 and F8 were 46.12, 146.40 and 256.44 g·m -2 , respectively. Root biomasses in layer of 0-15 cm were 274.74, 214.87 and 764.59 g·m -2 and root biomasses in layer of 15-30 cm were 17.80, 17.56 and 31.64 g·m -2 for these three treatments, respectively. These results suggested that enclosure significantly increased ( P <0.05) the community growth. S. purpurea and Carex moorcroftii had the highest biomass in F4 ( P <0.05). Enclosure significantly increased plant C, N and P pools of S. purpurea community and F8 had the highest nutrient pools ( P <0.05) among the three blocks. Our research provide basic data for revealing plant biomass and nutrient allocation response to grassland utilization management and evaluating ecological effects of “grassland enclosure project”.

草地围封工程是改善退化草原生态环境和促进牧区经济可持续发展的一项重大举措。以典型高寒草原紫花针茅( Stipa purpurea )群落为研究对象,选取自由放牧、围封4年和围封8年3块样地,比较分析不同草地管理方式下群落生物量分配和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)储量差异。结果表明,自由放牧、围封4年和围封8年的群落地上生物量分别为46.12、146.40和256.44 g·m -2 ,0-15 cm土层根系生物量分别为274.74、214.87和764.59 g·m -2 ,15-30 cm土层根系生物量分别为17.80、17.56和31.64 g·m -2 ;围封显著促进了植被群落的增长( P< 0.05),其中对围封4年的优势种紫花针茅和青藏苔草( Carex moorcroftii )总生物量影响最显著( P <0.05)。围封显著提高了植物群落地上部分C、N、P储量,其中围封8年样地营养元素储量最高( P <0.05)。研究结果有助于揭示草地围封工程对藏北高寒草原紫花针茅群落物质分配的影响,为评估该区域退牧还草的生态效应提供了基础数据。

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

... 此外,关于人类活动干扰对草地植被和土壤生态化学计量特征影响的研究也是人们关注的主要领域^[12,13] ...

2014

0.0

李强, 宋彦涛, 周道玮, 王敏玲, 陈笑莹. 围封和放牧对退化盐碱草地土壤碳、氮、磷储量的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31(10): 1811-1819.

, Song Y

, Zhou D

, Wang M

, Chen X

Effects of fencing and grazing on soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus storage in degraded alkali-saline grassland .

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(10): 1811-1819. (in Chinese)

The relationships between grazing managements and soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus storage and their variations were studied in the degraded alkali-saline grassland by comparative study between fencing and grazing on time series. The results showed that aboveground biomass of degraded grassland decreased by 10.3%, 52.6% and 80.7% after 5, 6 and 8-years continuous grazing, respectively, however, the aboveground biomass of degraded grassland increased by 33.9%, 72.4% and 92.2% after 5, 6 and 8-years fencing, respectively. The underground biomass had similar response with aboveground biomass to grazing managements. Continuous grazing increased the soil pH and bulk density and reduced soil nutrient concentration whereas fencing reduced soil pH and bulk density and increased soil nutrient concentrations. With fencing, organic carbon and total phosphorus storage in surface layer soil gradually increased, however, total nitrogen storage firstly decrease and then increased. With grazing, soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus storage in surface layer soil all firstly increased and then decreased. After 5 years for fencing, the soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus storage was lower than grazing due to decreasing soil bulk density. The soil organic carbon significantly responded to aboveground biomass which suggested that the aboveground vegetation can be used as an effective indicator for soil carbon storage.

通过时间序列上围封和放牧的对比,研究了退化盐碱草地土壤碳、氮、磷储量及其变化与放牧管理的关系。结果表明,持续放牧5、6、8年后退化草地地上生物量分别降低了10.3%、52.6%和80.7%;而围封5、6、8年后地上退化草地地上生物量分别增加了33.9%、72.4%和92.2%;地下生物量对放牧管理的响应趋势与地上生物量相同。持续放牧增加了土壤pH和容重,降低了土壤养分浓度;围封对土壤pH、容重和土壤养分浓度的作用与放牧相反。围封后,表层土壤有机碳和总磷储量逐渐增加,总氮储量先降低后增加。然而放牧下,表层土壤碳、氮、磷储量均表现为先增加后降低。由于土壤容重的降低,封育5年后,围封地土壤碳、氮、磷储量要低于放牧地。土壤碳储量的变化对地上生物量的变化响应显著,因此,地上植被的变化能作为土壤碳储量有效的指示因子。

... 近年来,我国生态化学计量学发展较快,研究集中于森林、草原、湿地与荒漠等生态系统^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]} ...

... 此外,关于人类活动干扰对草地植被和土壤生态化学计量特征影响的研究也是人们关注的主要领域^[12,13] ...

2015

0.0

刘万德, 苏建荣, 李帅锋, 郎学东, 张志钧, 黄小波. 云南普洱季风常绿阔叶林优势物种不同生长阶段叶片碳、氮、磷化学计量特征. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(1): 52-62.

Liu W

, Su J

, Li S

, Lang X

, Zhang Z

, Huang X

Leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry at different growth stages in dominant tree species of a monsoon broad-leaved evergreen forest in Pu’er, Yunnan Province, China.

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(1): 52-62. (in Chinese)

Aims Our objective was to explore the effect of growth stage on leaf C:N:P stoichiometry in dominant species of a monsoon broad-leaved evergreen forest in Pu’er, Yunnan Province. Methods We collected leaves from six dominant species (i.e. Castanopsis hystrix , C. echidnocarpa , Lithocarpus fenestratus , L. truncatus , Schima wallichii and Anneslea fragrans ) at different growth stages from seedlings to mature trees. The leaf N, P and C contents were measured. The effects of species, growth stage and their interaction on leaf C, N and P contents and stoichiometry were analyzed by Repeated-Measure ANOVA in SPSS 19.0. Important findings The ranges of leaf N, P and C contents and mass ratios of C:N, N:P and C:P in the six species across different growth stages were 7.90–17.72 mg·g –1 , 0.34 –1 .39 mg·g –1 , 458.48–516.87 mg·g –1 , 28.04–65.70, 11.41–63.50 and 355.23–1 878.17, respectively. The coefficient of variation ( CV ) for N:P mass ratio ranged between 19.19%–91.65%, with an average of 36.46%; CV for C:P varied between 15.99%–91.60%, with an average of 34.80%; whilst CV for C varied between 1.61%–5.89%, with an average of 3.12%. Factorial analysis of the variation for each variable, with growth stage and species as independent factors, showed that leaf N and C contents and the mass ratios of leaf C:N, N:P and C:P were mainly determined by growth stage, while leaf P content was mainly determined by an interaction between growth stage and species.

