城市绿地土壤肥力评价的未确知属性测度分析法

引用本文

文畅平, 白银涌, 苏伟, 孙政, 陈宗辉. 城市绿地土壤肥力评价的未确知属性测度分析法. 草业科学, 2016,33(12):2425-2433
Wen Chang-ping, Bai Yin-yong, Su Wei, Sun Zheng, Chen Zong-hui. The unascertained attribute measurement analysis method for the evaluation of urban green space soil fertility. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(12): 2425-2433 复制到剪切板

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城市绿地土壤肥力评价的未确知属性测度分析法

文畅平, 白银涌, 苏伟, 孙政, 陈宗辉

中南林业科技大学土木工程与力学学院,湖南长沙 410018

文畅平(1965-),男,湖南隆回人,教授,博士,主要从事土木工程教学和科研工作。E-mail:wenchangping@163.com

收稿日期: 2016-06-14

基金: 湖南省重点学科建设项目(2013ZDXK006)中南林业科技大学引进高层次人才科研启动基金(104-0094)

摘要

基于未确知数学理论和属性数学理论,研究了土壤肥力综合评价方法,建立了城市绿地土壤肥力综合评价及分级的未确知属性测度分析法。该方法首先需要确定城市绿地土壤肥力状况的评价指标及分类标准,以及土壤肥力状况级别组数;然后构建单指标的未确知属性测度函数,以计算单指标的未确知属性测度函数值和样本的综合未确知属性测度值;最后应用置信度准则对城市绿地土壤样本进行识别,以确定土壤样本肥力状况的级别属性。基于两个城市绿地土壤样本的模糊综合评价结果,以及13个城市绿地土壤样本的全排列多边形图示指标法、物元可拓法以及改进的人工神经网络法的评价结果进行了验证,本研究方法的评价结果与模糊综合评价法、全排列多边形图示指标法、物元可拓法以及改进的人工神经网络法的一致性分别为100%、84.62%、92.31%和100%。实例评价表明,采用该方法对城市绿地土壤肥力状况进行评价是可行的,为城市绿地土壤肥力综合评价提供了新的途径和方法。

关键词: 城市绿地; 土壤肥力; 未确知属性测度; 综合评价

中图分类号:S158.3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)12-2425-09 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2016-0083

The unascertained attribute measurement analysis method for the evaluation of urban green space soil fertility

Wen Chang-ping, Bai Yin-yong, Su Wei, Sun Zheng, Chen Zong-hui

School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410018,China

Corresponding author:Wen Chang-ping E-mail:wenchangping@163.com

Abstract

A synthetic evaluation method for soil fertility was investigated based on unascertained mathematical theory, attribute mathematical theory, and the unascertained attribute measurement analysis method (UAMA). A synthetic evaluation and classification of soil fertility in urban green spaces was postulated. Firstly, the evaluation indexes and their classification standards, and the grades for soil fertility status were determined for the evaluation of urban green space soil fertility. Secondly, the unascertained attribute measurement functions of each index were constructed to compute the unascertained attribute measurement value of the single index and the synthetic unascertained attribute measurement value. Finally, the evaluation of soil samples from urban green spaces was conducted using the confidence criteria to determine the status and classification of soil fertility. The UAMA method in this paper was tested based on the fuzzy comprehensive method for two soil fertility samples, and the entire-array-polygon indicator method, matter-element extension method, and improved artificial neural network method for 13 soil fertility samples. The consistency rates were 100%, 84.62%, 92.31%, and 100% between the UAMA method and fuzzy comprehensive method, entire-array-polygon indicator method, matter-element extension method, and improved artificial neural network method, respectively. Case studies indicated that the UAMA method used in this paper was feasible and reasonable, and it provided a new method for the evaluation of urban green space soil fertility.

Keyword: urban green space; soil fertility; unascertained attribute measurement; comprehensive evaluation

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我国城市绿地主要来自农业耕地、园地^[1], 其植物多样性和绿地破碎化使得绿地群落对土壤养分肥力的需求有别于农业或林业地土壤, 城市绿地土壤需要科学合理的施肥和管理, 增加植物绿叶量和调节叶色, 延长花果期, 增强城市绿地观赏价值^[2]。在城市发展过程中, 绿地土壤人为活动干扰强烈, 土壤压实与板结、污染、人为废弃物等问题突出^{[3, 4, 5]}, 绿地土壤结构退化^{[6, 7, 8, 9]}, 土壤肥力普遍低下^{[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]}。土壤肥力状况是城市绿地植物正常生长和发挥城市绿地生态功能的前提^[17]。合理评价城市绿地土壤肥力状况, 可为城市绿地土壤的改良、城市绿地规划和管理等提供理论依据和指导^[18]。因此, 近年来城市绿地土壤肥力状况评价已成为土壤学研究的热点问题。

目前, 在城市绿地土壤肥力状况评价和分级研究中, 有些学者通过数学建模提出了多指标和综合评价的数量化或称数值化方法, 主要有基于主成分分析法^{[17, 19, 20, 21, 22]}、层次分析法^[20]以及模糊综合评判法^{[17, 19, 20, 21, 22]}等多指标的综合评价方法。这种数量化方法可在一定程度上克服一般定性评价方法中的主观性, 有利于人们进一步认识和掌握城市绿地土壤肥力状况, 因而是城市绿地土壤肥力状况评价和分级研究中从定性到定量的一项重要进展。

