Based on the ecological relationship between saline-alkali soil properties and plants,plant community type and biomass associated with soil physico-chemical properties,including pH,soil organic matter,hydrolysable nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,cation exchange capacity,exchangeable sodium and water-soluble salt contents were surveyed and analyzed.According to the soil physico-chemical properties and herbaceous plant biomass,site classification and evaluation for saline-alkali soil of Daqing were made by using factor analysis and cluster analysis methods.The saline-alkali soil of Daqing was classified into five kinds of site types,namely,1) High biomass saline-alkali soil with slight salinity;2) High biomass saline-alkali soil with moderate salinity; 3) Moderate biomass saline-alkali soil with moderate salinity;4) Low biomass saline-alkali soil with moderate salinity;and 5) High salinity saline-alkali soil.This provided scientific reference for restoring vegetation and improving the productivity of land resources.

根据盐碱地土壤性质与植物的生态关系,调查分析植物群落种类、生物量与土壤理化性质(pH值、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、交换性钠和水溶性总盐含量)之间的相互关系。利用多元统计分析的因子分析和聚类分析方法,以盐碱地土壤理化性质为分类依据,以地上草本植物群落生物量为验证标准,进行立地分类和立地质量评价,将大庆市盐碱地分为高生物量轻度盐碱地、高生物量中度盐碱地、中生物量中度盐碱地、低生物量中度盐碱地和重度盐碱地5种立地类型。研究结果可为恢复植被,提高土地资源生产力提供科学参考。

Salt stressis a main factor restricting the growth and grain yield of wheat grown in the salinized soils. Understanding the mechanism of salt resistance of wheat cultivars is of importance to wheat production and breeding. The endogenous hormones contents and their balance have close link to growth and development in wheat plant. However, limited knowledge exists on the relationship between endogenous hormone and salt resistance of wheat subject to salt stress. The objective of this research, therefore, is to determine the responses of endogenous hormone contents and their balance to salt stress in two wheat cultivars contrasting in salt resistance. The results will help to recognize the mechanism of salt resistance and to offer valuable information in salt resistance breeding of wheat. The experiment was conducted with two wheat cultivars, DK961 (salt-resistant) and TS9818 (salt-sensitive). The seeds of each cultivar ware water-cultivated in three salt concentrations, 0(CK), 100(S100) mmol/LNaCl, and 200(S200) mmol/LNaCl. The seedlings of each treatment were sampled after having been cultivated for 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 d, respectively, for determining the growth and endogenous hormone contents of seedlings. The results showed that salt stress had obviously inhibitory effects on seedlings growth, especially, of TS9818.ABA contents of the seedlings increased with salt concentration and the increased magnitude due to salt stress in TS9818 were markedly higher than those in DK961. Salt stress caused the decrease of IAA contents of seedlings in both cultivars. However, the comparison of two cultivars showed that IAA contents of seedlings in DK961were over those in TS9818 under salt stress environment, indicating that the salt-resistant cultivar has a higher potential to synthesize IAA for adapting salt stress. GA3 content of seedlings of both cultivars varied with salt concentration. The increased GA3 contents in shoots of salt-resistant cultivar DK961was found under the lower salt stress of 100 mmol/LNaCl, which was beneficial to the seedling growth. However, the GA3 contents declined significantly in seedlings of both cultivars grown in the higher salt stress of 200 mmol/LNaCl. The contents ZR in shoot of both cultivars rose as the salt concentration increased, and ZR content in shoot of DK961was higher than that in TS9818, and the latter had a higher ZR content in root than the former. Based on the results above, we considered that salt stress stimulated the translation of ZR from root to shoot for maintaining seedling growth under salt stress environment. The ratios of IAA to ABA and GA3to ABA showed dropping trend with increased salt concentration and the prolongation of salt stress duration in both cultivars.However, the ratios of IAA to ABA in DK961were higher than those in TS9818 subject to salt stress. Those results mentioned above suggested that salt resistant cultivar has stronger ability to regulate endogenous hormone contents of seedlings for adapting salt stress, which was an important reason why seedlings growth of salt resistant cultivar was less inhibited than salt-sensitive cultivar by salt stress.