为探索植物叶片氮(N)、磷(P)、碳(C)生态化学计量特征随植物生长发育的变化规律, 在普洱季风常绿阔叶林中, 选取6种优势植物种(红锥( Castanopsis hystrix )、短刺锥( Castanopsis echidnocarpa )、泥柯( Lithocarpus fenestratus )、截果柯( Lithocarpus truncatus )、西南木荷( Schima wallichii )、茶梨( Anneslea fragrans ))采集叶片, 分析其N、P、C含量及化学计量比随植物生长发育的变化。结果显示: 6种植物在不同生长阶段的N含量变化范围为7.90–17.72 mg·g –1 , P为0.34–1.39 mg·g –1 , C为458.48–516.87 mg·g –1 , C:N为28.04–65.70, N:P为11.41–63.50, C:P为355.23–1 878.17, 且不同生长阶段6种植物及总体叶片N、P、C含量及其化学计量比变化趋势各异。在变异系数上, N:P比整体变异最大, 为36.46% (变化范围19.19%–91.65%), 其次为C:P, 为34.80% (变化范围15.99%–91.60%), C的整体变异最小, 为3.12% (变化范围1.61%–5.89%)。变异来源分析结果显示, N含量、C含量、C:N、N:P及C:P均主要受植物生长阶段的影响, 而P含量主要受物种与生长阶段的交互作用影响。

... 研究内容涉及施肥对群落N:P的影响^[14],不同林龄树木重吸收率及其C、N、P化学计量特征^[15],区域优势植物叶片生态化学计量特征^[16],纬度和水分因素对植物和土壤生态化学计量特征的影响等^[17] ...

2015

0.0

邓浩俊, 陈爱民, 严思维, 林勇明, 张广帅, 杜锟, 吴承祯, 洪伟. 不同林龄新银合欢重吸收率及其C: N: P化学计量特征. 应用与环境生物学报, 2015, 21(3): 522-527.

Deng H

, Chen A

, Yan S

, Lin Y

, Zhang G

, Du

, Wu C

, Hong

Nutrient resorption efficiency and C: N: P stoichiometry in different ages of Leucaena leucocephala.

Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2015, 21(3): 522-527. (in Chinese)

摘　要：以干热河谷区9、15、26年生新银合欢（Leucaena leucocephala）为研究对象,运用单因素方差分析和Pearson相关性分析,测定并计算其鲜叶、凋落叶的养分含量、重吸收率及其C：N：P化学计量比.结果显示：新银合欢鲜叶N、P含量均表现为15年生〉26年生〉9年生,凋落叶N、P含量随林龄增加而增大;N、P重吸收率随林龄增大而下降,N、P重吸收率分别在42.76%-55.90%和26.35%-40.60%之间,N重吸收率均大于P重吸收率;鲜叶C：N、C：P均小于凋落叶,但鲜叶N：P大于凋落叶,且N：P均大于20;N重吸收率除与凋落叶N：P无显著相关性外,与其他化学计量比均呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）;P重吸收率除与凋落叶C：N、C：P有极显著正相关外（P〈0.01）,与其他化学计量比无显著相关性.本研究表明,干热河谷区新银合欢养分重吸收率表现出随林龄的增大呈下降的趋势,说明新银合欢保存养分的能力随林龄增大而下降;而新银合欢在生长过程中主要受P限制.

2015

0.0

曹娟, 闫文德, 项文化, 谌小勇, 雷丕锋. 湖南会同3个林龄杉木人工林土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征. 林业科学, 2015, 51(7): 1-8.

Cao

, Yan W

, Xiang W

, Chen X

, Lei P

Stoichiometry characterization of soil C, N, and P of Chinese fir plantations at three different ages in Huitong, Hunan Province, China.

Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(7): 1-8. (in Chinese)

[Objective] Soil organic C,total N ,and total P were measured in Chinese fir plantations at 3 different ages (7-, 17-, and 25-year-old) and changes of these elements along soil profile were also investigated in these plantations, in order to provide a scientific basis for sustainable management of Chinese fir plantations. [Method] The study was conducted at the National Key Field Observation Station of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, located in Huitong, Hunan Province of China. Three plantations at different ages were selected within the station and three plots in size of 20 m×20 m were set up for each of the three plantations. Based on the principle of ‘random’, ‘equal’ and ‘pooled’, soil samples were collected from 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm depths, respectively, at three sampling points with a triangle shape within each plot. Soil organic C, total N and total P were analyzed. C:N, C:P, N:P and C:N:P ratios were estimated. [Result] The contents of soil organic C,total N, and total P ranged 12.14-19.52, 1.43-1.89,and 0.32-0.40 g·kg -1 in the studied plantations, respectively. The contents of soil organic C and total N decreased with the increase of soil depths in 7-, 17-and 25-year-old stands. Total P contents did not significantly differ among soil depths in the studied stands. Soil C:N of the 3 plantations was respectively 11.73, 8.70, and 8.52, displaying a declining trend with aging.. In addition, soil C:N ratio was significantly higher in 7-year-old plantations ( P P P [Conclusion] Soil C, N ,and P contents were gradually restored with the aging of plantations. Our study suggested that N was relatively adequate, but P was relatively lack in the studied sites. It was likely that net mineralization of soil microbial biomass P occurred in order to maintain a relative equilibrium of P in soils under low soil C:P ratio condition. Soil C:N, N:P ,and C:P ratios were in a relative steady state along soil profile in the plantations. Soil C:N and C:P ratios were mainly affected by soil total C in the study area. As a consequence, to regulate soil organic C content is a critical target in sustainable management of Chinese fir plantations.

[目的] 研究不同林龄(7,17和25年生)杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量及其生态化学计量特征,探讨土壤层次分布规律及随年龄的变化规律,以期为杉木人工林可持续经营提供理论依据。 [方法] 以湖南会同杉木林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站基地内3块不同林龄的杉木人工林为研究对象,在每个林分内设置3块20 m×20 m样地,按照随机、等量和多点混合的原则,每块样地内采用"品"字形布点,按0~20, 20~40 和40~60 cm土层取样,测定土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,并计算土壤碳、氮、磷之间的计量比。 [结果] 7,17和25年生杉木人工林土壤有机碳含量为12.14~19.52 g·kg -1 ,全氮含量为1.43~1.89 g·kg -1 ,全磷含量为0.32~0.40 g·kg -1 ; 3个林分土壤有机碳含量和全氮含量随着土壤深度(0~60 cm)增加而逐渐降低, 全磷含量在土壤垂直结构上的差异不明显; 3个林龄杉木人工林的土壤C:N随林龄增加而下降,分别为11.73,8.70和8.52,对照样地炼山造林前土壤C:N为9.52,7年生幼龄林显著高于对照样地,对照样地显著高于17年生中龄林和25年生近熟林( P P P >0.05),低于我国土壤平均值5.2,而炼山造林前为5.85,显著高于3个林龄杉木人工林土壤N:P( P [结论] 通过对不同林龄杉木人工林土壤碳、氮、磷含量的研究发现,随着炼山后造林时间的推移,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量逐渐得到恢复。本研究杉木人工林土壤中的氮含量相对较高,而磷含量较为缺乏,为了达到土壤中磷的相对平衡,在土壤C:P较低的情况下土壤微生物体有机磷会出现净矿化现象。3个林龄杉木人工林土壤C:N,N:P和C:P在不同土壤剖面深度上变化不大,相对稳定。该研究区土壤C:N和C:P主要受土壤有机碳的影响,因此在杉木人工林经营管理过程中如何调控土壤中机碳含量显得十分关键。

2015

0.0

李婷, 邓强, 袁志友, 焦峰. 黄土高原纬度梯度下草本植物生物量的变化及其氮、磷化学计量学特征. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(3): 743-751.

