摩天岭北坡东南部不同海拔梯度草本植物群落特征

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田青, 李宗杰, 王建宏, 宋玲玲, 韩蓉, 陈博. 摩天岭北坡东南部不同海拔梯度草本植物群落特征. 草业科学, 2016,33(4):755-763
Tian Qing, Li Zong-jie, Wang Jian-hong, Song Ling-ling, Han Rong, Chen Bo. The characteristics of herbaceous plant communities in the southeast of Motianling northern slope at different altitudes. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(4): 755-763 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

摩天岭北坡东南部不同海拔梯度草本植物群落特征

田青¹, 李宗杰¹, 王建宏², 宋玲玲¹, 韩蓉¹, 陈博³

1.甘肃农业大学林学院,甘肃兰州 730070

2.白水江自然保护区管理局,甘肃文县 746400

3.甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州 730070;

田青(1974-),女,甘肃临洮人,教授,博士,主要从事水土保持与恢复生态学方面的教学和研究工作。E-mail:tqing@gsau.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2015-08-20

基金: 国家自然科学基金项目(31260122)

摘要

海拔因子是影响植被生长的主导因子,对生态系统格局与过程有着深远的影响。本研究运用相关分析、逐步回归分析和Pearson 相关系数检验对摩天岭北坡南段海拔600-1 500 m草本植物多样性以及群落初级生产力进行分析。结果表明,1)物种多度与海拔梯度呈显著正相关关系( R² =0 .278 4)( P<0 .05),植物盖度与海拔梯度呈显著负相关关系( R² =0 .43),草本层高度、密度与海拔梯度相关性不显著( P>0.05);2)植被地上生物量随海拔梯度的上升表现出先增后减的变化趋势,地下生物量随海拔变化差异较大,表现出先增后减再增的趋势;3)从功能群的角度分析,草本层植物功能群地上生物量和地下生物量随海拔梯度的变化趋势基本一致。摩天岭北坡东南部草本植物群落特征随海拔梯度变化显著,各功能群的地上、地下生物量差异显著。生物量与草本层植被盖度呈极显著正相关( P<0.01),生物量与植物高度和密度的相关性不显著,以及植物盖度、高度和密度之间相关程度不高。

关键词: 草本层; 植物多样性; 生物量; 功能群; 海拔梯度

中图分类号:Q948.15⁺8 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)4-0755-09 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0337

The characteristics of herbaceous plant communities in the southeast of Motianling northern slope at different altitudes

Tian Qing¹, Li Zong-jie¹, Wang Jian-hong², Song Ling-ling¹, Han Rong¹, Chen Bo³

1.Forestry College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

2.Administration Bureau of Baishuijiang Natural Reserve, Wenxian 746400, China

3.Agronomy College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Corresponding author: Tian Qing E-mail:tqing@gsau.edu.cn

Abstract

Altitude is the dominant factor that influenced vegetation habitat differences which has a profound influence on ecosystem structure and process. The present study analyzed plants diversity and primary productivity of community in altitude of 600-1 500 m range in the southern section of Motianling northern slope using the analysis of correlation, stepwise regression and the test of Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that the species abundance was significantly and positively correlated ( R²=0.278 4) with the altitude gradient ( P<0.05), whereas plant coverage was significantly and negatively correlated ( R²=0.43) with the altitude gradient and there was weak correlation between altitude gradient and vegetation height and density ( P>0.05). Furthermore, aboveground biomass firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of altitude, however, underground biomass changed more complicated which firstly increased, then decreased, and increased again with the increase of altitude. The variations of plant functional group of aboveground biomass and underground biomass were consistent with the variations of altitude gradient. All of the results showed that the characteristics of herbaceous communities had a significant change with attitude gradient in the southeast of Motianling northern slope. The difference of aboveground and underground biomass for each functional group was significant. There was highly significant positive correlation between biomass and the vegetation coverage of the herb layer ( P<0.01), and no correlation between biomass and plant height and density; between plant coverage, height and density.

Keyword: herb layers; plant biodiversity; biomass; functional group; attitude gradient

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物种多样性与生态系统功能间关系是近年来全球生态环境变化研究中的一项重要内容。随着人们对物种多样性及生态系统功能间关系的进一步深入研究, 植物多样性随环境因子变化的群落动态梯度、多样性以及生产力关系逐渐成为研究的热点^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]}。植物群落的空间分布格局受制于许多生态因子的影响, 而海拔梯度被认为是影响物种多样性格局的决定性因素之一^[9]。海拔不同导致水热条件的空间分布不同, 进而影响区域植物群落的分布和结构^[10]。因此, 研究植物群落的海拔梯度格局对于揭示植物多样性的环境梯度变化规律具有重要意义^{[11, 12]}。此外, 种间差异和环境梯度对植物群落生产力的相对影响, 也需要在不同植物区系内进行测度和验证, 以得出更具普遍性的结论。

本研究位于甘肃省白水江国家级自然保护区的主体区域— — 岷山山系摩天岭北坡森林植被区, 该区西邻青藏高原、东接秦岭山地、南近横断山脉和华中地区, 多方植物区系在此交汇, 成分类型复杂多样, 相对高差较大, 具有浓缩的环境梯度和高度异质化的生境, 气候和植被垂直分布明显, 是岷山至秦岭物种基因交流和过渡的重要通道。该区物种数分别占甘肃省、全国和全世界物种数的61.89%、10.39%和1.73%^[13], 已被联合国教科文组织批准为世界人与生物圈保护区, 并纳入国际生物圈保护区网络^[13], 其生态安全对我国生物多样性的保护起着重要作用。摩天岭北坡是生物多样性、环境与植物关系研究的敏感地区, 而迄今为止仍是相关研究的薄弱区域。

本研究试图通过对摩天岭北坡东南段海拔600-1 500 m地段草本植物群落随海拔梯度变化进行分析, 揭示该区域草本植物多样性的分布格局和群落初级生产力的分配规律及其对不同功能群植物资源获取的影响和响应。

1 材料和方法

1.1 研究区概况

研究区位于甘肃省白水江国家级自然保护区摩天岭山系北坡东南部, 地理坐标为104° 16'-105° 27' E, 32° 16'-33° 15' N, ), 平均海拔1 475 m, 年平均气温15.6 ℃, 最热月(7月)25.1 ℃, 最冷月(1月)4.4 ℃, 年平均降水量为840~950.3 mm, 年内分布不均, 70%降水主要集中在6-8月。该区在甘肃省内太阳辐射量最低(4 800~5 000 MJ· m^-2· a^-1), 日照时数约为1 800 h, 是水热组合条件最佳的地区。地带性植物群落组成相当复杂, 从山麓到高山, 拥有我国亚热带、暖温带、中温带和寒温带的多种代表性群落类型。其中海拔600-1 500 m地段植被以常绿阔叶林带和常绿落叶阔叶混交林带为主, 样地共调查整理出木本植物26科39种, 主要包括杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、锐齿栎(Quercus aliena)、亮叶桦(Betula luminifera)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninowii)、梾木(Swida macrophplla)、刺楸(Kalopanax septemlobus)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)等高大乔木以及紫麻(Oreocnide frutescens)、桦叶荚蒾(Viburnum betulifolium)、五味子(Schisandra chinensis)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、亮叶忍冬(Lonicera ligustrina)、鸡骨柴(Elsholtzia fruticosa)、香荚蒾(Viburnum farreri)等矮小乔木和灌木群落。草本植物共34科55种。主要草本植物见表1。基带土壤为山地黄棕壤。