土壤肥力是土壤本质属性和基本特征的反映^{[23, 24]}, 是一个由物理、化学和生物等影响因素复合而成的、多指标的复杂系统^[25], 因而需要多种途径和方法才能达到对土壤肥力状况综合评价和分级的目的。本研究在现有研究基础上, 基于未确知数学理论和属性数学理论, 建立城市绿地土壤肥力状况综合评价与分级的未确知属性测度分析法, 为城市绿地土壤肥力综合评价的数量化方法研究提供新的思路和途径。

1 城市绿地土壤肥力评价的未确知属性测度分析法

1.1 未确知属性测度分析原理

未确知属性测度分析方法是基于未确知数学理论^[26]和属性数学理论^[27], 对样本进行聚类分析的一种方法。其基本思想和评价流程包括以下几个方面: 1)确定评价对象的评价指标体系及其分类特征值; 2)以评价指标的分类特征值作为各分类的中心, 构建未确知属性测度函数; 3)通过未确知属性测度函数进行未确知属性测度分析; 4)应用属性数学理论中的置信度准则, 对样本所属的类别进行识别。

用数学语言表达为:设X为评价对象的集合, 其中的评价对象x_i(i=1, 2, …, n)有m个评价指标I_j(j=1, 2, …, m)。设x_i的第j个指标的特征值为t_ij, 属于第p个评价等级C_k(k=1, 2, …, p), 由C_k组成分类集合F。当样本集X=(x₁, x₂, …, x_n)中各评价指标的分类等级及其特征值已知时, 如第i个样本x_i的评价等级为C_k, 即:x_i∈ C_k, 以其第k个分类等级各评价指标的特征值t_ij作为分类样本集的分类中心, 根据分类中心建立未确知属性测度函数μ _ijk, 据此计算单指标的p个分类等级C_k的未确知属性测度函数值μ _jk, 并确定p个分类等级C_k的未确知属性测度值μ _k。根据μ _k可确定新的评价样本x_i+₁的所属类别。

1.2 城市绿地土壤肥力评价的未确知属性测度分析法

以文献[21]提供的城市绿地土壤肥力评价指标及其分类标准, 构建未确知属性测度函数, 并对评价指标和样本的未确知属性测度进行分析, 进而建立城市绿地土壤肥力状况评价和分级的未确知属性测度分析法。

1.2.1 评价指标及特征值目前, 在土壤肥力评价中还没有统一的评价指标体系, 由于土壤养分是土壤肥力的重要组成部分和核心, 因此土壤养分是土壤肥力评价的重要指标^[28]。如土壤pH与土壤肥力状况密切相关, 是土壤重要的基本性质之一^[29]。土壤中的有机质是土壤养分的主要来源, 常作为土壤肥力评价的一项综合性指标^[30]。土壤肥力涉及到多种元素的复杂变化, 如氮、磷、钾是植物生长的必需元素^[31], 其中速效磷和速效钾表征土壤养分的可利用性^[30]。碱解氮则是表征土壤氮素供应强度的指标^[32]。阳离子交换量作为土壤保肥能力的评价指标, 反映土壤永久电荷和可变电荷总量^[32]。土壤容重是土壤紧实度的敏感性评价指标, 表征土壤的疏松程度与通气性和对地表水的蓄积能力^[33], 与土壤有机质密切相关^[34]。土壤含盐量影响土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性, 最终影响土壤肥力^[35]。

本研究基于对城市草坪土壤肥力综合评价的研究成果^[21], 选择城市绿地土壤肥力的评价指标有:土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、容重和土壤含盐量8个指标。土壤肥力状况拟分为3个级别:高、中和低。评价指标及分类标准^[21]如表1所示。

表1 城市绿地土壤肥力评价指标及分类标准 Table 1 Evaluation index and classification criterid of urban green space soil fertility

根据未确知属性测度分析法, X为评价对象即城市绿地土壤肥力状况的集合, 其中某个绿地样本x_i的评价指标有8个, 即m=8。土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、容重和土壤含盐量等8个指标可分别设为:I₁~I₈。土壤肥力状况分为3个级别, 即p=3, 高、中、低3个级别可分别设为:C₁、C₂、C₃。表1中的数据为各评价指标的特征值。

1.2.2 构建未确知属性测度函数以第j个指标的第k个分类等级的特征值t_ij作为分类样本集的分类中心, 根据分类中心建立未确知属性测度函数μ _ijk。

以pH为例, 评价指标I₁相对于评价等级C₁、C₂和C₃的特征值分别为7.0、7.5和8.5。据此建立未确知属性测度函数为:

$\begin{matrix} μ_{11} = \{\begin{matrix} 1 & t < 7.0 \\ \frac{7.5 - t}{0.5} & 7.0 \leq t \leq 7.5 \\ 0 & t > 7.5 \end{matrix}, μ_{12} = \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t < 7.0 \\ \frac{t - 7.0}{0.5} & 7.0 \leq t < 7.5 \\ 8.5 - t & 7.0 \leq t < 8.5 \\ 0 & t \geq 8.5 \end{matrix}, μ_{13} = \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t < 7.5 \\ t - 7.5 & 7.5 \leq t \leq 8.5 \\ 1 & t > 8.5 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ .

同样, 可建立其余7个评价指标的未确知属性测度函数, 其中第6个指标(阳离子交换量)与第4个指标(速效磷)的未确知属性测度函数相同, 这7个评价指标的未确知属性测度函数分别为:

μ ₂₁= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 1 & t > 30 \\ \frac{t - 20}{10} & 20 \leq t \leq 30 \\ 0 & t < 20 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₂₂= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 30 \\ \frac{30 - t}{10} & 20 \leq t < 30 \\ \frac{t - 10}{10} & 10 \leq t < 20 \\ 0 & t \leq 10 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₂₃= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 20 \\ \frac{20 - t}{10} & 10 \leq t \leq 20 \\ 1 & t < 10 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ ;

μ ₃₁= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 1 & t > 180 \\ \frac{t - 120}{60} & 120 \leq t \leq 180 \\ 0 & t < 120 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₃₂= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 180 \\ \frac{180 - t}{60} & 120 \leq t < 180 \\ \frac{t - 60}{40} & 60 \leq t < 120 \\ 0 & t \leq 60 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₃₃= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 120 \\ \frac{120 - t}{40} & 60 \leq t \leq 120 \\ 1 & t < 60 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ ;

μ ₄₁= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 1 & t > 20 \\ \frac{t - 10}{10} & 10 \leq t \leq 20 \\ 0 & t < 10 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₄₂= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 20 \\ \frac{20 - t}{10} & 10 \leq t < 20 \\ \frac{t - 5}{5} & 5 \leq t < 10 \\ 0 & t \leq 5 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₄₃= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 10 \\ \frac{10 - t}{5} & 5 \leq t \leq 10 \\ 1 & t < 5 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ ;

μ ₅₁= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 1 & t > 200 \\ \frac{t - 100}{100} & 100 \leq t \leq 200 \\ 0 & t < 100 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₅₂= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 200 \\ \frac{200 - t}{100} & 100 \leq t < 200 \\ \frac{t - 50}{50} & 50 \leq t < 100 \\ 0 & t \leq 50 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₅₃= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t > 100 \\ \frac{100 - t}{50} & 50 \leq t \leq 100 \\ 1 & t < 50 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ ;

μ ₇₁= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 1 & t < 1.25 \\ \frac{1.35 - t}{0.1} & 1.25 \leq t \leq 1.35 \\ 0 & t > 1.35 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₇₂= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t < 1.25 \\ \frac{t - 1.25}{0.1} & 1.25 \leq t < 1.35 \\ \frac{1.45 - t}{0.1} & 1.35 \leq t < 1.45 \\ 0 & t \geq 1.45 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₇₃= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t < 1.35 \\ \frac{t - 1.35}{0.1} & 1.35 \leq t \leq 1.45 \\ 1 & t > 1.45 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ ;

μ ₈₁= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 1 & t < 0.1 \\ \frac{0.3 - t}{0.2} & 0.1 \leq t \leq 0.3 \\ 0 & t > 0.3 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₈₂= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t < 0.1 \\ \frac{t - 0.1}{0.2} & 0.1 \leq t < 0.3 \\ \frac{0.6 - t}{0.3} & 0.3 \leq t < 0.6 \\ 0 & t \geq 0.6 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ , μ ₈₃= $\begin{matrix} \{\begin{matrix} 0 & t < 0.3 \\ \frac{t - 0.3}{0.3} & 0.3 \leq t \leq 0.6 \\ 1 & t > 0.6 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$ .

1.2.3 未确知属性测度分析未确知测度分析包括两个方面:一是单指标的未确知属性测度分析; 二是样本综合未确知属性测度分析。单指标的未确知测度分析即根据上述未确知属性测度函数计算各评价指标相应于C_k的属性测度值μ _jk。样本综合未确知属性测度分析则根据μ _k= $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{m} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{matrix} \overset{p}{\sum_{k = 1}} \end{matrix}$ μ _jk计算。

1.2.4 基于置信度准则的样本所属类别分析属性数学理论采用置信度准则, 对评价样本的状况级别进行属性识别。置信度准则为:

在分类集合F=(C₁, C₂, …, C_p)中, 设第k级别比k+1好(或差), 记为:C_k> C_k+₁(或C_k< C_k+₁)。当满足C₁> C₂> …> C_p, 或C₁< C₂< …< C_p, 称为F中的一个有序评价集。λ 为置信度, 取λ ≥ 0.6, 当C₁> C₂> …> C_p时, k=min(k: $\begin{matrix} \overset{k}{\sum_{l = 1}} \end{matrix}$ μ _il≥ λ , 1≤ k≤ p); 当C₁< C₂< …< C_p时, k=p-min(k: $\begin{matrix} \overset{k - 1}{\sum_{l = 0}} \end{matrix}$ μ _ip-l≥ λ , 1≤ k≤ p) , 则认为评价样本x_i属于k级别的属性C_k。

2 城市绿地土壤评价实例

2.1 实例一

以文献[21]提供的某城市绿地土壤肥力样本作为本研究该方法的评价实例。该绿地土壤的pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、容重和土壤含盐量8个指标的实测结果分别为8.1、13.05、38.16、22.13、20.36、15.49、1.41和0.28。单指标的未确知属性测度值和综合未确知属性测度值计算结果如表2所示。

表2 某城市绿地土壤样本未确知属性测度分析 Table 2 Unascertained measurement analysis of an urban green space soil samples