, Deng

, Yuan Z

, Jiao

Latitude gradient changes on herbaceous biomass and leaf N and P stoichiometry characteristics in Loess Plateau.

Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(3): 743-751. (in Chinese)

【Objective】 Plant biomass can give an index to the trends of plant growth conditions and the change of natural environment, stoichiometry can reflect the plant nutrient content and using strategy. Our objective was to examine changes of herbaceous biomass and leaf N and P stoichiometry characteristics along latitudinal gradient in Loess Plateau, and to provide references for the prediction of plant growth and development prospect in Loess Plateau, soil nutrient status of the ecosystem and constraints of plant nutrition elements. 【Methods】 We investigated the herbaceous biomass and leaf N and P contents, and compared the herbaceous biomass amounts of different vegetation zones along the latitudinal gradient in Loess Plateau in Shanxi Province, including Fu County, Ganquan County, Ansai County, Jingbian County and Hengshan County and Yuyang District. One-way analysis and regression analysis were conducted to find main constraints of plant nutrition elements and to examine overall patterns of response of the herbaceous biomass, leaf N and P stoichiometry to latitude. 【Results】 Across the 35.95°-38.36°N latitude gradient, the range of herbaceous biomass amounts of different vegetation zones in Loess Plateau is from 9.10 to 27.59 g/m 2 , and the arithmetic mean is 19.45 g/m 2 and the coefficient of variation is 30.3%. The herbaceous biomass amounts in the four different vegetation zones are in order of grass zone ＞forest-grass zone ＞forest zone ＞grass-desert zone, and with the increase of latitude, the herbaceous biomass amounts are first increased and then decreased. The leaf N and P stoichiometry characteristics are primarily from 18.08 to 33.17 mg/g for N, from 1.07 to 1.7 mg/g for P and from 15.4-21.6 for the N/P ratio, the arithmetic means are 25.79 mg/g, 1.37 mg/g and 18.71, separately, and the variation coefficients are 17.1%, 13.9% and 9.94% in which the leaf N content is the greatest and the N/P ratio is the lowest. The leaf N and P are closely correlated, and leaf N and P significantly increases with latitude increasing, but the N/P ratios is not. The leaf N content in Loess Plateau is higher than the global average level and the leaf P content in Loess Plateau is lower than the global average level, consequently leading to a higher N/P ratio in Loess Plateau. 【Conclusions】 There is a certain correlation between the herbaceous biomass and latitude, however, that is not a simple linear correlation, and the change of herbaceous biomass is also related with species composition of the vegetation zones. There are obvious correlations between leaf N and P and latitude, while the relationship between the N/P ratio and latitude is not significant. These results demonstrate that the plants are under P limitation in Loess Plateau.

【目的】植物生物量可以表征植物的生长状况和自然环境的变化动向,化学计量学特征能够反映植物养分含量及养分利用策略,本研究以草本植物生物量和草本植物叶片化学计量学特征为研究对象,探讨黄土高原地区草本植物生物量及其叶片氮、磷化学计量学特征沿纬度梯度的变化规律,为预测黄土高原植物的生长发育前景、生态系统的土壤养分状况、植物营养元素的限制情况提供参考依据。【方法】以陕西省延安市的富县、甘泉县、安塞县和榆林市的靖边县、横山县和榆阳区为研究区域,测定黄土高原地区草本植物生物量和草本植物叶片氮(N)、磷(P)含量,比较不同纬度梯度下不同植被带的草本植物生物量的大小;利用方差分析将本研究中黄土高原地区草本植物叶片氮、磷含量以及N/P与全球、中国尺度等其他研究结果进行比较,分析黄土高原植物生长中的主要限制元素;利用回归分析阐明不同纬度梯度下草本植物生物量的变化规律及其叶片氮、磷的化学计量学特征。【结果】 1)在35.95°～38.36°N的纬度范围内,黄土高原不同植被带草本植物生物量的变化范围为9.10～27.59 g/m 2 ,算术平均值为19.45 g/m 2 ,变异系数为30.3% 。4个不同植被带草本植物生物量的大小顺序为草原带＞森林-草原带＞森林带＞草原-荒漠带。且随着纬度的升高,草本植物生物量呈先增加后减少的趋势。2)黄土高原草本植物叶片氮、磷含量和N/P的变化范围分别为18.09～33.17 mg/g、 1.07～1.7 mg/g和15.4～21.6;平均值分别为 25.79 mg/g、1.37 mg/g和18.71, 变异系数分别为17.1%、13.9%和9.94%, 其中草本植物叶片氮的变异系数最高,N/P最低。草本植物叶片氮、磷之间存在显著的相关关系,且随着纬度的升高,草本植物叶片氮、磷含量也随之升高,而N/P随纬度的升高变化不明显。3)黄土高原草本植物叶片氮含量(25.79 mg/g)高于全球尺度的平均氮含量(20.09 mg/g),而草本植物叶片磷含量(1.37 mg/g)低于全球尺度的平均磷含量(1.77 mg/g),因此该地区草本植物具有较高的N/P。【结论】黄土高原草本植物生物量与纬度存在一定的相关性,且并不是简单的线性相关,其生物量的变化也与植被带的物种组成有关;黄土高原草本植物叶片氮、磷含量与纬度之间存在显著的正相关关系,而N/P与纬度之间没有显著的相关性。与全球尺度相比,黄土高原地区草本植物生长更易受磷限制。

2013

0.0

郑伟. 喀纳斯景区山地草甸土壤理化性质与植物多样性-生产力关系. 草业科学, 2013, 30(12): 1933-1943.

Zheng

Relationship between soil physical and chemical properties and plant diversity-productivity of upland meadow in Kanas Scenic Area.

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 12: 1933-1943. (in Chinese)

Plant diversity, productivity, soil physical and chemical properties were examined using the different distance quadrats along tourism activities gradients in upland meadow of Kanas Scenic Area. The relationships among soil physical and chemical properties, diversity indexes and biomass of species, functional group and community were analyzed by partial correlation and curve estimation analysis. The results showed that the number of genera and species significantly decreased if close to tourist attractions. And the androphile gradually became dominant species of upland meadow, but the original dominant species gradually became companion species or disappeared. The development of perennial sedges, legumes and rhizome grasses were restrained and annuals and biennials developed rapidly with increasing tourism activities. And the diversity indexes and biomass of species, functional group and community gradually decreased. The changes of community composition and productivity resulted in the simplicity of community structure and community function. The effect of tourism activities may be reduced with the increasing of plant diversity scale. In the 0-30 cm layers of soils containing high contents of soil water and organic matter, medium levels of soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus, with decreases in soil bulk density, soil compaction and available potassium, the plant diversity and productivity of the three scales all increased. If the changes of soil properties would be converse, the development of original dominant species and functional groups was restrained and annuals and biennials developed rapidly while community biomass and quality decreased. Therefore, the factors of tourism and soil properties all affected distribution pattern of plant diversity and levels of productivity.