表1 样地基本情况 Table 1 Basic information of samplings

样地组别 Sample	样方号 Sample No.	海拔 Elevation/m	林相 Forest form	主要草本物种 Major herbaceous species
Ⅰ	001-004	673	混交林 Mixed forest	透骨草(Phryma leptostachya)、牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)、堇菜(Viola verecunda)、求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius)、沿阶草(Ophiopogon bodinieri)、凤尾蕨(Pteris cretica)
Ⅱ	005-008	791	混交林 Mixed forest	透骨草(Phryma leptostachya)、亚澳苔草(Carex brownii)、冷水花(Pilea notata)、蝴蝶花(Iris japonica)、淫羊藿(Epimedium brevicornu)、卷柏(Selaginella tamariscina)、路边青(Geum aleppicum)、水龙骨(Rhizoma polypodiodis)、金线草(Antenoron filiforme)、龙芽草(Agrimonia pilosa)、山蚂蝗(Podocarpium podocarpum)、耳蕨(Polystichum lonchitis)
Ⅲ	009-012	893	混交林 Mixed forest	槲蕨(Drynaria roosii)、茜草(Rubia cordifolia)、兔耳风(Ainsliaea fragrans)、酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium)、小菝葜(Smilax china)、透骨草(Phryma leptostachya)
Ⅳ	013-016	993	混交林 Mixed forest	兔耳风(Ainsliaea fragrans)、耳蕨(Polystichum lonchitis)、亚澳苔草(Carex brownii)、单穗束草(Carex brunnea)
Ⅴ	017-020	1 115	混交林 Mixed forest	兔耳风(Ainsliaea fragrans)、亚澳苔草(Carex brownii)、牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)、冷水花(Pilea notata)、路边青(Geum aleppicum)、求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius)、凤尾蕨(Pteris cretica)、鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata)、变豆菜(Sanicula chinensis )亚澳苔草(Carex brownii)、单穗束草(Carex brunnea)、牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)、冷水花(Pilea notata)、林地早熟禾(Poa nemoralis)、鸭跖草(Commelina communis)、茴芹(Pimpinella anisum)、小白酒草(Conyza japonica)
Ⅵ	021-024	1 218	混交林 Mixed forest	亚澳苔草(Carex brownii)、冷水花(Pilea notata)、鸭跖草(Commelina communis)、小白酒草(Conyza japonica)、路边青(Geum aleppicum)、堇菜(Viola verecunda)、求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius)、凤尾蕨(Pteris cretica)、矮蒿(Artemisia lancea)、野棉花(Anemone vitifolia)、党参(Codonopsis pilosula)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)、风轮菜(Clinopodium chinense)
Ⅶ	025-028	1 322	混交林 Mixed forest	透骨草(Phryma leptostachya)、亚澳苔草(Carex brownii)、林地早熟禾(Poa nemoralis)、龙芽草(Agrimonia pilosa)、山蚂蝗(Podocarpium podocarpum)、求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius)、野棉花(Anemone vitifolia)、天名精(Carpesium abrotanoides)
Ⅷ	029-032	1 426	混交林 Mixed forest	茜草(Rubia cordifolia)、亚澳苔草(Carex brownii)、林地早熟禾(Poa nemoralis)、路边青(Geum aleppicum)、龙芽草(Agrimonia pilosa)、堇菜(Viola verecunda)、求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius)、沿阶草(Ophiopogon bodinieri)、凤尾蕨(Pteris cretica)、千里光(Senecio scandens)、野棉花(Anemone vitifolia)、紫萁(Osmunda japonica )、天名精(Carpesium abrotanoides)
Ⅸ	033-040	1 520	混交林 Mixed forest	林地早熟禾(Poa nemoralis)、小白酒草(Conyza japonica)、路边青(Geum aleppicum)、堇菜(Viola verecunda)、求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius)、蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)、千里光(Senecio scandens)、飞蓬(Erigeron acer)、野棉花(Anemone vitifolia)、头花蓼(Polygonum capitatum)、败酱(Patrinia scabiosaefolia)、香薷(Elsholtzia ciliata)

表1 样地基本情况 Table 1 Basic information of samplings

1.2 试验设计

在摩天岭北坡东南段碧口竹园沟和碧峰沟海拔600-1 500 m地段, 采用样线和样地调查相结合的调查方法, 分别设置样线, 每条样线设置5个样地, 且样线内按照海拔每升高大约100 m设置一块样地, 样线的选址尽量回避人为和自然干扰较大的地段、迹地和大型林窗, 选择林相相对整齐的植物群落。样地面积20 m× 20 m, 每块样地内设置1m× 1m草本样方4个。记录样方内出现的植物种类, 用GPS测量每块样地的海拔数据^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}。

1.3 试验方法

取样时间为2013年8月中下旬, 这时的草本植物生长量达到最高。调查每个小样方内出现的物种及其髙度、盖度, 并将每个小样方内植物地上和地下部分全部采集, 除去粘附的土壤、砾石等杂质后全部装入信封带回实验室, 清洗阴干后测定其鲜重, 再将植物地上及地下部分放入72 ℃烘箱内烘干48 h后取出分别测定其干重。同时参考国内外已有的标准^[18], 将所测定的植物划分为禾本科、莎草科和杂类草3个功能群, 并分别计算其地上和地下生物量。

1.4 数据分析

数据用Excel软件和SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析, 运用SPSS软件进行相关分析和差异性检验, 并进行逐步回归分析, 最后采用 Pearson相关系数检验地上生物量与地下生物量之间的相关性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同海拔梯度草本层植物多度、盖度、高度、密度差异

草本层植物多度在海拔1 218 m处达到最大值, 海拔993 m处出现最小值(Ⅵ > Ⅱ > Ⅷ > Ⅸ > Ⅴ > Ⅶ > Ⅰ > Ⅲ > Ⅳ ); 植物盖度在海拔791 m最大, 在海拔1 520 m时最小(Ⅱ > Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅶ > Ⅰ > Ⅵ > Ⅷ > Ⅴ > Ⅸ ); 植被高度在海拔893 m达到最高值, 在海拔993 m最小(Ⅲ > Ⅴ > Ⅶ > Ⅷ > Ⅰ > Ⅸ > Ⅵ > Ⅱ > Ⅳ ); 植被密度在海拔1 322 m最大, 在海拔1 115 m时最小(Ⅶ > Ⅳ > Ⅵ > Ⅰ > Ⅱ > Ⅸ > Ⅲ > Ⅷ > Ⅴ )。相关分析表明:植物多度与海拔梯度呈显著正相关关系, 回归方程为:y=0.783 3x+7.638 9(R²=0.278 5); 植物盖度与海拔梯度呈显著负相关关系, 回归方程为:y=-0.878 1x+10.429(R²=0.43); 植被高度与海拔梯度相关性不显著(R²=0.030 3), 而植被密度与海拔梯度相关性不显著(图1)。

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	图1 不同海拔梯度间草本层植物多度、盖度、高度和密度的差异比较Fig.1 Comparison of coverage, height and density of herb layer plant species among different altitude gradient

2.2 不同海拔梯度草本层地上生物量差异

对9组海拔高度草本层地上地下生物量进行测定, 相关分析表明:研究区地上生物量与海拔梯度呈显著负相关系, 随着海拔的增加, 地上生物量表现出先增后减的总体趋势, 回归方程为:y=-1.500 3x+26.712(R²=0.106 1)(Ⅱ > Ⅶ > Ⅴ > Ⅸ > Ⅰ > Ⅷ > Ⅲ > Ⅳ > Ⅵ )。在海拔1 218 m以下, 研究区草本层植物地上生物量总体差异不大, 在海拔791 m处达到峰值, 在海拔1 218 m处最低。研究区地下生物量随海拔变化差异较大, 表现出先增后减再增的趋势, 分别在海拔993 m处达到最大值, 在海拔1 218 m处降至最小值(Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅷ > Ⅴ > Ⅶ > Ⅸ > Ⅰ > Ⅵ )。相关分析表明:研究区地下生物量与海拔梯度呈负相关, 但显著度不高(R²=0.052 1 )(图2)。

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	图2 不同海拔梯度草本层地上、地下生物量的差异分析Fig.2 Difference of above ground and underground biomass of herb layer under different elevation gradient