以置信度准则k=min(k: $\begin{matrix} \overset{k}{\sum_{l = 1}} \end{matrix}$ μ _il≥ λ , 1≤ k≤ p)对该样本所属类别进行识别。当取置信度λ ≥ 0.6时, 置信度准则需满足: $\begin{matrix} \overset{k}{\sum_{l = 1}} \end{matrix}$ μ _il≥ 0.6。由于该样本相应于C₁和C₂的综合属性测度值0.206和0.307之和为0.513, 小于0.6, 因此置信度准则中的k应大于2, 亦即k应为3, 即该土壤肥力状况处于C₃级别, 即“ 低” 的水平, 与文献[21]的模糊数学评价结果及该绿地土壤肥力的实际状况一致。

2.2 实例二

以本研究对文献[19]提供的土壤肥力样本进行评价。采用土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、容重、电导率7个参数, 对土壤肥力进行模糊综合评价。为了与本研究的评价指标相对应, 选择其中的土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和容重6个指标进行评价, 这6个指标对应I₁、I₂、I₃、I₄、I₅和I₇, 其平均值分别为:7.84、9.13、35.44、13.81、71.45和1.48。单指标的未确知属性测度值和综合未确知属性测度值计算结果如表3所示。根据综合属性测度值可确定该土壤肥力状况处于C₃级别, 即“ 低” 的水平。而文献[19]的模糊数学评价结果为“ 较低” , 两者评价结果一致。

表3 某城市草坪土壤样本未确知属性测度分析 Table 3 Unascertained measurement analysis of an urban turf soil samples

2.3 实例三

以该方法对文献[36]提供的13个土壤肥力样本进行评价。采用9个参数、5个级别对土壤肥力状况进行评价, 评价方法为全排列多边形图示指标法。为了与本研究的评价指标相对应, 选择其中的土壤pH、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量和容重6个指标进行分析评价, 这6个指标分别对应I₁、I₂、I₄、I₅、I₆和I₇。文献[36]的土壤肥力状况“ Ⅰ 级” 对应于本研究的“ 低(C₃)” 、“ Ⅱ -Ⅲ 级” 对应于本研究的“ 中(C₂)” 、“ Ⅵ -Ⅴ 级” 对应于本研究的“ 高(C₁)” 。

13个土壤肥力样本的单指标未确知属性测度值、综合未确知属性测度值计算结果, 以及未确知属性识别结果如表4所示。为了对比分析, 表4还列出了文献[36]的全排列多边形图示指标法的评价结果, 以及物元可拓法、改进的人工神经网络法的评价结果。通过对比发现, 该方法与上述3种方法的评价结果有较好的一致性, 其中, 该方法评价结果与全排列多边形图示指标法、物元可拓法以及改进的人工神经网络法评价结果的一致性分别为84.62%、92.31%和100%; 而文献[36]的全排列多边形图示指标法评价结果与物元可拓法、改进的人工神经网络法一致性分别为76.92%和92.31%。

表4 某地区土壤样本未确知属性测度分析 Table 4 Unascertained measurement analysis of a certain area soil samples

3 讨论

3.1 置信度λ 取值

置信度λ 取值将直接影响到级别属性C_k中的k的取值。如取λ ≥ 0.5时, 实例一可评价为“ C₂” 级别, 即该土壤样本肥力状况处于“ 中” 的水平; 实例三中的G₂、G₃、G₇、G₁₀、G₁₁、G₁₂等样本的级别属性则为“ C₁” , 肥力状况处于“ 高” 的水平, 与其它3种方法的评价结果一致性降低。因此, 置信度λ 取值对分类结果的合理性还值得更进一步验证。

3.2 评价指标体系

城市绿地土壤肥力评价指标基本上沿用农业、林业土壤肥力评价的指标体系, 这些评价指标难以全面反映城市土壤空间分割、人为影响因素多等因素的影响。此外, 城市绿地土壤肥力状况评价还应考虑土壤压实、容重和水分特征等物理性质改变产生的影响^[37]。有研究表明, 土壤物理性质影响土壤肥力的释放^[38], 压实会导致土壤肥力的降低^[39], 土壤容重的变化影响植物根系生长^[37]等。因此, 本研究所选用的评价指标体系的可行性、合理性和科学性还有待进一步深入研究。

3.3 分类组数

该方法需要在确定的分类组数以及与评价指标相对应的分级标准的基础上构建未确知属性测度函数, 因此该方法的前提带有一定的主观性。到目前为止, 学术界对土壤肥力等级的分类组数仍没有统一的标准, 由于我国领土辽阔、自然条件多样, 划分土壤肥力统一的评价分类标准较为困难。因此, 在城市绿地土壤肥力评价中, 土壤肥力状况的类别、相应的评价指标的特征值还有待深入研究。

4 结论

1)本研究基于未确知数学理论和属性数学理论, 建立了城市绿地土壤肥力综合评价的未确知属性测度分析法。该方法首先需要确定土壤肥力状况的评价指标和分级标准, 然后构建单指标的未确知属性测度函数, 再进行未确知属性测度分析, 根据样本的综合未确知属性测度值, 以属性数学理论中的置信度准则对评价样本的级别属性进行识别。

2)单指标未确知属性测度函数的构建以及未确知属性测度分析等, 过程简便快捷。通过未确知属性测度函数, 可以更精确地定量描述评价指标特征值的级别属性, 能较好地对土壤肥力状况进行数量化的综合评价。此外, 该方法可不对评价指标赋权, 避免了人为确定各评价指标权重而带来的主观性, 使得不同算法的分类结果具有可比性。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2014

0.0

罗上华, 毛齐正, 马克明, 邬建国. 北京城市绿地表层土壤碳氮分布特征. 生态学报, 2014, 34(20): 6011-6019.