利用距离取样法对新疆喀纳斯景区山地草甸群落在不同旅游地段的植物多样性、生产力及土壤理化性质进行调查,通过相关分析及曲线拟合分析研究物种、功能群及群落3个尺度植物多样性-生产力与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,距离旅游景点越近的地段,属、种的数量显著减少;伴人植物逐渐成为群落优势种,而山地草甸原有的优势种逐渐变为伴生种甚至消失;多年生莎草、多年生豆科植物和多年生根茎禾草受到抑制,而一、二年生草本则受益;物种、功能群和群落多样性及其生产力均降低,群落结构简化,群落稳定性降低。随着植物多样性尺度的扩大,旅游干扰的效应有所减缓。土壤含水量、有机质高,土壤容重、紧实度与土壤速效钾含量低,而土壤碱解氮与有效磷含量适中,会使3个尺度的植物多样性及生产力提高。反之,则会使山地草甸原有的优势种及功能群生长受到抑制,而有利于伴人植物生长,并使群落生物量与草地品质下降。因此,外界的旅游干扰因素和土壤因素均可影响物种、功能群及群落3个尺度的植物多样性分布格局及生产力水平。

... 旅游干扰作为草地生态系统重要的干扰方式之一,深刻的影响着草地生态系统的植被与土壤^[18] ...

... 郑伟^[18]在研究旅游干扰对植物多样性影响的时候,通过对土壤践踏痕迹和紧实程度的调查,将旅游干扰程度划分为4个等级 ...

... 草地植被类型为山地草甸的杂类草-禾草草甸,分布在海拔1 300-1 800 m的河谷阶地、缓斜坡地、坡地及谷地上,集中在当地主要旅游景区附近^[18],土壤类型为草甸黑钙土,有机质含量在10%~25% ...

2015

0.0

郑永贤, 张智光. 森林旅游景区生态安全要素及其景观感知传递性分析. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2015, 35(2): 123-129.

Zheng Y

, Zhang Z

Analysis on ecological security elements and land scape esthesia transitivity of forest tourism scenic area.

Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2015, 35(2): 123-129. (in Chinese)

剖析森林旅游景区生物资源等要素的生态安全状态及其相应的景观感知,以及它们之间的传递关系,建立森林旅游景区生态安全与景观感知安全传递关系模型。通过对景区生态安全各要素的分析发现,在景区开发、游客干扰等人类活动的干扰下,我国一些森林旅游景区水体、土壤、空气、声音环境受到严重污染,动植物生长生存条件发生退化,并对游客的景观感知产生了显著的负面影响。对景区生态安全与景观感知安全的传递性分析表明,景观感知安全是人类活动对自然资源的影响转移到自身的一种反映,它对景区生态安全状态有一定的预知作用。在此基础上,结合景区生态安全与景观感知安全之间的传递关系,和对景区生态安全构念的分析,建立了包括生物生存环境安全和生物资源安全要素在内的森林旅游景区生态安全结构,及其与景观感知安全之间的传递关系模型。

... 旅游干扰的强度很难直接定量评价,学者们主要通过旅游环境容量、生态环境承载力、景观敏感值、生态干扰度等综合指标的量化间接反映旅游干扰的强度^{[19,20,21,22]} ...

0.0

2007

0.0

石强, 贺庆棠. 张家界国家森林公园最佳旅游环境容量研究. 北京林业大学学报, 2007, 29(4): 143-147.

Shi

, He Q

The best tourism environmental capacity of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, southern China.

Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(4): 143-147. (in Chinese)

近年来,大量增加的游客给张家界国家森林公园的环境带来了较大的压力.为了实现公园的环境保护及可持续发展目标,必须确定公园的最佳旅游环境容量,以此来进行公园的游客管理及接待设施的调控.该研究采用实地调查法,以床位数、游道长度及水体中总磷含量作为衡量指标,分别对公园的经济发展容量、日空间容量、不同季节生态环境容量进行了测算,在此基础上根据"木桶原理"确定了公园的最佳旅游环境容量.结果表明:公园的经济发展容量为41 400人/d,日空间容量为13 255人/d,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的生态环境容量差异较大,分别为1 848、3 879、1 307和775人/d.根据环保效益和经济效益相结合的原则,确定公园最佳旅游环境容量为13 255人/d,公园"境内最佳住宿容量"春季为1 848人/d,夏季为3 879人/d,秋季为1 307人/d,冬季为775人/d.以上结果可为公园入园游客人数、接待区住宿游客人数及接待设施存量控制与管理提供依据.

... 石强和贺庆棠^[21]通过研究张家界景区土壤含水量、容重和硬度的差异,确定旅游干扰对土壤的影响范围在游径外3 m以内 ...

2004

0.0

2009

0.0

蒋依依, 王仰麟, 成升魁. 旅游景观生态系统格局: 概念与空间单元. 生态学报, 2009, 29(2): 910-915.

Jiang Y

, Wang Y

, Cheng S

Preliminary research on patterns of the tourism land scape ecosystem: Concept and spatial units system.

Acta Ecology Sinica, 2009, 29(2): 910-915. (in Chinese)

Tourism landscape ecosystem is a territorial complex which is formed by the interactions between tourists, residents and their circumjacent environments. There are a series of human-nature relational differences between the tourism landscape ecosystem and the general landscape which the current pattern studies do not reflect. Based on the theory of landscape ecology and spatial structure, this paper proposes a conceptual theory that considers two elements: ① the pattern of the tourism landscape ecosystem and ②the spatial units system.(1) The aim of studying the patterns of the tourism landscape ecosystem is to realize the spatial heterogeneity of the interactions between these elements. Because the spatial structure of tourist activity is restricted and shaped by the natural environment and local residents, the pattern study should be based on the tourist structure. In addition, we can find out that the characteristics of tourist activity are centralization at larger scales and diffusion at smaller scales.(2) Based on the above analysis, the spatial units system of the tourism landscape is summarized as patch, corridor and matrix in this study. Patch is the nonlinear spatial unit of tourists′ convergent distribution inside the tourism landscape ecosystem. Corridor is a linear tourism activity space and an important carrier for the tourists′ centralization and diffusion in the tourism landscape ecosystem. Matrix is the background ecosystem where patches and corridors lie. Patch is composed of the node and activity area. Node is a nonfigurative point in space where tourism activity is the most convergent and robust whereas activity area is the area where tourists surround a single node.This study proposes to reflect the spatial difference within the human-nature reciprocity process by analyzing tourist spatial distributions. The pattern of the tourism landscape ecosystem will be helpful for the further study of landscape patterns and ecological processes, and can provide a foundation for the spatial management of regional tourism industry development.