2.3 不同海拔梯度下草本层植物功能群地上/地下生物量之间的关系

目前, 人们已认识到生态系统功能的形成可能与群落中的物种组成有关, 而与物种的数量多样性关系较小^[19]。参考目前国内外已有的植物功能群分类标准^[18], 将研究区草本层34科55种草本植物划分为禾本科、莎草科以及杂类草3个植物功能群。禾本科植物的地上生物量表现为Ⅶ > Ⅷ > Ⅸ > Ⅱ > Ⅵ > Ⅴ , 地下生物量表现为Ⅶ > Ⅷ > Ⅸ > Ⅴ > Ⅱ > Ⅵ , 都在海拔1 322 m 处出现最大值, 在1 115 m 最小。莎草科植物地上生物量表现为Ⅴ > Ⅳ > Ⅵ > Ⅱ > Ⅶ > Ⅷ , 在海拔993 m 最大, 而在1 426 m 地上生物量最小, 仅为最大值的2%; 地下生物量表现为Ⅳ > Ⅴ > Ⅱ > Ⅵ > Ⅷ > Ⅶ , 在海拔1 322 m处地下生物量最小, 杂类草植物地上生物量表现为Ⅱ > Ⅴ > Ⅷ > Ⅸ > Ⅳ > Ⅶ > Ⅵ , 在海拔791 m最大, 地下生物量表现为Ⅱ > Ⅷ > Ⅳ > Ⅴ > Ⅸ > Ⅶ > Ⅵ , 在海拔893 m处最大, 二者都在海拔1 218 m处最小, 杂类草植物的地上地下生物量在其它海拔区间变化不大(图3)。

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	图3 不同海拔梯度条件下草本层植物功能群地上地下生物量之间的关系Fig.3 The relationship between the underground biomass on the ground in herb layer plant functional group under the different of altitude gradient

从草本层植物功能群地上、地下生物量随海拔梯度的变化趋势来看, 地上生物量和地下生物量随海拔梯度的变化趋势基本一致。相关分析表明:禾本科植物地上生物量与海拔梯度呈显著正相关(R²=0.205 3)(P< 0.05), 但地下生物量却与海拔梯度呈负相关但不显著(R²=0.116 1)(P> 0.05); 莎草科植物地上生物量(R²=0.610 7)和地下生物量(R²=0.275 6)都与海拔梯度呈显著负相关; 杂类草植物地上生物量与海拔梯度呈极显著正相关(R²=0.835 5)(P< 0.01), 地下生物量与海拔梯度也呈显著正相关(R²=0.418 3)(图3)。

2.4 地上和地下生物量与盖度、高度、密度的相关性分析

相关性分析表明(表2), 地上生物量与草本层植被盖度呈极显著正相关(P< 0.01), 地下生物量也与草本层植被盖度呈显著正相关(P< 0.05), 草本层植被的盖度与草本层植被高度呈显著负相关关系(P< 0.05)。生物量与植物高度和密度的相关性不显著(P> 0.05)。

表2 地上和地下生物量与盖度、高度、密度的相关性分析 Table 2 The correlation analysis of coverage, height, density of aboveground biomass and underground biomass

3 讨论

3.1 海拔高度对草本层植物多度、盖度、高度、密度影响

群落物种多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分, 是群落生态学研究中十分重要的内容, 它不仅可以反映群落或生境中物种的丰富度、多样性的时空变化, 表征群落和生态系统的特征及其演替规律, 而且可以反映不同的自然地理条件及人为因素与群落的相互关系^[14]。关于物种多样性与海拔梯度的关系目前没有一致的结论, 冯建孟和徐成东^[15]对云南西部地区的地带性植物群落的物种多样性进行研究, 结果表明, 随着海拔梯度的不断升高, 物种密度呈递减趋势, 张丽霞等^[16]关于山西芦芽山植物群落多样性的研究中也得出, 随着海拔梯度的升高, 丰富度指数和物种多样性指数逐渐减小。但李晋鹏等^[17]和赵振勇等^[20]的研究却恰恰相反, 前者认为吕梁山南段植物群落总体多样性的变化趋势随海拔高度的升高而升高, 后者发现天山南麓山前平原植物物种多样性指数与海拔梯度呈显著的线性正相关关系。本研究表明, 摩天岭北坡东南段植物多度与海拔梯度呈显著正相关关系。这与胡远彬等^[21]关于关山草原群落植物多度的研究结果一致; 植物多度不仅反映了群落组成中物种的丰富程度, 也反映了不同自然地理条件与群落的相互关系以及群落的稳定性与动态, 是群落组织结构的重要特征^[22]。植物盖度与海拔梯度呈显著负相关关系, 与刘建泉和孙建忠^[23]关于金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)群落盖度的研究结果相反。植被高度与海拔梯度相关性不显著, 而植被密度与海拔梯度相关性不显著。

3.2 海拔高度对草本层植物生物量分配模式的影响

本研究通过对海拔高度与草本层植物生物量间关系进行分析, 结果显示, 地上生物量随海拔的增加表现为先增后减的变化趋势, 地下生物量随海拔变化差异较大, 但未出现规律性趋势。由于生物量代表的生态系统功能与群落本身的特征、群落所处的演替阶段、位置及水热分配等环境条件均密切相关^[24]。因此, 简单按照物种种类组成分析群落动态与结构特征难以真实地体现物种的特征对生态系统的影响和响应。生态系统功能不仅依赖于物种的数目, 而且依赖于物种所具有的功能特征^[25]。按照功能群划分后, 禾本科植物地上生物量与海拔梯度呈显著正相关, 但地下生物量却与海拔高度呈显著负相关; 莎草科植物地上和地下生物量都与海拔高度呈显著负相关; 杂类草植物地上生物量与海拔高度呈极显著正相关, 地下生物量与海拔高度也呈显著正相关。李武斌等^[26]、蓝振江等^[27]和Luo等^[28]的研究也验证了这一结论。

3.3 草本层植物生物量分配模式与群落特性的关系

生物量作为生态系统最基本的数量特征, 反映了生态系统获取能量的能力, 是研究草地生态系统物质循环, 能量流动和生产力的基础^[29]。已有研究表明, 植被生物量的变化受林分林龄及林分密度的影响较大。林分从幼龄到成熟林过程, 其林冠层由未郁闭-郁闭-郁闭程度降低的动态过程, 生物量则呈逐渐累积增加-逐渐减少-快速增加的变化过程^{[30, 31]} 。一般情况, 不同发育阶段林下植被生物量变化很大程度上受上层乔木的树冠郁闭程度及树型等因素的影响, 而这些因素多通过透过乔木层落到林下灌草层的光照强度影响林下植被的生长发育, 从而影响林下植被生物量。刘凤娇和孙玉军^[32]的研究表明, 长白落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林林下草本层物种多样性与生物量无显著相关性。韩龙等^[33]的研究得出物种丰富度与生物量分别呈显著负相关。杨元合等^[34]研究的物种丰富度与生物量分别呈显著正相关。而本研究中, 通过功能群的分析和Pearson 相关系数分析得出, 各功能群的地上、地下生物量差异性显著。生物量与草本层植被盖度呈极显著正相关, 生物量与植物高度和密度的相关性不显著, 以及植物盖度、高度和密度之间相关程度不高, 所以草本层植物群落特征存在着明显的地域特点, 而关于这一地域特点的原因还需要进一步的研究。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2011

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... 随着人们对物种多样性及生态系统功能间关系的进一步深入研究,植物多样性随环境因子变化的群落动态梯度、多样性以及生产力关系逐渐成为研究的热点^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]} ...

2008

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2005

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2014

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许传阳, 陈志超, 郝成元. 宝天曼自然保护区植物物种多样性与其主要生境因子相关性. 草业科学, 2014, 31(9): 1623-1627.