采用两种浓度NaCl溶液，对不同抗盐性小麦品种德抗961（抗盐性强）和泰山9818（抗盐性弱）萌发期幼苗进行胁迫处理，观察其幼苗长势和内源激素含量变化。结果表明，盐胁迫抑制小麦幼苗生长，抗盐性弱的泰山9818受抑制较重。苗、根ABA含量随盐胁迫浓度增加而提高，泰山9818的增幅高于德抗961。苗、根IAA含量随盐胁迫浓度增加而降低，但德抗961的IAA含量高于泰山9818，说明盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种具有较高IAA合成量。2品种GA3含量变化因盐胁迫浓度而异。在低盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种苗中GA3含量提高以适应盐胁迫利于苗的生长, 在高盐胁迫下2品种GA3含量降低。盐胁迫使苗中ZR含量增加，且德抗961的苗中ZR含量高于泰山9818，而根中ZR含量则前者低，说明盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种可迅速将根部合成的ZR向苗中转移，促进苗的生长。2品种IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA比值随盐胁迫浓度增加和时间延长而下降，德抗961 IAA/ABA比值大于泰山9818。在盐胁迫下，抗盐性强的品种协调自身激素平衡的能力较强可能是其生长受抑制较小的重要原因。

Land salinization-alkalization is a widespread environmental problem. The problem can be further classified, in terms of the salt characteristics, into salt-stress and alkali-stress. In fact, the destructive effects caused by alkali-stress is more serious than that by salt-stress. However, the information about alkali-stress is little up to the present. The resistance to salt and alkali stresses is stronger in Xiaobingmai ( Triticum aestivum - Agropyron intermedium ) than in other varieties of wheat. The cultivar Xiaobingmai 33 has been planted over some salt-alkalized areas, but its resistance to salt and alkali stresses is few studied yet. Therefore, Xiaobingmai 33 was chosen as the experimental materials to explore its physiological response to salt and alkali stresses and the difference between salt-stress and alkali-stress.The seedlings of Xiaobingmai 33 were treated for 12 days under five conditions of salt-stress and six conditions of alkali-stress, which were established by mixing NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 or NaHCO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 at 1:1 molar ratio respectively. The concentration range of treatments was from 60 to 300 mmol L -1 for the salt-stress, and 30 to 180 mmol L -1 for the alkali-stress. Six strain indices including relative growth rate (RGR), water content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage rate, chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content, and the contents of five solute including Na+, K+, proline, betain and organic acid, were determined. The physiological responses of Xiaobingmai 33 to salt-stress and alkali-stress were analyzed and compared in order to further identify the difference of both stresses. The results showed that the decrease extents of RGR and water content and the increase extents of MDA and electrolyte leakage rate under-alkali stress were greater than those under salt-stress with increasing stress intensity. The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid didn’t change under salt stress, but decreased sharply under alkali-stress. Under both stresses, the contents of Na + , proline, and betain increased, while K + content decreased, and the changing degree under salt-stress was higher than that under alkali stress. In addition, organic acid content increased significantly under alkali-stress, but decreased slightly under salt-stress. In conclusion, all the strain responses to alkali-stress were more marked than those to salt-stress. The maximum concentration for Xiaobingmai 33 in resistance to salt-stress was 300 mmol L -1 , and that to alkali-stress was only 150 mmol L -1 under the present experimental conditions. Alkali-stress caused great decrease of photosynthetic pigment content, which might be one of the reasons that the effect of alkali-stress was more severe than that of salt-stress. The accumulation of organic acids might be a special physiological mechanism of Xiaobingmai response to alkali-stress. The present study indicate that salt-stress and alkali-stress are two different stresses, not only in their effects on plant, but also in the response of plant to them.

将两种中性盐（NaCl和Na 2 SO 4 ）和两种碱性盐（NaHCO 3 和Na 2 CO 3 ）按摩尔质量比1∶1混合，在60~300 mmol L -1 盐浓度内模拟出5种强度的盐胁迫条件，在30~180 mmol L -1 盐浓度内模拟出6种强度的碱胁迫条件，并以此对小冰麦苗胁迫处理12 d。测定相对生长率（RGR）、含水量、丙二醛（MDA）、电解质外渗率、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素6项胁变指标和Na + 、K + 、脯氨酸、甜菜碱、有机酸5种溶质含量。结果表明，碱胁迫下小冰麦的各项胁变反应均明显大于盐胁迫下。在本试验条件下，小冰麦可耐受的最高盐胁迫浓度为300 mmol L -1 ，而碱胁迫仅为150 mmol L -1 。碱胁迫造成小冰麦光合色素含量急剧下降，可能是其危害甚于盐胁迫的原因之一。碱胁迫下有机酸大量积累可能是小冰麦响应碱胁迫的特殊生理机制。试验结果证明盐、碱胁迫是两种性质不同的胁迫，不仅对植物的作用机制不同，而且植物的适应机制也不同。