旅游景观生态系统作为一个复杂的自然-人文生态系统，内部的人地关系区别于一般景观生态系统，但现有的格局研究难以反映。基于景观生态学与空间结构理论，在已有研究基础上，提出旅游景观生态系统格局的概念，并构建空间单元体系。首先，旅游景观生态系统格局可理解为旅游者的活动作用于系统地域范围所形成的空间分异与组织形式；其次，旅游景观生态系统格局的空间单元可划分为斑块、廊道和基质，其中斑块由节点与域面组成。旅游景观生态系统格局理论提出的目的是通过旅游者空间分布状况的分析，反映系统内部要素之间相互作用过程的空间差异。这一理论的提出有助于推动景观格局与生态过程研究的深入，并能为区域旅游业发展的空间协调管理提供理论支持。

... 蒋依依等^[23]认为在景点尺度上,为了获得更高的旅游效用,旅游者在可及范围之内游览观光,该尺度旅游干扰的空间特征表现为以旅游景点为核心向四周的扩散 ...

2006

0.0

项文化, 黄志宏, 闫文德, 田大伦, 雷丕锋. 森林生态系统碳氮循环功能耦合研究综述. 生态学报, 2006, 26(7): 2365-2372.

Xiang W

, Huang Z

, Yan W

, Tian D

, Lei P

Review on coupling of interactive functions between carbon and nitrogen cycles inforest ecosystems.

Acta Ecology Sinica, 2006, 26(7): 2365-2372. (in Chinese)

There are many uncertainties in the role of forest ecosystems in slowing down the increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and their responses to and feedbacks on the global change associated with the increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and the global increase in nitrogen deposition. Research on the interactions and coupling of carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems can pinpoint and thus reduce these uncertainties. Such studies also improve the understanding of the relationships between the productivity and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and mechanisms for sustaining the long-term site productivity. The coupling between carbon and nitrogen cycles in forest ecosystems includes photosynthetic processes, autotrophic respiration process, decomposition process of litter and soil organic matter, fine root turnover process, and heterotrophic respiration process. Both positive and negative feedback mechanisms and nonlinear relationships are involved in these processes, which ultimately determine the carbon balance in forest ecosystems. This paper reviews the current literature on the coupling functions between carbon and nitrogen cycles, and describes recent advances, existing shortcomings and limitations of research in this area. The directions for future research in this area are also discussed.

在大气CO 2 浓度升高和氮沉降增加等全球变化背景下，森林生态系统减缓CO2浓度升高的作用及其对全球变化的响应和反馈存在诸多不确定性。森林生态系统碳氮循环相互作用及功能耦合规律的研究是揭示这些不确定性的基础，也是反映森林生态系统生物产量与养分之间作用规律，涉及林地持久生产力（sustainability of long-term site productivity）的生态学机理问题。森林生态系统碳氮循环的耦合作用表现在林冠层光合作用的碳固定过程，森林植物组织呼吸、土壤凋落物与土壤有机质分解、地下部分根系周转与呼吸等碳释放过程，这些过程存在反馈机理和非线性作用，最终决定森林生态系统的碳平衡。着重在生态系统尺度上，综述了碳氮循环耦合作用研究的一些进展与存在的问题，对今后研究方向进行了展望。

... 1 旅游干扰对景区植被的影响C、N、P都是植物组成的重要元素,C是植物的结构性元素,也是构成植物体干物质的最主要元素^[24] ...

2011

0.0

王晶苑, 王绍强, 李纫兰, 闫俊华, 沙丽清, 韩士杰. 中国四种森林类型主要优势植物的C: N: P化学计量学特征. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(6): 587-595.

Wang J

, Wang S

, Li R

, Yan J

, Sha L

, Han S

C: N: P stoichiometric characteristics of four forest types’ dominant tree species in China.

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(6): 587-595. (in Chinese)

Aims The nitrogen and phosphorus characteristics of plants represent plant features and responses to environmental factors. Our objectives are to distinguish leaf and litter C : N : P stoichiometric characteristics, nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of trees, and the relationship between stoichiometric ratio and temperature and precipitation for four typical regions in China. Methods We studied temperate coniferous, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved, tropical monsoon and tropical plantation forest in the Changbaishan, Dinghushan, Xishuangbanna and Qianyanzhou Ecological Stations, respectively. We analyzed leaf and litter C : N : P, N, P and the relation of N, P nutrition limitation at each station. Important findings Leaf C : N : P in temperate needle and broad-leaved mixed, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved, tropical rain and subtropical plantation forests were 321 : 13 : 1, 561 : 22 : 1, 442 : 19 : 1 and 728 : 18 : 1, respectively. Litter C : N : P of the four forest types were 552 : 14 : 1, 1 305 : 35 : 1, 723 : 24 : 1, 1 950 : 27 : 1, respectively. The C : N of evergreen coniferous forest is higher than in evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forests, but C : P has no relationship with forest type. Leaf N : P was highest in evergreen broad-leaved forest and lowest in deciduous broad-leaved forest. Plant N : P has a linear relation with latitude and mean monthly temperature, but neither N or P concentration has such a relationship. Plant at high latitude are easily limited by N, those in low latitude are easily limited by P, but results show that plants limited by N or P don’t have higher N or P resorption. Stoichiometric ratios of leaf and litter are consistent, but environmental factors have different effects on different kinds of plant.

为了评价不同森林类型的生态化学计量特征的差异, 以吉林长白山温带针阔混交林、广东鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林、云南西双版纳热带季雨林和江西千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象, 通过对2007年4月–2008年5月4种典型区域森林植物叶片和凋落物的碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)元素质量比与N、P再吸收率的分析, 探讨了4种森林类型N、P养分限制和N、P养分再吸收的内在联系。结果表明: 1)从森林类型上看, 温带针阔混交林叶片的C : N : P为321 : 13 : 1, 亚热带常绿阔叶林叶片的C : N : P为561 : 22 : 1, 热带季雨林叶片的C : N : P为442 : 19 : 1, 亚热带人工针叶林叶片的C : N : P为728 : 18 : 1; 凋落物的C : N : P也是亚热带人工林最高, 达1 950 : 27 : 1, 温带针阔混交林的最低, 为552 : 14 : 1, 热带季雨林的为723 : 24 : 1, 亚热带常绿阔叶林的为1 305 : 35 : 1, 不同森林类型凋落物的C : N : P的计量大小关系与叶片的结果一致; 2)从植物生活型上看, 常绿针叶林叶片的C : N均显著高于常绿阔叶林及落叶阔叶林; 叶片C : P与森林类型的关系并不十分密切; 常绿阔叶林叶片的N : P最高, 常绿针叶林次之, 落叶阔叶林最低; 3)植物叶片的N : P与月平均气温有显著的负相关关系, 但叶片的C : P基本不受月平均气温影响, 叶片的C、N、P计量比与降水的线性关系不显著; 4)高纬度地区的植物更易受N元素限制, 而低纬度地区植物更易受P元素的限制; 但受N或P限制的植物并不一定具有高的N或P再吸收率。研究结果表明, 不同类型森林的叶片与凋落物的化学计量特征具有一致性, 但是环境因子对不同类型植物化学计量比的影响并不相同。

... g^-1)^[25],也低于广西喀斯特地区(427 ...