Xu C

, Chen Z

, Hao C

Correlationship between plant species diversity and its main environmental factors in Baotianman Nature Reserve.

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(9): 1623-1627. (in Chinese)

Research on plant species diversity and its correlation with environmental factors have been one of the important contents in geography and ecology. By means of investigation method, the statistical analysis and calculation on species number of arbor, shrub and herb in 23 plots in Baotianman Nature Reserve on south slope of Fu’niu Mountain, as well as Margalef and Shannon-Wiener indexes of arbor were carried out. On these bases, the main environmental factors influencing on species diversity were screened out by principal component analysis (PCA),and the Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between plant diversity and environmental factors. According to the PCA, the main ingredient was not clear in explaining the spatial variation pattern of vegetation species diversity. However, correlation analysis results showed that the correlationship between soil properties and plant diversity was the most strong, followed by topographic elements and meteorological elements. Among the 15 environmental factors, there was the most significant relationship between soil organic matter and plant diversity. For the three plant type, herbage has the most strong correlation with environmental factors, then arbor and shrub.

College of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000， China

植物物种多样性及其环境因子关系研究一直是自然地理学和生态学的重要研究内容之一。采用实地调查法对伏牛山南坡的宝天曼自然保护区23个样地内的乔木、灌木和草本种类数以及乔木的Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数进行了统计分析和测算。在此基础上,运用主成分分析法筛选出影响植物物种多样性的主要环境因子并进行相关性分析。主成分分析结果显示,研究区物种多样性变化的主成分不明确。但相关性分析结果表明:3类环境要素中,土壤性状最强、地形地貌次之、气象要素最弱;15个环境因子中,土壤有机质与物种多样性相关性最显著;3种植物生活型中,草本与环境因子最显著,乔木次之,灌木最不明显。

1991

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2002

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1996

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2004

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王长庭, 王启基, 龙瑞军, 景增春, 史惠兰. 高寒草甸群落植物多样性和初级生产力沿海拔梯度变化的研究. 植物生态学报, 2004, 28(2): 240-245.

Wang C

, Wang Q

, Long R

, Jing Z

, Shi H

Changes in plant species diversity and productivity along in elevation gradient in an alpine meadow.

Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2004, 28(2): 240-245. (in Chinese)

Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function is central to the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem (GCTE) project as well as to ecosystem ecology in general. Productivity and nutrient maintenance, both critical ecosystem functions, can be measured in relation to species diversity to test how ecosystem functions are affected by species diversity. We studied changes in species diversity and productivity along elevational gradients in alpine meadow grasslands to assess the influence of changing species diversity on productivity.The results show a significant unimodal pattern of species diversity across the elevation gradient with species diversity highest at mid-elevations. Maximum species diversity occurred at intermediate levels of productivity and species richness. Above-ground biomass decreased with increasing elevation and below-ground biomass was greatest at low and high elevations and lowest at mid-elevations. Below-ground biomass varied during the growing season and vertically within the soil profile: maximum underground biomass occurred at the beginning and end of plant growing and was distributed primarily in the top 0-10 cm of soil.

对不同海拔梯度高寒草甸群落植物多样性和初级生产力关系的研究结果表明：1）不同海拔梯度上，中间海拔梯度群落植物多样性最高，即物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性最大；2）不同海拔梯度上，群落生产力水平和物种丰富度中等时，物种多样性最高；3）随着海拔的逐渐升高，地上生物量逐渐减少；4）地下生物量具有“V”字形季节变化规律,在牧草返青期和枯黄期地下生物量最大，7月最小，且地下生物量主要分布在0～10 cm的土层中。地下生物量垂直分布呈明显的倒金字塔特征。

2002

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王国宏. 祁连山北坡中段植物群落多样性的垂直分布格局. 生物多样性, 2002, 10(1): 7-14.

Wang G

Species diversity of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the middle section of northern slopes of Qilian Mountains, Zhangye, Gansu, China.

Biodiversity Science, 2002, 10(1): 7-14. (in Chinese)

Measurements of species diversity of plant communities along both DCCA axis 1 and an altitudinal gradient in the northern slopes of Qilian mountains was carried out. The results showed that: 1) Both species richness and diversity in the herb layer significantly peaked at the intermediate elevations.The same trend was also suggested in the shrub layer, but the curves of both richness and diversity were not significant. Both richness and diversity in the tree layer showed no changes with increased altitude, suggesting that the order of sensitivity in terms of the responses of richness and diversity to altitudinal gradients was herb layer, then shrub layer and tree layer. 2) Evenness of the three layers showed no noticeable trend with altitude, suggesting that the dynamics of evenness of a given plant community may be strongly influenced by some fundamental characteristics of plant community rather than resource availability. 3) The fitted curve of both diversity and richness of herb layer with DCCA axis 1 was more significant than that fitted with altitudinal gradient, while that of shrub layer showed the opposite trend. 4) Of all the comparisons between shrub and herb layer in terms of richness, diversity and evenness, the differentiation was significant for both richness and diversity in the lower altitudinal zone ( p p D ) and in the high altitudinal zone ( p H ′ ) and Simpson diversity index). The differentiation of evenness between shrub layer and herb layer was not significant in any of the comparisons. The pattern of species diversity altitudinal gradient reported here demonstrates a monotonic relationship between productivity and species diversity related to resource availability.

Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology , Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences ,Beijing 100093 Gansu Agricultural University , Lanzhou 730070

利用DCCA排序和海拔高程排序相结合的方法，对祁连山北坡中段植物群落物种多样性垂直分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明： 1)植物群落草本层和灌木层物种丰富度和多样性在环境梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势，乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性在环境梯度上无变化。物种丰富度和多样性对环境梯度变化敏感程度的次序是草本层>灌木层>乔木层； 2)植物群落各层次均匀度在环境梯度上没有表现出一定的变化规律，均匀度可能更多地受制于群落自身动态的影响，而独立于生境的资源水平； 3)草地群落物种多样性在DCCA环境梯度上曲线的拟合效果优于按海拔高程排序效果，灌木群落则相反； 4)低海拔、中低海拔和中海拔地带的草本层物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 ( H′ )显著高于灌木层（ p p <0.05)。在整个海拔范围内，草本层和灌木层的均匀度无显著差异。就资源的可利用性而言，研究区域植物群落物种多样性在垂直环境梯度上的变化规律表达了物种多样性与资源生产力的单调关系内涵。

... 植物群落的空间分布格局受制于许多生态因子的影响,而海拔梯度被认为是影响物种多样性格局的决定性因素之一^[9] ...

2002

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... 海拔不同导致水热条件的空间分布不同,进而影响区域植物群落的分布和结构^[10] ...

2005

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... 因此,研究植物群落的海拔梯度格局对于揭示植物多样性的环境梯度变化规律具有重要意义^[11,12] ...

2014

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雷彩芳, 上官铁梁, 赵冰清, 张婕, 许驭丹, 郭东罡. 灵空山采伐干扰下油松林林间草地物种多样性分析. 草业科学, 2014, 31(11): 2060-2068.

Lei C

, Shangguan T

, Zhao B

, Zhang

, Xu Y

, Guo D

Diversity analysis of harvesting on pinus tabulaeformis inter forest grassland in Lingkong mountain.

Practacultural Science, 2014, 31(11): 2060-2068. (in Chinese)

By secret plots method, species composition, flora character, living form, growth form, water ecotype and species diversity of harvesting on Pinus tabulaeformis inter forest grassland in Lingkong Mountain were analy. The result indicated that: 1)There is a significant difference between clear cutting and intermediate cutting forest grassland on the geographical composition in the family and species level. The areal types of genera is largely affected by the harvesting time. 2)Therophytes more easily survive in the clear cutting than intermediate cutting forest grassland, cryptophytes may be more suitable growth under the woods environment. 3)The quantity and type of growth and water ecotype are more abundant of clear cutting forest grassland than intermediate cutting. 4)Except Carex lanceolata and Chrysanthemum chanetii , the dominant species in three plots are not the same; Due to the different harvesting time and the degree, species diversity of complex appear: plotⅠ＞plot Ⅲ＞plotⅡ.