Luo S

, Mao Q

, Ma K

, Wu J

Spatial distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen in urban green space of Beijing.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(20): 6011-6019. (in Chinese)

Urbanized land cover and urban populations in China both have increased markedly since 1980s. The rapid and massive urbanization has resulted in widespread ecological and environmental consequences from local to regional and national scales. To alleviate the negative impacts of urbanization and make our cities more sustainable, it is important to understand how urbanization affects biogeochemical cycles, particularly C and N dynamics. So far, however, understanding of urban soil biogeochemistry is rather limited, and more research is urgently needed. In this study, we collected 490 top-soil samples (0-20cm) from different types of green space in urban and suburban area within the sixth-ring road range of Beijing, China. We analyzed concentration and density of soil organic carbon (SOC), inorganic carbon (SIC), total carbon (TC), and total nitrogen (TN), in order to explore the characteristics of the spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen in the top layer of urban soils. The results showed that urban soils had higher SOC and SIC contents than suburban soils, and soil carbon content varied significantly between different land uses. The roadside tree pit soils had significantly higher SOC, SIC and TC density than other land-use type, and differences in SOC content among other types were not significant. SIC densities of residential, institutional, parks and transportation soil were significantly higher than those of suburban forests, nurseries, and orchards. For urban sites, roadside tree pit had highest SOC, SIC, and TC density, whereas park had lowest SOC, SIC, and TC. The difference in SOC between different land use were not significant. For suburban sites, roadside tree pit also had the highest SOC, SIC, and TC. The differences in SOC and TC among other land cover types were not significant. Shelterbelt and productive plantations had lower SIC densities than other land cover types throughout the entire metropolitan. Comparing similar land cover types between urban and suburban sites, institutional and transportation had significant higher SOC than the same types in the suburban sites. Yet urban parks and roadside tree pits had slightly lower SOC than the similar types in the suburban area. Urban land cover types had higher SIC and TC than the same land cover types of the suburban sites. Significantly negative correlations existed among SOC, SIC and TC, as well as between these variables and distance from the urban core. In other words, SOC, SIC, and TC tended to decrease with increasing distance away from the urban core. This indicates that urbanization in Beijing has augmented the local soil carbon pool to some extent. No significant differences in soil TN were found between land cover types or between urban and suburban sites. But TN and C/N tended to decrease along the urban-rural gradient. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of urbanization on soil nitrogen in the Beijing region.

在北京中心城区及周边郊区（覆盖六环路范围），采集不同类型绿地表层（0-20cm）土壤样品490份，测定了土壤有机碳、无机碳、全碳和全氮含量，探讨了城市土壤碳氮分布特征。结果表明：城市不同类型绿地土壤中碳含量差异明显，行道树土壤的有机碳、无机碳和全碳含量均显著高于其他类型绿地，而其它类型土壤有机碳含量差异不显著；居住绿地、道路绿地、单位绿地和公园绿地土壤无机碳含量显著高于生产绿地、防护绿地；城市土壤有机碳、无机碳和全碳含量与距离城市中心距离呈显著的负相关关系；与郊区土壤相比，城区绿地土壤有机碳、无机碳含量有富集的趋势，且无机碳增加更加明显；与郊区农业土壤相比，城市绿地土壤中有机碳有明显地增加趋势，说明北京的城市化在一定程度上有利于土壤碳库的累积。不同类型绿地土壤全氮含量差异不显著，城郊之间全氮含量也无显著差异，土壤全氮质量分数和碳氮比有逐渐减小的趋势，城市化对土壤氮的影响需要进一步研究。

... 我国城市绿地主要来自农业耕地、园地^[1],其植物多样性和绿地破碎化使得绿地群落对土壤养分肥力的需求有别于农业或林业地土壤,城市绿地土壤需要科学合理的施肥和管理,增加植物绿叶量和调节叶色,延长花果期,增强城市绿地观赏价值^[2] ...

2008

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2007

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... 在城市发展过程中,绿地土壤人为活动干扰强烈,土壤压实与板结、污染、人为废弃物等问题突出^[3,4,5],绿地土壤结构退化^[6,7,8,9],土壤肥力普遍低下^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16]} ...

2014

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2013

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2016

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2012

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2009

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2014

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2009

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2013

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李志国, 张过师, 刘毅, 万开元, 张润花, 陈防. 湖北省主要城市园林绿地土壤养分评价. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(8): 2159-2165.

Li Z

, Zhang G

, Liu

, Wan K

, Zhang R

, Chen

Assessment of soil nutrient status in urban green space of main cities in Hubei Province, China.

Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(8): 2159-2165. (in Chinese)

According to the topography of the cities in Hubei Province, soil samples were collected from the urban green space in two mountainous cities (Enshi and Shiyan), three hilly cities (Jingmen, Xiangfan and Yichang), and five plain cities (Wuhan, Xiaogan, Xianning, Jingzhou, Suizhou and Huangshi). Within each city, subsoil samples were taken in accordance with four different types of land use, including park, residential, institutional (school, hospital and government,  etc .), and roadside. In the main cities in Hubei, the soil pH of urban green space was averagely 7.9, being obviously higher than that of natural soils, while the soil organic matter content was rather low (6.8 g·kg -1 ). The soil available N and P contents were at a low level, while the soil available trace element (Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn， Zn and B) contents were moderate. Land use type had significant effects on the soil nutrient contents in plain cities. The soil pH in the residential green space was significantly higher than that in the park, roadside and institutional green space, while the contents of soil available trace elements (S, Cu, Mn and Zn) in roadside green space were significantly higher than those of green space in the other land use types. Park green space had the lowest soil nutrient contents. There existed significant differences in the soil nutrient contents among the cities with different topography. The soil organic matter, NH 4 - -N, available K and P, and Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu and Mn contents were significantly higher in plain cities than in mountainous cities.