盐碱土的物理化学性质,为树木生长造成生理障碍,植物群落不易形成,规划建设城市生态园林举步艰难.将盐碱土的改良措施与造园艺术紧密结合,既为园林绿化建设创造了丰富多彩的山水景观,又达到了改土治盐的目的,从而使其从环境美化、绿化、生态效益、经济效益等方面得到改善,为推动和加速盐碱土地区的园林绿化事业做出贡献.

Acquisition of nutrient and water by VA mycorrhizae under water stress and application different P lever were studied by soil culture experiment. The results showed that water stress can greatly restrain plant shoot and root growth,decrease plant nutrient absorption and water utillization.VA mycorrhizae could enhance plant dry weight and improve plant P concentration,as well as increase the resistance to drought and water utilization efficiency under water stress and normal water supply at the same P application level.

采用土培试验,研究水分胁迫条件下,施磷肥接种VA菌根菌对白三叶的生长,养分吸收和水分利用的影响.结果表明,土壤干旱严重则抑制地上部和根系的生长,影响植株吸收养分,降低水分利用率.随着施磷量的提高,该状况则得以缓解.在水分胁迫和正常供水条件下,施磷量相同,接种菌根组的地上和根系生物量干重显著高于不接种组,干物质累积增加,减轻水分胁迫对植株生长的抑制程度,改善了植株体内磷素养分状况,提高了白三叶对土壤磷的有效利用及水分利用率.

The effects of treatments of different soil moisture and duration on root/shoot relation and the grain yield in winter wheat were studied by the potted experiment of cultivars BeiNong 10 in greenhouse at the scientific experimental areas of China Agriculture University in 2000. The dry weights of ro

以冬小麦品种北农10号为材料，研究了水分胁迫效应对作物根、冠生长关系及产量的影响。结果表明，冬小麦根、冠间存在异速生长关系，导致根冠比随植株发育进程而指数下降。根、冠间的这种异速生长关系可用模型y=a+bx表示，y代表根干重的自然对数，x代表冠干重的自然对数，a为截距，b为线性回归系数。水分条件不足时，b值减小

Many perennial grasses have been indicated as having superior attributes as energy plants such as having high biomass yield and a wide variety of ecological functions. Since the mid-1980s there has been increasing interest in the use of perennial grasses as energy plants in US and Europe as the biomass materials of perennial grasses can be readily converted to energy through combustion, gasification and liquefaction. In US, the Herbaceous Energy Crops Research Program (HECP), was established in 1984 with funding from the US Department of Energy (DOE). HECP has evaluated 35 potential herbaceous crops of which 18 were perennial grasses, and has indicated that switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a native perennial grass, has the greatest potential as an energy plant. In 1991, the DOE′s Bioenergy Feedstock Development Program (BFDP), which evolved from the HECP, decided to focus research on a "model" crop system and to concentrate research resources on switchgrass, in order to rapidly achieve its maximal output as a biomass crop. In Europe, about 20 perennial grasses have been tested and four perennial rhizomatous grasses (PRG), namely miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), giant reed (Arundo donax) and switchgrass were chosen for further exploration. There are many ecological benefits could be achieved from the production and use of perennial energy grasses. The substitution of fossil fuels or of raw materials based on fossil fuels by biomass of perennial grasses is an important contribution to reduce CO2 emissions. Also, unlike annual crops, the need for soil tillage in growing perennial grasses is limited to the year in which the plants are established. The ecological advantages of the long periods without tilling may include reduced risk of soil erosion and a likely increase in soil carbon content. Furthermore, due to the recycling of nutrients by their rhizome systems, perennial grasses have a low demand for nutrient inputs. Since they have fewer natural pests than most crops, they may also be produced with little or no pesticide use. Some of the perennial grasses have also been indicated to have tolerance to heavy metals and can therefore be used for the recovery of heavy metal-polluted soils. Studies also show that an increase in abundance and activities of different animal species, especially birds, mammals and insects, occur in stands of perennial grasses due to relatively long period of free of soil disturbance, late harvest of the grasses in winter to early spring and the insecticide-free systems. These indicate that growing perennial grasses can provide ecological services in agricultural production systems, and can also function as elements in landscape management and as habitat for different animal species. The aim of this review is to summarize previous studies on selecting perennial grasses for bioenergy production in US and Europe, and to give an overview of the characteristics of the four most investigated perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy plant. A new approach of exploiting non-food crops on the non-agricultural lands in China is proposed. It is very important and urgent to develop bioenergy production in China, and it is expected that perennial grasses will be set for a comeback through a number of different energy conversion pathways in the future.