1.Institue of Loess Plateau of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; 2.School of Environmental and Resource Sciences of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; 3.School of Life Science of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

采用记名样方,对不同采伐方式油松林林间草地群落的草本植物区系及其生态生活型和物种多样性进行了比较分析。结果表明,皆伐后林间草地的草本植物科、属、种数均高于间伐,不同时间间伐的物种数变化不大。在种水平上的区系地理成分都是以温带分布为主和植物生活型以地面芽、隐芽植物为主。皆伐方式下的各生长型种数比间伐方式下多,一年生草本所占比例也较大。不同采伐方式下的水分生态型差异不明显,以中生和旱中生植物为主。重要值统计结果表明,不同采伐方式下草本群落除共优种大披针苔草( Carex lanceolata)、小红菊(Chrysanthemum chanetii )外,均存在不同的优势种。物种多样性指数随采伐方式和时间不同呈现出皆伐＞间伐、采伐晚的＜采伐早的。

... 因此,研究植物群落的海拔梯度格局对于揭示植物多样性的环境梯度变化规律具有重要意义^[11,12] ...

2007

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... 73%^[13],已被联合国教科文组织批准为世界人与生物圈保护区,并纳入国际生物圈保护区网络^[13],其生态安全对我国生物多样性的保护起着重要作用 ...

2012

0.0

... 记录样方内出现的植物种类,用GPS测量每块样地的海拔数据^{[14,15,16,17]} ...

... 1 海拔高度对草本层植物多度、盖度、高度、密度影响群落物种多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,是群落生态学研究中十分重要的内容,它不仅可以反映群落或生境中物种的丰富度、多样性的时空变化,表征群落和生态系统的特征及其演替规律,而且可以反映不同的自然地理条件及人为因素与群落的相互关系^[14] ...

2009

0.0

冯建孟, 徐成东. 云南西部地区地带性植物群落物种多样性的地理分布格局. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(4): 595-600.

Feng J

, Xu C

Geographical distribution patterns of zonal plant community species diversity in West Yunnan, China.

Chinese Journal of Ecolog, 2009, 28(4): 595-600. (in Chinese)

Based on field investigation and related literatures, the geographical distribution patterns of zonal plant community species diversity in West Yunnan of China were approached. The results showed that the species density had a dec reasing trend from south to north and from east to west, and decreased with incr easing altitude. On community scale, the species density was higher in southern part but relatively lower in northern part, being consistent to the spatial vari ation of mean annual air temperature and mean annual precipitation. To some exte nts, mean annual temperature might play a much stronger role. The change rate of species density was much higher along altitudinal gradient than along longitude and latitude gradients, possibly due to the greater change rate of mean annual air temperature at altitudinal gradient. There was an obvious difference in the distribution patterns of the species diversity between community-scale and regi onal-scale. On community scale, species diversity could be controlled by the en ergy level in the environment; while on regional scale, this diversity was possi bly related to the heterogeneity of habitats. Scale effect played a key role in the geographic distribution patterns of species diversity.

1 College of Life Science and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China; 2 Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Chuxiong Normal College, Chuxiong 675000, Yunnan, China

利用样方数据和文献资料，探讨了云南西部地区地带性植物群落的物种多样性。结果表明：在纬度梯度上，从南到北，物种密度呈递减趋势;在海拔梯度上，从高海拔到低海拔，物种密度呈递增趋势;在经度梯度上，从东到西，物种密度呈递减格局。总体上，在群落尺度上，南部地区物种密度较高;北部地区，即滇西北地区物种密度相对较低，这可能与研究区域内热量和水分条件的空间分异有关，但热量因子可能扮演着更为重要的角色。海拔梯度上的物种变化速率远高于经度梯度和纬度梯度，这可能与海拔梯度上热量条件的变化速率远高于其他地理梯度有关。区域尺度上单位面积物种多样性的分布格局与群落尺度明显不同，这可能源于群落尺度上单位面积的物种多样性主要受制于能量水平;但在区域尺度上，单位面积的物种多样性可能与区域内的生境异质性有关。表明“尺度效应”在塑造物种多样性地理分布格局中的重要作用。

... 记录样方内出现的植物种类,用GPS测量每块样地的海拔数据^{[14,15,16,17]} ...

... 关于物种多样性与海拔梯度的关系目前没有一致的结论,冯建孟和徐成东^[15]对云南西部地区的地带性植物群落的物种多样性进行研究,结果表明,随着海拔梯度的不断升高,物种密度呈递减趋势,张丽霞等^[16]关于山西芦芽山植物群落多样性的研究中也得出,随着海拔梯度的升高,丰富度指数和物种多样性指数逐渐减小 ...

2000

0.0

张丽霞, 张峰, 上官铁梁. 芦芽山植物群落的多样性研究. 生物多样性, 2000, 8(4): 361-639.

Zhang L

, Zhang

, Shangguan T

Vegetation diversity of Luya Mountains.

Biodiversity Science, 2000, 8(4): 361-639. (in Chinese)

Three richness indices , four species diversity indices and five evenness indices were used to analyzevegetation in Luya Mountains , Shanxi. In addition , relationships among these indices were studied by correlation analysis. The results indicated that : 1) the evenness indices increased with the increase of elevation ,while the richness indices and species diversity indices showed the opposite trend ; 2) the species diversity indices order of the vegetation type was as follows : deciduous broad-leaf forest > coniferous and broad-leaf forest> warm coniferous forest > cool temperate coniferous forest > deciduous broad-leaf shrub > subalpine shrub andgrassland > herb- shrub ; 3) the relationship among the 12 diversity indices were well reflected by the two- dimensional ordination diagram of DCA ; 4) there were very significant correlation among richness indices , among species diversity indices and among evenness indices. All richness indices , species diversity indices andevenness indices were compared with each other , in which R 0 、N 1 、N 2 、E 4 and E 5 were superior to the others.

1) Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 　100093 2) Department of Life Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 　030006 3) Department of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 　030006

采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西芦芽山植物群落的多样性进行了研究，并用相关分析研究了多样性指数间的关系，结果表明：1）随海拔升高物种均匀度指数逐渐增大，而丰富度指数和物种多样性指数逐渐减小；2）各植被类型的物种多样性指数排列依次为：落叶阔叶林>温性针阔叶混交林>温性针叶林>寒温性针叶林>落叶阔叶灌丛>草甸>灌草丛；3）多样性指数的DCA二维排序图很好地反映了各多样性指数间的关系；4）丰富度指数之间、物种多样性指数之间和均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性，同时对12种多样性指数进行比较后发现： R 0 、N 1 、N 2 、E 4 和 E 5 优于其他指数。

... 记录样方内出现的植物种类,用GPS测量每块样地的海拔数据^{[14,15,16,17]} ...

2008

0.0

... 记录样方内出现的植物种类,用GPS测量每块样地的海拔数据^{[14,15,16,17]} ...

... 但李晋鹏等^[17]和赵振勇等^[20]的研究却恰恰相反,前者认为吕梁山南段植物群落总体多样性的变化趋势随海拔高度的升高而升高,后者发现天山南麓山前平原植物物种多样性指数与海拔梯度呈显著的线性正相关关系 ...

2012

0.0

郭屹立, 卢训令, 丁圣彦. 伊洛河河岸带生态系统草本植物功能群划分. 生态学报, 2012, 32(14): 4434-4442.