( 1 Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China;  2 Vegetable Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430065, China)

根据湖北城市地形，对2个山地城市(恩施、十堰)、3个丘陵城市(荆门、襄樊、宜昌)和6个平原城市(武汉、孝感、咸宁、荆州、随州、黄石)绿地土壤进行采样.每个城市又按照4种不同利用类型，包括公园绿地、住宅区、事业单位(包括学校、医院、政府机关等)和交通主干道绿地分别取样.结果表明：湖北省主要城市绿地土壤pH较自然土壤明显偏高，均值7.9；土壤有机质(6.8 g·kg -1 )明显处于缺乏水平；有效N、P、B含量处于较低水平；其他中微量元素(Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn和B)有效态含量适中.土地利用方式对平原城市土壤养分含量影响显著，住宅区绿地土壤pH显著高于公园、街道旁和事业单位，街道绿地微量元素S、Cu、Mn、Zn有效态含量显著高于其他利用类型，公园绿地养分含量最低.不同地形城市土壤养分含量存在显著差异，平原城市土壤有机质、铵态氮、有效K、有效P和许多中微量养分元素(Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Cu和Mn)的含量显著高于丘陵城市.

2012

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2014

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熊莉, 徐振锋, 吴福忠, 杨万勤, 殷睿, 李志萍, 倪祥银, 熊海涛. 踩踏对亚热带沟叶结缕草草坪冬季休眠期土壤呼吸的影响. 草业学报, 2014, 23(2): 83-89.

Xiong

, Xu Z

, Wu F

, Yang W

, Yin

, Li Z

, Ni X

, Xiong H

Effects of stepping on soil respiration of Zoysia matrella lawn during the winter dormancy period.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(2): 83-89. (in Chinese)

With the acceleration of urbanization,urban green areas are rapidly expanding. Human stepping is one of the important disturbances impacting on urban green space and may affect the soil respiration and carbon cycle of lawns. Therefore,we choose stepping and control plots in a typical subtropical Zoysia matrella lawn. Soil respiration rates were continuously measured during the winter dormant period using a Li-8100 automatic instrument. Seasonal variations in soil respiration was characterized by a pattern of mono-peak curves,initially decreasing but then increasing. Human stepping significantly reduced the soil respiration rate and temperature sensitivity of soil respiration ( Q 10 ) in the Z. matrella lawn during the period of dormancy. Soil respiration of Z. matrella lawn was controlled more by soil temperature than soil moisture over the dormant period. Stepping reduced soil respiration rate of Z. matrella lawn by 53.6% on average. Stepping-induced changes in soil physical properties and growth of Z. matrella might interactively cause the decline in soil respiration.

1.Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering,Institute of Ecology &Forestry,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China; 2.College of Agriculture,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China

随着城市化进程加快,城市绿地也在迅速扩张,人为踩踏是城市绿地重要干扰因素,其可能对草坪土壤呼吸产生显著影响,进而影响城市草坪碳循环。因此,在典型亚热带沟叶结缕草草坪内选取人为踩踏和对照处理,采用Li-8100土壤碳通量分析仪对冬季结缕草草坪土壤呼吸速率进行动态连续测定。结果表明,亚热带沟叶结缕草草坪冬季休眠期土壤呼吸动态呈单峰曲线,先降低后升高;人为踩踏显著降低了沟叶结缕草草坪休眠期土壤呼吸速率和土壤呼吸温度敏感性( Q 10 );休眠期土壤呼吸速率主要受温度控制,而与土壤水分无关;试验期间,踩踏平均使土壤呼吸速率下降53.6%;踩踏引发的土壤物理特性和植物生长的变化综合作用而导致沟叶结缕草草坪土壤呼吸速率下调。

2007

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2015

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... 土壤肥力状况是城市绿地植物正常生长和发挥城市绿地生态功能的前提^[17] ...

... 目前,在城市绿地土壤肥力状况评价和分级研究中,有些学者通过数学建模提出了多指标和综合评价的数量化或称数值化方法,主要有基于主成分分析法^{[17,19,20,21,22]}、层次分析法^[20]以及模糊综合评判法^{[17,19,20,21,22]}等多指标的综合评价方法 ...

2005

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... 合理评价城市绿地土壤肥力状况,可为城市绿地土壤的改良、城市绿地规划和管理等提供理论依据和指导^[18] ...

2013

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范海荣, 吴素霞, 常连生. 秦皇岛市草坪土壤肥力数值化综合评价与对策研究. 草业科学, 2013, 30(1): 9-15.

Fan H

, Wu S

, Chang L

Comprehensive digitization evaluation of turf soil fertility and management counter measure research on turf soil in Qinhuangdao.