2015

0.0

阿布里孜·阿不都热合曼, 吕光辉, 张雪妮, 公延明. 新疆艾比湖流域植物光合器官碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征. 生态学杂志, 2015, 34(8): 2123-2130.

Abulizi·Abudureheman, Lyu G

, Zhang X

, Gong Y

. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of photosynthetic organs across Ebinur Lake Wetland Natural Reserve of Xinjiang, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2015, 34(8): 2123-2130. (in Chinese)

Ecological stoichiometry theory states that the elements and their ratios in organisms not only determine the key features of the organisms, but also determine the resource amounts and types that organisms demand. In this paper, photosynthetic organs of 20 plant species were selected in Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve, and their characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry were analyzed. The results showed that C, N, and P concentrations in photosynthetic organs ranged from 209.48 to 728.18 mg·g -1  (with an average of 429.60±99.05) mg·g -1 , 11.23 to 42.57 mg·g -1  (with an average of 20.52±5.78) mg·g -1 , and 0.39 to 3.50 mg·g -1  (with an average of 0.93±0.42) mg·g -1 , respectively. The C∶N, C∶P and N∶P ratios were 22.74±8.88, 512.93±186.53, 25.64±16.74, respectively. From the point of view of plant life forms, shrubs and herbaceous plants had a lower storage capacity for C than trees, while there was no significant difference in P concentration among the three life forms. In terms of plant functional types, C, N, P, C∶N, C∶P, N∶P of assimilating branches were not significantly different from those of leaves. Comparing the results of this research with the global and Chinese scales found that plants in Ebinur Nature Reserve had lower P concentration, higher N∶P and C∶P, indicating shortages of N and P, especially P in plants studied.

生态化学计量学理论认为，有机体元素及其比值不仅决定了有机体的关键特征，也决定了有机体对资源数量和种类的需求。本文对艾比湖湿地自然保护区内20种植物光合器官的碳、氮和磷的化学计量特征进行了分析。结果表明：植物光合器官碳、氮和磷含量分别为209.48～728.18（均值428.60±99.05）、11.23～42.57（均值20.52±5.78）和0.39～3.50 （均值0.93±0.41） mg·g -1 ；C∶N、C∶P和N∶P分别为22.74±8.88、512.93±186.53、25.64±16.74；从生活型来看，灌木和草本植物对C的存储能力极显著低于乔木（ P P 16，说明艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物在受N、P共同作用的同时更易受P的限制。

... g^-1)^[26] ...

... g^-1),说明喀纳斯植被在受N、P共同作用的同时更易受P限制,这与新疆艾比湖^[26]的研究结论一致 ...

2010

0.0

张文彦, 樊江文, 钟华平, 胡中民, 宋璐璐, 王宁. 中国典型草原优势植物功能群氮磷化学计量学特征研究. 草地学报, 2010, 18(4): 503-509.

Zhang W

, Fan J

, Zhong H

, Hu Z

, Song L

, Wang

The Nitrogen: Phosphorus stoichiometry of different plant functional groups for dominant species of typical steppes in China.

Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2010, 18(4): 503-509. (in Chinese)

Nitrogen(N) and phosphorous(P) influence the growth,development,structure and function of any terrestrial ecosystem.Ecological stoichiometry of plant N and P provides the dominant means for investigating plant nutrient utilization.Leaf N and P stoichiometry of main species in typical steppes of China was reported through systematic census of 33 dominant species within 132 research sites along a grassland transect.Transect includes the main grassland types in both northern temperate zones and Tibet Plateau of China.Results showed the average of N,P,N/P for all species was 18.18±6.16mg·g -1 ,1.25±0.64 mg·g -1 and 16.75±6.67,respectively.N and P were significantly positive correlation( P 3 and C 4 species( P 3 ,dicotyledons,gramineae,legumes and siccocolous were higher than that of C 4 ,monocotyledon,forbs,nonlegume and mesad.In general,N and P content of alpine steppes were higher while the N/P was lower than that of temperate steppes.Systemic studies of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus in different plant functional groups may provide a valuable reference for investigations of limited elements and adaptation strategies of grassland ecosystem.

氮(N)和磷(P)影响陆地生态系统的植物生长、发育和系统的结构和功能等,而植物氮磷(NP)生态化学计量特征为研究植物的养分利用状况提供了重要的手段,不同功能群植物叶片N、P元素的系统研究将为草地生态系统植被的限制元素及其对环境的适应策略提供参考依据。因此,以涵盖中国北方温带草原区和青藏高原区主要草地类型的草地样带为平台,通过系统采集该样带上132个采样点的33个主要优势植物叶片,分析了中国典型草地植物叶片N和P的生态化学计量学特征。结果表明:样带上主要物种的N含量、P含量、N/P的均值分别为18.18±6.16 mg·g -1 、1.25±0.64 mg·g -1 和16.75±6.67。其中,N和P存在显著的正相关关系( P 3 植物和C 4 植物的N、P含量无明显差异;双子叶植物、非禾本科植物、豆科植物、中生型植物的N、P含量分别高于相应的单子叶植物、禾本科植物、非豆科植物、旱生型植物;C 3 植物、双子叶植物、禾本科植物、豆科植物、旱生植物的N/P分别高于相应的C 4 植物、单子叶植物、非禾本科植物、非豆科植物、中生植物。总之,高寒草地植物的N、P含量高于温性草地植物,但其N/P却低于温性草地。

... g^-1)^[27]的平均C含量 ...

2014

0.0

徐沙, 龚吉蕊, 张梓榆, 刘敏, 王忆慧, 罗亲普. 不同利用方式下草地优势植物的生态化学计量特征. 草业学报, 2014, 23(6): 45-53.

, Gong J

, Zhang Z

, Liu

, Wang Y

, Luo Q

The ecological stoichiometry of dominant species in different land uses type of grassland .

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(6): 45-53. (in Chinese)

The stoichiometric elements of three dominant species, namely Stipa grandis , Artemisia frigida and Leymus chinensis were measured in different land use (grazing-exclusion, grazing and mowing) in the temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia. The seasonal variations of stoichiometric characteristic of plants and soil under different grassland uses were discussed. The stoichiometric characteristic response mechanisms of the plants and the nutrient limiting conditions were analyzed. The results show that obvious seasonal variations in C, N, P concentrations and their mass ratio of the three species exist in each grassland use type. Grassland use type, species and their interactions have significant impacts on N, P concentrations and the ratios C∶N, C∶P and N∶P, among which C concentration is relatively stable in the whole growing season and different uses show no significant impact on it. N concentration reduces overall. N and P concentrations in leaves are higher in grazing plot than those in grazing-exclusion and mowing plots. It shows that grazing can increased N and P concentrations. On the whole, plant growth is limited by N. Characteristics of soil nutrients among different grassland uses have certain differences, where comparably more serious N deficiency happens in the enclosed plot and P deficiency in the grazing plot. Generally the organic matter, C, N and P concentrations in the grazing plot are higher than those in the mowing and enclosed plots. It shows that soil nutrients can be increased which can promote plants growth in grazing plot.