Guo Y

, Lu X

, Ding S

The classification of plant functional types based on the dominant herbaceous species in the riparian zone ecosystems in the Yiluo River.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(14): 4434-4442. (in Chinese)

Plant functional groups (PFGs) are defined as groups of species that either exhibit the similar responses to environmental perturbations or have the similar effects on major ecosystem processes. Discussing the functioning and stability-maintaining mechanisms of the terrestrial ecosystems, the adaptations and responses of plants to environmental changes, as well as water and nutrient use efficiency from the plant functional group perspective have become a major research approach in ecosystem ecology. PFGs analysis is an effective approach to reduce the complexity of plant communities and to reveal the general patterns and processes in the riparian zone ecosystems. The Yiluo River is an important tributary of the Yellow River in the south side of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The vegetation in the riparian zone ecosystem of the Yiluo River has been heavily impacted by human. Although the species richness is high in this area, the herbs are mainly composed of a small number of dominant species whose abundance vary significantly among different types of landscape elements. Highly responsive to the changes in environmental conditions,herbaceous plants are very useful to the study of vegetation-environment dynamics. Using community ecology techniques, we investigated plant assemblages of the dominant herbaceous species in the riparian zone ecosystem of the Yiluo River. We calculated importance values, which were used to identify dominant species. Then we calculated the frequency of occurence and importance values of 27 species and identified dominant species. χ 2 test, together with association coefficient ( AC ) and percentage co-occurrence ( PC ), were used to measure interspecific associations of the dominant herbaceous species. PFGs were defined according to the interspecific associations and the distribution of landscape elements of the dominant herbaceous species of the herb layer. Dynamics of these PFGs along the moisture and original destination were analyzed. The results of this study showed that, classifying PFGs according to the dominant herbaceous species is feasible in the studies of herbs in the riparian zone ecosystem plant assemblages, and PFGs defined in this way are representative. Five PFGs, each with its unique spatial distribution and morphological characteristics, were identified: "widespread type", "wet type", "middle-xeric type", "farmland-escape type", and "invasion type". These PFTs appear to reflect vegetation-environment dynamics wel1. Taking Digitaria sanguinalis as an example, it is widely distributed in most habitat types of the riparian zone ecosystem. Therefore, we classified it as a widespread type. Alternanthera philoxeroides, with a strong adaptability and asexual reproduction ability, mainly distributed in the flood terrace shaping the film distribution pattern, is a typical invasive species. The same function group of species shows significant connection, occurring together more likely in the same habitat. In the long term growth evolution process, they can adapt to the similar resource and environment and have the similar responses to disturbance. Furthermore, due to the long term of natural and anthropogenic disturbance, together with the invasion of alien species, the biological diversity and ecological security of the riparian zone ecosystem in the Yiluo River is facing serious challenges. The problem of habitat fragmentation and biological invasion is serious in the Yiluo riparian ecosystems, and the local government should strengthen and improve the management of ecological safety.

植物功能群是对环境有相同响应和对主要生态系统过程有相似作用的组合。伊洛河是黄河中游南岸的一条重要水系,其河岸带生态系统不同生境类型中草本植物优势种变化明显,能较好地反映出植被与环境的动态关系。根据调查结果,结合出现次数和重要值,选取27种优势种进行种间联结及相关性分析。以χ 2 检验为基础,结合联结系数 AC 和共同出现百分率 PC 来测定草本层优势种间的联结性,根据优势种间的联结性及其在不同生境中的变化异同,以优势种为主体划分伊洛河河岸带生态系统中草本植物功能群。结果表明,对27种草本植物优势种共划分了5组功能群:"广布型"、"湿生型"、"中旱生型"、"农田逃逸型"和"入侵型"。表明以优势种为主体对伊洛河河岸带生态系统草本植物进行功能群划分可行性高,有较强的代表性。同一功能群物种间表现出显著正联结性,一起出现在同一生境下的几率较大,在长期的生长演化过程中,能够适应相似的资源环境且对干扰有相似的响应。伊洛河河岸带生态系统由于长期的自然和人为干扰,加上外来物种的入侵,河岸带生态系统的生物多样性和生态安全面临着严峻的挑战。

... 同时参考国内外已有的标准^[18],将所测定的植物划分为禾本科、莎草科和杂类草3个功能群,并分别计算其地上和地下生物量 ...

... 参考目前国内外已有的植物功能群分类标准^[18],将研究区草本层34科55种草本植物划分为禾本科、莎草科以及杂类草3个植物功能群 ...

2015

0.0

张茜, 赵成章, 董小刚, 马小丽, 侯兆疆, 李钰. 高寒退化草地不同海拔狼毒种群花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系. 生态学杂志, 2015, 34(1): 40-46.

Zhang

, Zhao C

, Dong X

, Ma X

, Hou Z

, Li

Relationship between flower size and leaf size, number of Stellera chamaejasme population of degraded alpine grassland along an altitude gradient.

Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2015, 34(1): 40-46. (in Chinese)

The relationship between flower size and leaf size and number reflects the plant adaptation strategies in external morphology during the longterm interaction of plants with different environments, and the variation of the relationship reflects plant adaptation to heterogeneous environments. In this study, an investigation was carried out to examine the relationship between flower size and leaf size and number of  Stellera chamaejasme  along four different altitude gradients in an alpine grassland in the northern slope of Qilian Mountains. The results showed that, with increasing elevation, the height, density, and aboveground biomass of the plant communities displayed a pattern of initial increase and then a decline. The aboveground biomass, plant height and leaf biomass of  S. chamaejasme  declined gradually, while reproductive allocation, flower size and leaf number both increased gradually. Flower size of  S. chamaejasme was significantly positively correlated with leaf number ( P P >0.05). Therefore, habitat had a significant influence on the dependency among size of flower and leaf size and number. The plant size would be decreased by the environmental stress at high altitude, and both flower size and leaf number are increased while the leaf size is declined to ensure the reproductive success of  S. chamaejasme .

(Research Center of Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering of Gansu Province, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China)

植物花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系反映了植物长期与环境相互作用形成的外在形态方面的适应对策，不同生境中其生长关系的变异体现了植物对异质环境的适应方式。本文研究了祁连山北坡高寒退化草地4个不同海拔狼毒( Stellera chamaejasme )种群花大小与叶大小、叶数量的关系。结果表明：随着海拔的升高，草地群落的高度、密度和地上生物量均呈先升高后降低的倒U型分布；狼毒的地上生物量、株高和叶大小均呈减小趋势，而繁殖分配、花大小和叶数量均呈增大的变化趋势；在海拔梯度上，狼毒花大小与叶数量呈极显著正相关( P P >0.05)，说明狼毒种群花大小与叶数量具有显著的依赖关系；生境对狼毒花大小与叶数量之间的依赖关系产生显著影响，高海拔的环境胁迫导致狼毒个体减小，植株通过增加花大小和叶数量、减小叶大小的资源分配策略来保证物种的繁衍。

... 3 不同海拔梯度下草本层植物功能群地上/地下生物量之间的关系目前,人们已认识到生态系统功能的形成可能与群落中的物种组成有关,而与物种的数量多样性关系较小^[19] ...

2007

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2013

0.0

胡远彬, 郭婷, 陈俊. 不同海拔关山草原群落的结构特征. 草业科学, 2013, 30(2): 190-195.

Hu Y

, Guo

, Chen

Research on characteristics of vegetation community structure at different altitudes in Guanshan grassland .

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(2): 190-195. (in Chinese)

A field investigation was made to clarify community characteristics, including species composition, species diversity and spatial distribution, on a slope of the Guanshan grassland in Shaanxi Province. The surveys were conducted at the lower (2 092 m), middle (2 112 m) and upper (2 132 m) altitudes on the slope, and the data collected were analyzed using the power law. The results indicated that each plant species composition of the three different communities followed the power law. The total species richness, the species diversity index value (H′) and the spatial heterogeneity index value of the entire community (δｃ) at each altitude tended to increase with the altitude raise. The average values of species number and the species diversity index per quadrat also increased with increasing altitude, and there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among three altitudes. The occurrence of Gramineae and Leguminosae plants were more at the upper and middle altitudes than at the lower one. The occurrence of Leontopodium leontopodioides was the highest at the middle altitude; and quantities of Duchesnea indica and Ranunculus japonicus were larger at the lower altitude than at the other ones. L.leontopodioides, D.indica and R.japonicus are the characteristic species of deteriorated grassland in this area. These phenomena indicate that the grassland degradation is more serious in the lower altitude than in the middle and upper ones.