多年生禾草作为能源植物具有许多优良特性，特别是具有很高的生物质产量和多方面的生态功能，可以通过燃烧、气化和液化等方式进行能源生产。自从20世纪80年代中期以来，欧美等国对多年生能源禾草的兴趣就不断增加，并从中选取了柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum L.）、芒(Miscanthus spp.)、草（Phalaris arundinacea L.）和芦竹（Arundo donax L.）等4类根茎型禾草加以重点突破，以求达到快速应用和示范的目的。综述了这4类能源禾草在欧美国家的研发现状，介绍了它们的一般生物学和生态学特征及产能效益，重点强调了其在土壤和水体污染治理、土壤理化特性改良、CO2气体减排和促进生物多样性改善等方面的生态效益。进而认为，只有根据中国的土地资源国情，在非农业用土地上发展非粮能源植物，才是我国生物质能产业的真正出路。

通过对人工控制条件下,不同浓度盐水(0,4,12,20,28 g/L)处理55 d后,多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)的气体交换参数、光合色素、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量变化情况的分析.结果表明:①随盐水浓度的增加,多枝柽柳净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)的日变化曲线均由"双峰"型变为"单峰"型;Pn,Gs、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)日均值呈先上升后下降趋势,而气孔限制值(Ls)则相反;4 g/L浓度盐水处理促进多枝柽柳光合作用,12～28 g/L浓度盐水处理则使其因气孔因素限制而光合作用下降.②4 g/L浓度盐水处理显著促进多枝柽柳叶绿素a(chla)、叶绿素b(chlb)、总叶绿素(chl)、类胡萝卜素(car)的合成;随盐水浓度的增加,光合色素分解加剧,chla/b比值下降,而其car/chl值上升,且在20 g/L和28 g/L高盐水浓度处理下均达到极显著水平.③盐水处理使多枝柽柳可溶性糖含量增加,脯氨酸含量下降,但差异均不显著;随盐水浓度的增加,两物质含量均上升,并在高浓度盐水处理下达到极显著水平.较低盐水浓度(4 g/L)有利于多枝柽柳的生长,而随盐水浓度的升高均对其产生盐分胁迫.

An experiment was conducted in an artificial climate chamber to study the growth and physiological characteristics of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) seedlings exposed to 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mmol·L -1 of NaCl solutions. With the increasing concentration of the NaCl, the seedling growth was obviously inhibited. The plant height decreased, leaves became smaller, photosynthetic leaf area and net photosynthetic rate reduced, and dry matter accumulation decreased gnificantly, presenting the general traits of glycophyte. Meanwhile, the seedlings also showed relatively high salt tolerance. After exposed to 200 mmol·L -1 of NaCl for 30- ays, the seedlings still survived, with the green leaf area per plant and net photosynthetic rate being  491.9 cm 2 and 0.93 μmol CO 2 ·m -2 ·s· -1 , respectively. In this experiment,the salt tolerance threshold for P. virgatum was 178.6 mmol·L -1 when taking 50 % drop in biomass as the standard.

2010年,在人工气候室中设置了0、50、100、150和200 mmol·L -1 5种NaCl浓度处理,分析盐胁迫对柳枝稷苗期生长的影响.结果表明: 随着NaCl浓度的增加,柳枝稷的生长明显受到抑制,株高降低、叶片变小、光合叶面积减少、净光合速率下降,干物质积累量显著降低,表现出甜土植物的特点.柳枝稷的耐盐能力较强,在200 mmol·L -1 NaCl溶液中处理30 d后仍能存活,单株绿叶面积为491.9 cm 2 ,净光合速率为0.93 μmol CO 2 ·m -2 ·s -1 .本试验条件下,以生长量下降50%为标准求得柳枝稷的耐盐阈值为178.6 mmol·L -1 .