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(1): 9-15. (in Chinese)

Analysis of soil physical and chemical properties was made on turf soil in Oinghuangdao city. The corresponding membership function was built according to the plant effect of each fertilizer factor. The membership value of each evaluation index was calculated. The weight of each fertility factor was determined by the principal component analysis. Through fuzzy mathematics assessment, soil fertility quality was comprehensively evaluated. The result showed that the turf soil synthesis level was low, the main limiting factors were the bulk density, organic matter, alkalihydrolysable nitrogen, and available potassium. The result was consistent with the growth status of the turf grass, which could reflect the fertilizer quality of the turf soil correctly and objectively. It showed that the evaluation method had some application value. In the light of the limiting factors of soil fertilizer obtained from the evaluation, the management countermeasures to improve the soil fertility were put forward and could bring important guidance and reference for the maintenance and treatment of the turf soil in Qinhuangdao.

以秦皇岛市草坪土壤为例，对土壤的理化性质进行了室内分析，并根据各肥力因子的植物效应建立了相应的隶属度函数，计算出各评价指标的隶属度值；利用主成分分析法，确定各评价指标的权重，通过模糊数学法对土壤肥力进行了综合评价。结果表明，秦皇岛市草坪土壤综合肥力水平较低，主要限制因子为容重、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾。评价结果与草坪草生长状况相一致，表明该评价方法能准确、客观地评价草坪土壤的肥力水平，具有一定的应用价值。针对评价结果得出的土壤肥力限制因子，提出了提高土壤肥力的管理措施，对秦皇岛市草坪土壤的维护和治理提供了重要的指导和参考依据。

2010

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2010

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范海荣, 常连生, 王洪海, 李晓, 张立娟. 城市草坪土壤肥力综合评价. 草业科学, 2010, 27(10): 17-22.

Fan H

, Chang L

, Wang H

, Li

, Zhang L

Comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility quality on urban turf.

Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(10): 17-22. (in Chinese)

Soil sample with the terf soil in Changli campus of Hebei Normal University of Science &Technology was collected, and some physicochemical properties such as soil bulk density, pH, CEC, total salt content, organic matter, hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium were studied, and each soil fertility factor was made a numerical treatment in this paper. Through the way of membership function and the partial correlation analysis, the membership value and its weight of each fertility factor were determined, and the paper comprehensively evaluated soil fertility quality by fuzzy mathematics assessment. The result showed that the turf soil comprehensive fertility was low, which was consistent with the turf quality. This indicated that this assessment method was feasible, and it was helpful to appraise the urban turf soil fertility condition scientifically, reasonably and accurately. Besides, it could enhance the soil fertility conditions and improve the turf quality.

本文以河北科技师范学院昌黎校区草坪土壤为例，测定分析了土壤容重、pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全盐含量、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等理化性质，并对土壤各肥力因子进行了数值化处理。通过隶属度函数和偏相关分析，确定了各肥力因子的隶属度值及其权重，并利用模糊数学评价方法对土壤肥力进行了综合评价。研究结果显示，河北科技师范学院昌黎校区草坪土壤综合肥力水平低，与草坪质量状况相吻合，表明该评价方法具有可行性，有助于科学、合理、准确地评价城市草坪土壤肥力状况，提高土壤肥力，改善草坪质量。

... 本研究基于对城市草坪土壤肥力综合评价的研究成果^[21],选择城市绿地土壤肥力的评价指标有:土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、容重和土壤含盐量8个指标 ...

... 评价指标及分类标准^[21]如表1所示 ...

2015

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2008

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... 土壤肥力是土壤本质属性和基本特征的反映^[23,24],是一个由物理、化学和生物等影响因素复合而成的、多指标的复杂系统^[25],因而需要多种途径和方法才能达到对土壤肥力状况综合评价和分级的目的 ...

2010

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2012

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1999

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刘开第, 庞彦军, 孙光勇, 姚立根. 城市环境质量的未确知测度评价. 系统工程理论与实践, 1999, 19(12): 52-58.

Liu K

, Pang Y

, Sun G

, Yao L

The unascertained measurement evaluation on a city’s environmental quality. Systems Engineering-Theory &

Practice, 1999, 19(12): 52-58. (in Chinese)

On the basis of the unascertained measurement space, this paper sets up the model of unascertained measurement evaluation and uses it to evaluate a city's environmental quality. Compared with the fuzzy synthetical evaluation, grey cluster analysis, matter\|element analysis and BP artificial neural network, this model is perfect, the evaluating result is more reasonable and its resolving power is higher. It is more suitable for evaluating the environmental quality.

Hebei Institute of Architectural Science & Technology

在未确知测度空间基础上，建立未确知测度评价模型并用于城市环境质量评价；与模糊综合评判、灰色聚类分析、物元分析、ＢＰ人工神经网络等评价方法比较，未确知测度评价模型严谨，评价结果合理、精细、分辨率高，更适合于环境质量评价；

... 1 未确知属性测度分析原理未确知属性测度分析方法是基于未确知数学理论^[26]和属性数学理论^[27],对样本进行聚类分析的一种方法 ...

1997

0.0

... 1 未确知属性测度分析原理未确知属性测度分析方法是基于未确知数学理论^[26]和属性数学理论^[27],对样本进行聚类分析的一种方法 ...

2014

0.0

王岳, 王海燕, 李旭, 杨晓娟, 刘玲, 李卫松. 不同密度下近天然落叶松云冷杉林各土层土壤理化特征. 草业科学, 2014, 31(8): 1424-1429.

Wang

, Wang H

, Li

, Yang X

, Liu

, Li W

Soil physical and chemical characteristics of different depths in semi-natural mixed larch-spruce-fir at different stand densities.