以不同海拔梯度下（坡下、坡中、坡上）陕西关山草原群落为研究对象，利用幂乘方法则分析植被的空间分布特性及其群落的物种组成、物种多样性等。结果表明，坡下、坡中、坡上3个不同海拔梯度下，草地群落的组成物种对幂乘方法则具有很好的吻合性；草地群落的总物种数、物种多样性指数(H′)及群落整体的空间异质性指数（δc）都随海拔梯度的升高而增加；样方内的平均物种数、平均多样性指数亦随海拔梯度的升高而增加，但它们之间没有显著性差异（P>0.05）；坡上、坡中禾本科和豆科植物的出现频率较高，而草地退化的标志性植物火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）在坡中的出现频率很高，蛇莓（Duchesnea indica）和毛茛（Ranunculus japonicus）在坡下的出现频率更高，表明坡下草地退化比较严重。

... 这与胡远彬等^[21]关于关山草原群落植物多度的研究结果一致 ...

2001

0.0

... 植物多度不仅反映了群落组成中物种的丰富程度,也反映了不同自然地理条件与群落的相互关系以及群落的稳定性与动态,是群落组织结构的重要特征^[22] ...

2012

0.0

刘建泉, 孙建忠. 东大河林区金露梅种群空间分布格局沿海拔梯度的变化. 草业科学, 2012, 29(5): 804-808.

Liu J

, Sun J

Change of spatial pattern of Potentilla fruticosa population along altitudinal gradient in Dongdahe forest area of Qilian mountains nature reserve.

Practacultural Science, 2012, 29(5): 804-808. (in Chinese)

The basic characteristics, coverage spatial pattern and the change along altitudinal gradient of Potentilla fruticosa population in Dongdahe forest areas of Qilian Mountains Nature Reserve were studied by using the methods of pattern indexes, accumulation intensity indexes and accumulation mean values. The results showed that the average population abundance, the average coverage and average height of Potentilla fruticosa reached their maximum values at an altitude of 2 842, 2 990 and 3 017 m, respectively. The appropriate altitude of P. fruticosa population distribution were about 2 900 ―3 100 m in the southeast slope.The population coverage was an aggregated distribution. With altitude elevating, the pattern index increased gradually and reached the maximum value at 2 990 m, and then fluctuated and declined. The change of accumulation intensity had the same pattern as the pattern index. The main reason for the aggregated distribution of P. fruticosa population was the survival environment of P. fruticosa population.

应用格局指数、聚集强度指数和集聚均数，研究了东大河林区金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa）种群的基本特征、盖度的空间格局及其沿海拔梯度的变化。结果表明，随着海拔升高，金露梅种群的平均多度、平均盖度、平均高度分别在海拔2 842、2 990、3 017 m处达到最大，在东南坡的适宜分布海拔高度大致为2 900～3 100 m；种群盖度总体上呈聚集分布，随着海拔的升高，格局指数逐渐增加，在海拔2 990 m处到最大，随后出现下降和波动；聚集强度逐渐增大，在海拔2 990 m处到最大，随后波动下降。造成聚集分布主要是由金露梅种群的生存环境引起的。

... 植物盖度与海拔梯度呈显著负相关关系,与刘建泉和孙建忠^[23]关于金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)群落盖度的研究结果相反 ...

2002

0.0

... 由于生物量代表的生态系统功能与群落本身的特征、群落所处的演替阶段、位置及水热分配等环境条件均密切相关^[24] ...

2010

0.0

江小雷, 张卫国. 功能多样性及其研究方法. 生态学报, 2010, 30(10): 2766-2773.

Jiang X

, Zhang W

Functional diversity and its research method.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(10): 2766-2773. (in Chinese)

Functional diversity is regarded as a key in understanding the link between ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. Quantifying the functional diversity in plant communities is very important for both studying the response of diversity to environmental change and the effects of diversity on ecosystem functioning. However, because the concept of functional diversity remain rather ambiguous, there are questions about how to define and measure it, how to evaluate the effects of it on ecosystem functioning. In this article, based on the review of the great deal of scientific literatures, which focus on plant communities, the definition and measurement of functional diverstiy were introduced. When quantify the functional diversity of plant communities, cares should be taken in the choice of various method such as how many and which traits to use according to its importance in plant growth and ecosystem functioning, how to weight them, how to quantify the species′relative abundances in a community, and how to interpret and predict changes of ecosystem processes by using it. This review will aid ecologists in examining the mechanisms controlling diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships

功能多样性是联系生物多样性和生态系统功能的关键性因素。植物群落内功能多样性的量化描述对于研究生物多样性响应环境变化及其对生物多样性-生态系统功能关系的影响至关重要。由于功能多样性的概念含混不清，使得对其范围的确定、定量描述及其对生态系统功能的作用的评价存在较大的难度。在查阅大量文献的基础上，以植物群落为例,介绍了功能多样性的定义、计算方法及研究中应注意的问题。在植物群落功能多样性指数的选择和测定过程中, 对获取相关物种必要的功能特征信息、确定其权重、确定不同物种在群落中的相对丰富度、利用所得的功能多样性指数解释和预测生态系统过程的变化等问题,进行了研究。

... 生态系统功能不仅依赖于物种的数目,而且依赖于物种所具有的功能特征^[25] ...

2010

0.0

... 李武斌等^[26]、蓝振江等^[27]和Luo等^[28]的研究也验证了这一结论 ...

2004

0.0

... 李武斌等^[26]、蓝振江等^[27]和Luo等^[28]的研究也验证了这一结论 ...

2002

0.0

罗天祥, 石培礼, 罗辑, 欧阳华. 青藏高原植被样带地上部分生物量的分布格局. 植物生态学报, 2002, 26(6): 668-676.

Luo T

, Shi P

, Luo

, Quyang

Distribution patterns of above ground biomass in Tibetin alpine vegetation transects.

Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2002, 26(6): 668-676. (in Chinese)

We measured aboveground live-biomass density (ABD) in 22 sites along the Tibetan Alpine Vegetation Transects (TAVT) for different vegetation types including forests, shrublands and grasslands. Pattern analysis indicated that ABD of natural vegetation in the mountain areas increased from lower to higher altitudinal zones until the maximum was reached at some optimum elevation level and then declined as the altitude continued to increase. We believe that the altitudinal patterns to some extent reflect the latitudinal differences of maximum biomass in global forests. Regressions of transformed data based on the Weber , s law revealed that January, July and annual mean temperatures and annual precipitation, singly or in combination, accounted for 28%-53% of the variation in ABD along the TAVT where annual precipitation and its combination with annual mean temperature had the highest relationship to ABD (R2=0.46-0.53, p<0.001). The relationships between ABD and the climatic factors could be expressed as logistic equations with a maximum ABD of 1 500 Mg DW·hm-2. However, the variations in annual precipitation and mean temperatures could not explain the highest ABD in the alpine fir forest in Sergyemla Mountains because ABD distribution patterns of natural vegetation can be limited by additional climatic factors such as solar radiation, wind, moisture and related water/energy balances.