Three common tobacco varieties in Jilin province were stressed with five different gradients of complex alkali-saline during seedling growth stages, then malmldehyde(MDA),proline(Pro) content and change of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and peroxidase(POD) activity were detected. The results showed: with the stress prolonging, Pro content increased in early phase and afterwards decreased, MDA content increased actually, SOD and CAT activity gradually declined, POD activity in early phase increased and afterwards declined. In the same stress condition, alkali-saline tolerance of N.rustica was relatively higher and that of flue-cured. tobacco lower.

以吉林省常见的3种类型烟草为材料,设置5种梯度混合盐碱液对烟草幼苗进行胁迫处理,测定叶片内脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。结果表明:随盐碱胁迫的增加,Pro含量表现为先升后降,MDA含量逐渐升高,SOD和CAT活性表现为逐渐下降,POD活性表现为先升后降。在相同胁迫处理下,耐盐碱能力相对较强的是黄花烟,较弱的是烤烟。

In order to explore the effects of complex salt-alkali stresses on seed germination of Oat ( Avena sativa ), six alkali concentration treatments with six levels of salinity each, and in total 36 kinds of salt-alkali conditions were simulated by mixing neutral salts (NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 ) and alkaline salts (NaHCO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 ) in various proportions. Germination percentage, germination energy, radicle and shoot length were measured. The results showed that, germination percentage and germination energy both decreased with increasing salinity under all alkali treatments, and the salinity inhibit effects increased as alkali concentration increased. When subjected to the highest salinity (144 mmol·L -1 ), germination percentage was 25.6%, 11.1%, 0, 0, 0 and 0, respectively, as alkaline salts proportion increased from 0 to 100%. Radicle and shoot length had the similar downtrends with germination index, and radicle growth was more sensitive to salinity stress. Stepwise regression analysis showed that, salinity was the dominant stress factor affecting seed germination. This may attribute to osmotic stress which mainly determined by sodium concentration in present study.

为明确复合盐碱胁迫对燕麦( Avena sativa )种子发芽的影响, 将中性盐NaCl、Na 2 SO 4 与碱性盐NaHCO 3 、Na 2 CO 3 按不同比例混合, 依照碱浓度逐渐增加的原则分为6个胁迫处理组, 每组设定6种不同盐浓度, 来测定36种复合盐碱胁迫条件下燕麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、胚根与胚芽长等生长指标。结果表明, 在各胁迫处理组下, 燕麦种子的发芽率与发芽势均随着盐浓度的增加而下降, 且碱性盐比例越大下降越明显。在最高浓度胁迫下(144 mmol·L -1 ), 无碱性盐存在的胁迫组燕麦种子发芽率为25.6%, 碱性盐比例最低的胁迫组为11.1%, 其余各组处理则均为0。胚根与胚芽生长表现出与发芽率相似的变化规律, 且胚根对胁迫更敏感。对各胁迫因素与发芽指标进行逐步回归分析, 发现在众多胁迫因素中, 盐浓度起主要作用。由于植物在种子发芽阶段主要受水分的控制, 而在复合盐碱胁迫下, 水势主要由盐浓度决定, 因此, 盐浓度是复合盐碱胁迫下燕麦种子发芽的决定性因素。

 The effects of five salinealkaloid (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, Na2CO3 and a mixed solution of them at the ratio of 1∶9∶9∶1) in different concentrations on Achnatherum splendens seed germination were studied in this paper. The results of this study showed that the germination percentage, germination index and germination energy were decreased with the increase of salt concentration and the rejection capability was gradually increased on the seed germination. Low concentrations (80 mmol/L) of NaHCO3 and the mixture can promote seed germination. The order of rejection capability of five salinealkaloid was carbonate>salt mixture>sulphate>supercarbonate>salt chloridate. The trend of seed germination showed that the number of days in the initial seed germination was delayed and the number of germinated seeds in seed germination peak period was decreased with the increase of salt concentrations.

研究了5种盐碱（NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3及该4种盐按1∶9∶9∶1的物质的量比例配置成的混合溶液）及其在不同浓度处理下对芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）种子萌发的影响。结果表明，在不同盐碱处理下，随着浓度的增加，种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数逐渐降低，种子萌发抑制作用逐渐增强。低浓度（80 mmol/L）的NaHCO3和混合盐能够促进种子萌发。不同盐碱对芨芨草种子萌发的抑制作用表现为碳酸盐>混合盐>硫酸盐>碳酸氢盐>氯化盐。种子萌发趋势表现为种子萌发初始天数推迟；种子萌发达到高峰时发芽数降低。