在内蒙古温带草原围封、放牧和割草3种不同利用方式下,测定了大针茅、冷蒿和羊草3种优势种植物的化学计量元素,探讨了草地不同利用方式下优势种植物的化学计量特征响应机制。结果表明,3种优势种植物的C、N、P含量及其计量比在不同利用方式下均有明显的季节变化;不同利用方式、不同物种以及二者的交互作用均对N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P和N∶P有显著的影响,其中,C含量比较稳定,不同的利用方式对其无显著影响,N含量在整个生长季内总体呈下降趋势,放牧样地3种植物叶片的N、P含量均高于割草和围封样地,说明放牧增加了植物N、P的含量。植物生长普遍受到N的限制,土壤养分特征在不同利用方式间也存在一定的差异,围封样地表现为更加缺N,而放牧样地更加缺P。放牧样地有机质、C、N和P含量均高于割草和围封样地,说明适度放牧能提高土壤养分的含量,有利于植物的生长。

... 有研究表明,中国陆地植物叶片P含量与全球尺度相比偏低^[28] ...

... 徐沙等^[28]比较了内蒙古草原区围封、放牧和割草3种不同利用方式下的植物生态化学计量特征,结果发现植物的C含量比较稳定,不同的利用方式对其无显著影响,N含量在整个生长季内总体呈下降趋势,放牧样地长芒草(Stipa bungeana)叶片的N、P含量均高于割草和围封样地,植物生长普遍受到N的限制,适度放牧有利于植物的生长 ...

2009

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郑伟, 朱进忠, 潘存德. 草地植物多样性对人类干扰的多尺度响应. 草业科学, 2009, 26(8): 72-80.

Zheng

, Zhu J

, Pan C

Multi-scale response of plant diversity in grassland ecosystem to anthropogenic disturbances.

Pratacultural Science, 2009, 26(8): 72-80. (in Chinese)

Anthropogenic disturbances are one of the important factors which cause the variations of plant diversity in grassland ecosystems. Plant diversity depends on the ecosystem structures and processes taking place over a range of spatialtemporal scale. The significant dominant effect of plant diversity can only be expressed in particular spatialtemporal scale. The scale features of plant diversity and the largescale effect of anthropogenic disturbances determine the complexity and arduousness of plant diversity conservation in grassland ecosystem. This paper discussed the response patterns, processes and ecological consequences of plant diversity to various anthropogenic disturbances at different spatialtemporal scales, confirmed the important role of scale issues in the research of plant diversity, and probed into the causes of plant diversity changes and its related response mechanism under anthropogenic disturbances in grassland ecosystem, as well as their implications in the conservation and rational utilization of plant diversity, and grassland ecosystem sustainable development.

人类干扰是草地生态系统植物多样性变化的主要导因之一。植物多样性的形成依赖于一定空间和时间尺度上的生态系统结构与过程,只有在特定的时空尺度上才能充分表达其主导作用与效应。植物多样性的尺度特征和人类干扰的大尺度效应决定了草地植物多样性保护的复杂性和艰巨性。论述了不同尺度的草地植物多样性对放牧、旅游、刈割、施肥及开垦等各种人类干扰响应的方式、过程与生态后果,明确了尺度问题在研究中的重要作用,探讨了草地植物多样性在人类干扰下的变化导因与响应机制,以期为草地植物多样性的保护、合理利用及草地生态系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。

... 草地旅游已经成为草地生态系统重要的人为干扰方式之一,旅游者通过选择性的采摘、挖掘及作为旅游工具的马匹等牲畜的践踏、啃食作用干扰草地环境,使植被的群落结构及土壤理化性质受到不同程度的影响^[29] ...

2011

0.0

牛得草, 董晓玉, 傅华. 长芒草不同季节碳氮磷生态化学计量特征. 草业科学, 2011, 28(6): 915-920.

Niu D

, Dong X

, Fu

Seasonal dynamics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in Stipa bungeana.

Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(6): 915-920. (in Chinese)

Abstract： Less is known about whether the “Homeostasis Theory” and “Growth Rate Hypothesis” work in higher plants. Our objective was to study the seasonal dynamics of carbon (C)、nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents and test the “Growth Rate Hypothesis” in wild higher plants. Additionally, we tried to explore the influence of grazing on plants’ homeostasis traits. This study was conducted at SemiArid Climate and Environment Obwervatory of Lanzhou University in Loess Plateau (35°57′ N，104°09′ E). We collected the aboveground biomass of Stipa bungeana in the grazed and exclosure treatments in different seasons and quantified the C, N and P contents in the leaf tissue. The specific growth rates of plant S. bungeana were calculated and seasonal dynamics of C∶N, C∶P and N∶P ratios were described. In the exclosure (1) the aboveground biomass of S. bungeana accumulated gradually, and the maximum specific growth rate occurred during the period from March to May. Meanwhile, during this period, plant grew with higher C∶N, C∶P, N∶P ratios. Combined, these results did not support the “Growth Rate Hypothesis”; (2) the C content in S. bungeana increased significantly from March to May, but there were no differences among the C contents from May to September. The maximum values of N and P contents occurred in March, but the N and P contents decreased gradually from May to September. From March to September, the C∶N and C∶P ratios increased gradually, but N∶P ratio increased firstly and then decreased. Finally, there were small variations in C content and N∶P ratios (3.65% and 6.60%, respectively) during these four seasons, which showed strong homeostasis in both above parameters. However, there were huge variations in N、P contents and C∶N、C∶P ratios, and all of these values were bigger than 30%. In the grazed treatment (1) the dynamics of C and N contents in S. bungeana were similar to those in the exclosure, but the P content in September was bigger than that in July. Additionally, grazing resulted in higher N and P contents compared to those in the exclosure, and lower C∶N and C∶P ratios in the grazed site. While, N∶P ratios were bigger in grazed site than those in the excosure in both May and July. (2) there were also small variations in C content and N∶P ratios during these four seasons in the grazed treatment, but the variation of N∶P ratios (21.30%) is markedly bigger than that in the exclosure (6.60%).