实测了青藏高原植被样带22个地区不同植被类型的地上部分生物量并进行了格局分析。对于未受人为干扰的以常绿阔叶林为基带的亚高山天然植被，随着海拔升高，地上生物量呈递增趋势，在一定海拔高度达最大，海拔继续升高地上生物量则迅速下降。这一垂直分异规律在一定程度上反映了全球地带性森林植被最大生物量分布的纬向分异性。基于Weber定律的回归分析表明，地上生物量与水热因子的相关关系可用Logistic函数拟合，1月平均气温、7月平均气温、年平均气温、年降水量及其组合因子可解释高原植被样带地上生物量变化的28%～53%，其中年降水量及其同年平均气温的组合与地上生物量的相关性最高（R2为0.46～0.53，p<0.001）。但是，年降水量和平均气温的变化不足以解释西藏色齐拉山暗针叶林具有最高的地上生物量。我们认为，自然植被地上部分生物量的分布格局受到更为复杂的气候因子的制约，例如太阳辐射、湿度、风、水分和能量平衡等。

... 李武斌等^[26]、蓝振江等^[27]和Luo等^[28]的研究也验证了这一结论 ...

2007

0.0

... 3 草本层植物生物量分配模式与群落特性的关系生物量作为生态系统最基本的数量特征,反映了生态系统获取能量的能力,是研究草地生态系统物质循环,能量流动和生产力的基础^[29] ...

2003

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闫文德, 田大伦, 焦秀梅. 会同第二代杉木人工林林下植被生物量分布及动态. 林业科学研究, 2003, 16(3): 323-327.

Yan W

, Tian D

, Jiao X

A study on biomass dynamics and distribution of undervegetationin the secondary generation of Chinese fir plantation in Huitong.

Forest Research, 2003, 16(3): 323-327. (in Chinese)

The biomass of undervegetation in the secondary generation of Chinese fir plantation at fast growing stage was studied for 2 years at Hui Tong.Biomass in undervegetation shrubs, herbs was discussed. In the light of specific conditions of biomass of undervegetation in the secondary generation of young Chinese fir plantation, the biomass dynamics of living undervegetation in the secondary generation of Chinese fir plantation were analyzed. The results showed that the biomass of undervegetation shrubs and herbs in 13 year old Chinese fir stand were 521.89 kg・hm -2 and 1 429.71kg・hm -2 .The biomass of undervegetation shrubs and herbs in 14 year old Chinese fir stand were 372.69 kg・hm -2 and 897.10 kg・hm -2 .In the 2 years, the biomass orders of shrub all was root>stem>leaf, while the biomass order of herb was under ground part>above ground part.The biomass of living undervegetation is the largest,3 089.62 kg・hm -2 �� in 5 year old. The biomass of living undervegetation is smallest,1 269.79 kg・hm -2 in 14 year old.

对会同第2代杉木人工林速生阶段林下地被物生物量进行了2a的定位研究,探讨了杉木林林下灌木层、草本层的生物量动态变化。结合幼林期林下地被物生物量的特征,分析了第2代杉木林林下活地被物生物量的动态变化特征。结果表明:13年生林分中灌木层生物量为521.89kg?hm -2 ,草本层为1429.71kg?hm -2 ;14年生林分中灌木层生物量为372.69kg?hm -2 ,草本层为897.10kg?hm -2 ,2a中,灌木层各组分生物量大小顺序都为根>茎>叶;草本层生物量的大小顺序为地下部分>地上部分。在杉木14a的生长过程中,林分5年生时,活地被物生物量最大,为3089.62kg?hm -2 ,14年生时最小,为1269.79kg?hm -2 。

... 林分从幼龄到成熟林过程,其林冠层由未郁闭-郁闭-郁闭程度降低的动态过程,生物量则呈逐渐累积增加-逐渐减少-快速增加的变化过程^[30,31] ...

1998

0.0

... 林分从幼龄到成熟林过程,其林冠层由未郁闭-郁闭-郁闭程度降低的动态过程,生物量则呈逐渐累积增加-逐渐减少-快速增加的变化过程^[30,31] ...

2011

0.0

... 刘凤娇和孙玉军^[32]的研究表明,长白落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林林下草本层物种多样性与生物量无显著相关性 ...

2010

0.0

韩龙, 郭彦军, 韩建国, 郭芸江, 唐华. 不同刈割强度下羊草草甸草原生物量与植物群落多样性研究. 草业学报, 2010, 19(3): 70-75.

Han

, Guo Y

, Han J

, Guo Y

, Tang

A study on the diversity and aboveground biomass in a Leymus chinensis meadow steppe community under different cutting intensities.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(3): 70-75. (in Chinese)

以内蒙古高原南缘羊草草甸草原为对象，设５个利用梯度，即不刈割、留茬２，５，１０和１５ｃｍ，研究了连续刈割处理３年后羊草草甸草原生物多样性与地上生物量的变化规律。结果表明，群落中羊草地上生物量随刈割强度的增大而减小（ P ＜０．０５）；群落生长量为不刈割处理显著高于留茬１０和１５ｃｍ（ P ＜０．０５）；多样性指数（犕犪狉犵犪犾犲犳、犛犻犿狆狊狅狀、犛犺犪狀狀狅狀－犠犻犲狀犲狉和犘犻犲犾狅狌指数）随刈割强度的增大而增大（ P ＜０．０５）。羊草相对密度随刈割强度的增大而减小，糙隐子草和委陵菜属植物随刈割强度增大而增大（ P ＜０．０５）。相关分析表明群落多样性指数与地上生物量之间呈“单峰型”曲线关系，而与草原优势物种———羊草的地上生物量呈显著负相关关系（ P ＜０．０５）。

... 韩龙等^[33]的研究得出物种丰富度与生物量分别呈显著负相关 ...

2004

0.0

杨元合, 饶胜, 胡会峰, 陈安平, 吉成均, 朱彪, 左闻韵, 李轩然, 沈海花, 王志恒, 唐艳鸿, 方精云. 青藏高原高寒草地植物物种丰富度及其与环境因子和生物量的关系. 生物多样性, 2004, 12(1): 200-205.

Yang Y

, Rao

, Hu H

, Chen A

, Ji C

, Zhu

, Zuo W

, Li X

, Shen H

, Wang Z

, Tang Y

, Fang J

Plant species richness of alpine grassland s in relation to environmental factors and biomass on the Tibetan Plateau.

Biodiversity Science, 2004, 12(1): 200-205. (in Chinese)

Patterns of biodiversity along environmental gradients is one of the basic issues in biodiversity research. Furthermore, the relationship between species richness and aboveground biomass is one of the most controversial subjects in ecology. In this paper, we studied the patterns of species richness along environmental gradients and the relationship between species richness and aboveground biomass in two major ecosystem types on the Tibetan Plateau, alpine meadow and alpine steppe. The results are summarized as follows: (1) 267 species were recorded in 250 plots of 50 sites, 179 of which occurred in alpine meadows and 135 in alpine steppe. The number of species ranged from 3 to 32 in alpine meadow, while it ranged from 2 to 18 in alpine steppe. (2) Species richness increased with latitude and longitude, and decreased with altitude. A stepwise regression analysis of species richness and environmental factors showed that the species richness was significantly correlated with growing season precipitation and warmth index. (3) Species richness was positively correlated with aboveground biomass.

1 Department of Ecology,College of Environmental Sicences,Center for Ecological Research & Education,and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education,Peking University,Beijing 100871 2 National Institute of Environment Studies , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 3058506 Japan

在青藏高原进行了大范围的群落调查，研究高原的两种主要草地群落类型——高寒草甸和高寒草原的植物物种丰富度及其变化。结果表明： (1) 在50个样地250个1 m×1 m的样方中，共出现267种植物,其中高寒草甸179种，高寒草原135种。在高寒草甸，1 m 2 样方内物种数最多为32种，最少的仅为3种；在高寒草原，物种数最多为18种/m 2 ，最少的仅为2种/m 2 。(2)物种丰富度随经度和纬度的增加呈增加趋势；随海拔的上升呈减少趋势。对物种丰富度与环境因子之间进行逐步回归，发现物种丰富度与生长季降水和温暖指数呈显著正相关。(3) 物种丰富度与地上生物量呈显著正相关。

... 杨元合等^[34]研究的物种丰富度与生物量分别呈显著正相关 ...