内稳性理论和生长速率理论是生态化学计量学存在的前提和基础。为探讨高等植物不同发育阶段碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量及其计量比的内稳性特征以及与生长速率的关系，研究了黄土高原天然草地建群种植物长芒草（Stipa bungeana）地上组织C、N、P含量季节动态及其化学计量比的变化，探讨家畜采食对植物体内元素内稳性的影响。结果表明，围封样地（1）长芒草3-7月地上生物量逐步增加，且最大生长速率出现在3-5月；3-5月植物体C∶N、C∶P、N∶P显著提高,不符合生长速率理论。（2）长芒草C含量3-5月显著升高，5-9月差异不显著，而N和P含量3月含量最高，5-9月逐渐降低；3-9月，长芒草的C∶N与C∶P表现出逐渐增加的趋势，而N∶P表现出先增大后减小的趋势，不同生育时期长芒草C含量和N∶P的变异系数较小，分别为3.65%和6.60%，表现出较强的内稳性，而N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P的变异系数均大于30%。放牧样地，（1）长芒草叶片N、P含量均高于围封样地，C∶N和C∶P小于围封草地，且5、7月N∶P高于围封草地。（2）长芒草C含量和N∶P变异也较小，但N∶P变异明显大于围封草地，为21.30%。表明放牧影响长芒草C、N、P计量特征，且C、N∶P具有较强的内稳性。

... 30%,表明放牧影响植物C、N、P计量特征,且C含量和N:P具有较强的内稳性^[30] ...

2011

0.0

陆林, 巩劼, 晋秀龙. 旅游干扰对黄山风景区土壤的影响. 地理研究, 2011, 30(2): 209-223.

, Gong

, Jin X

Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil in Huangshan Mountain scenic area.

Geographical Research, 2011, 30(2): 209-223. (in Chinese)

Huangshan Mountain scenic area is one of the famous mountain resorts in China. It is a representative area not only in tourist activities but also in regional environment. In order to understand the impacts of tourist activities on soil, sampling and lab analyses were conducted to survey the soil near the main trails in Huangshan Mountain scenic area. The results were obtained as follows. Tourist disturbance generated a great effect on soil. With the increase of tourist disturbance, the bulk density of soil, pH value of soil and the content of total K increased. In the meantime the content of water, organtic matter, total N, total P in soil and the height of litter layer decreased. There was an obvious relativity between the change in all indexes with the increasing distance away from the trails and the change in the intensities of tourist disturbance. Among the above indexes, the highest correlation was found between the height of litter layer and the intensity of tourist disturbance, followed by the water content of soil and the bulk density of soil. The correlation between the content of total K and the intentity of tourist disturbance was relatively low, and the correlation between the total P and the intensity of tourist dirurbance was the lowest. It is indicated that the sensitives of each index to tourist disturbance were different. Compared with the control areas, soil condition changed evidently in a range of 2 m away from the trails, and reached 20 cm below the surface of soil. The impact on 0~10 cm soil was much greater than on 10~20 cm soil. The effects of tourist disturbance varied in different areas. The correlation between disturbance and effects was evident in heavily used areas and the effects were greater. However, the impact was not always consistent with the use because of different landshapes, plants and other environment factors. In addition, based on the above research, this paper discusses the current problems in studies of the recreational impacts on soil, and puts forward the concrete measures to alleviate the negative effects of tourist disturbance in Huangshan mountain resort.

为了解旅游活动对黄山风景区土壤的影响,采用样方法和室内分析相结合的方法,对黄山风景区主要游览步道附近土壤进行了调查分析,结果表明:黄山风景区旅游干扰对土壤影响效应明显,随干扰强度的增加,土壤容重、土壤pH值及土壤全钾含量趋于上升,土壤含水量、有机质、土壤全氮量、全磷量以及枯枝落叶层厚度趋于下降;其中土壤容重和土壤含水量对旅游干扰反应最为敏感,其次为土壤全钾量,土壤全磷量对旅游干扰反应最弱;旅游干扰对0~10cm层次土壤的影响显著大于10~20cm;不同区域旅游干扰对土壤影响效应不同,游览利用程度越高的区域,其影响效应与旅游干扰的相关性愈强,影响效应一般也越大,但由于受地形、植被等环境条件的影响,影响效应大小与该区域旅游利用程度并不完全一致。

... 陆林等^[31]的研究也证实了随距游径距离的增加,黄山景区土壤有机质含量逐渐升高 ...

2012

0.0

王全辉, 董元杰, 刘春生, 邱现奎, 胡国庆, 王艳华, 张秀玮. 旅游活动对泰山景区土壤质量的影响. 土壤学报, 2012, 49(2): 398-402.

Wang Q

, Dong Y

, Liu C

, Qiu X

, Hu G

, Wang Y

, Zhang X

Impacts of tourism activities on soil quality of mountain Taiscenic area.

Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2012, 49(2): 398-402. (in Chinese)

简报无英文摘要

正随着旅游活动在全球范围内的迅速发展,其对自然环境的影响也成为旅游环境研究的热点。国外关于旅游对土壤性质影响的研究始于20世纪60年代,研究内容主要涉及到践踏、露营等不同类型与不同强度旅游干扰对土壤理化性质的影响等[1]。

2015

0.0

付姗, 吴琴, 郑艳明, 胡启武. 鄱阳湖沙山植物叶片与土壤C: N、C: P沿沙化梯度分布特征. 长江流域资源与环境, 2015, 24(3): 447-454.

, Wu

, Zheng Y

, Hu Q

C: N and C: P stoichiometry of leaf and soil in response to desertification gradient in a sand y hill along Poyang Lake.

Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2015, 24(3): 447-454. (in Chinese)

在鄱阳湖多宝沙山沿沙化梯度测定了17种常见植物叶片及土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量,以阐明沙山常见植物种与土壤C∶N、C∶P分布特征及对沙化的响应,为沙山植被恢复提供基础数据。结果表明:(1)植物叶片C∶N、C∶P分布范围为18.5~127.3、169.8~507.1,平均值分别为43.1、341.8;土壤0~10、10~30、30~50cm层C∶N变化范围分别为9.8~46.3、2.4~46.5和3.7~45.0;相应土层C∶P范围分别为19.8~75.9、3.0~90.5和4.7~76.5。(2)植物C∶N、C∶P对沙化的响应模式一致,均表现出在重度沙化区数值最小;土壤C∶N随沙化程度增加表现出降低趋势,而C∶P则表现出增加趋势,二者对沙化的响应不一致。(3)植物C∶N、C∶P变化主要取决于叶片的N、P含量;土壤C∶N的变化受控于土壤N含量;C∶P变化则决定于土壤有机C含量。

1991

0.0

彭崇玮. 喀纳斯湖区的土壤. 新疆大学学报: 自然科学版, 1991, 8(2): 90-97.

Peng C

Soil in district of Kansi Lake.

Journal of Xinjiang University: Natural Science Edition, 1991, 8(2): 90-97. (in Chinese)

本文从喀纳斯湖区的自然条件、土壤形成过程、属性和化学性质等方面,论述了由山地冰沼土、高山草甸土、亚高山草甸土、棕色针叶林土、山地黑钙土五种土类,组成的新疆特有的冷湿型高山湖区(除基带棕钙土之外)的土壤垂直带谱。

... 36 mg·g-1[32-33],彭崇玮^[34]对相同研究区域的土壤C、N进行了分析,C、N含量和C:N均明显高于本研究结果 ...