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(8): 1424-1429. (in Chinese)

Effects of stand density on soil physical and chemical properties were studied in eight semi-natural mixed larch-spruce-fir stands. The results showed that soil physical properties were significantly different at different soil depth in the same stand density. Except with soil total nitrogen, there was no significant difference for other nutrient concentrations between soil depths. Soil nutrient concentrations did not have significant change rule at different stand densities and declining trend in a certain density. At the density of 1 058 trees·hm -2 , soil nutrient concentrations decreased but without significant difference which showed that soil nutrients were not affected by current stand densities in the experimental area. Replanting may be appropriate to increase the use efficiency of forestland.

College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

本研究以8块不同林分密度近天然落叶松云冷杉林为对象, 研究不同林分下密度对不同土层土壤的理化特征。结果表明, 相同林分密度条件下, 土壤物理性质随土层深度增加呈显著变化( P P >0.05)。不同密度条件下的土壤养分浓度并未表现出明显的变化规律, 也没有在某一密度之后出现明显的下降现象。林分密度为1 058株·hm -2 时, 虽然土壤养分浓度有所降低, 但总体差异并不显著。这说明在试验区目前林分密度下, 土壤养分状况并未受影响, 可适当补植, 增加林地的利用效率。

... 1 评价指标及特征值目前,在土壤肥力评价中还没有统一的评价指标体系,由于土壤养分是土壤肥力的重要组成部分和核心,因此土壤养分是土壤肥力评价的重要指标^[28] ...

2016

0.0

权国玲, 谢开云, 仝宗永, 李向林, 万里强, 毕舒贻, 万修福. 复合微生物肥料对羊草草原土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响. 草业学报, 2016, 25(2): 27-36.

Quan G

, Xie K

, Tong Z

, Li X

, Wan L

, Bi S

, Wan X

The effect of compound bio-fertilizers on soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activity in Leymus chinensis steppe.

Acta Pratacul Turae Sinica, 2016, 25(2): 27-36. (in Chinese)

Compound bio-fertilizers have recently been developed to improve the performance of bio-fertilizers. These compounds are a mix of inorganic chemical, organic and bio-fertilizers. In this study, we investigated the effect on Leymus chinensis steppe soil fertility of three kinds of compound bio-fertilizer: humic acid, molasses fermentation and alginic acid. We also measured the effects of a mixed application of these three compounds. Results showed that compared to the control there was a significant reduction in total phosphorus in surface soils under the molasses fermentation and three compound mix treatments. Soil organic matter increased significantly, with these increases being higher for the three compound mix than for the humic acid and molasses fermentation treatments. The other soil physical and chemical properties measured showed no significant change under each treatment. Soil enzyme activities were significantly affected. Compared with the control, hydrogen peroxide enzyme activity in the 0-10 cm soil layer was significantly reduced in all treatments except for the humic acid compound. Phosphatase activity increased significantly in all cases except for the alginic acid treatment. Urease activity was reduced significantly in the humic acid and molasses fermentation treatments. Invertase activity did not change significantly. In 10-20 cm soil layer, hydrogen peroxide enzyme activity increased significantly in the humic acid treatment while it significantly reduced under the other treatments. Invertase activity did not change with the three compound mix but reduced significantly under the remaining three treatments. Urease activity decreased only with humic acid treatment, while phosphatase activity did not significantly change in any of the treatments. Hydrogen peroxide enzyme activity and soil pH were significantly positively correlated, while urease and total nitrogen were significantly negatively correlated. Phosphatase and total phosphorus had a significant negative correlation in topsoil. Invertase activity was significantly positively correlated with organic matter, and was significantly negatively correlated with soil moisture content in the lower soils. In general, soil enzyme activity decreased with increasing depth of soil profile.

1.Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; 2.The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China

为了使微生物肥料达到更好的效果,便出现了集无机化学肥料、有机肥料以及微生物肥料综合效果的新型肥料-复合微生物肥料。本文选择腐殖酸、糖蜜发酵、海藻酸等3种复合微生物肥料,设置对照、3种复合微生物肥料单施及混合施入5种处理,分别用CK、F、T、H、A表示,研究其在改善羊草草原土壤肥力中的作用。结果显示:1)表层土壤全磷在T和A处理较CK降低显著;土壤有机质在F处理变化不显著外,在其余3种处理均较CK增加显著,且A处理较F和T处理增加显著;其余土壤理化性质在各处理均无显著变化。2)土壤酶活性却对复合微生物肥料有显著性的变化:010 cm土层中,与对照相比,过氧化氢酶活性除在F处理变化不显著外,其余处理均显著降低;磷酸酶活性除在H处理变化不显著外,其余处理均显著增加;脲酶活性在F和T处理降低显著;而蔗糖酶活性在各处理均变化不显著。1020 cm土层中,与对照相比,过氧化氢酶活性在F处理显著增加,而其他3个处理均显著降低;蔗糖酶活性除在A处理变化不明显外,其余3个处理均降低显著;脲酶活性只在F处理显著降低;磷酸酶活性在各处理均无显著性变化。3)表土层的过氧化氢酶活性与土壤pH呈显著正相关,脲酶与全氮呈显著负相关,磷酸酶与全磷呈显著负相关,下层土壤的蔗糖酶活性与有机质呈显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈显著负相关,且土壤酶活性随土壤剖面深度增加而降低。总的来看,微生物肥料在天然草地中的施用还需进行改良实验。

... 如土壤pH与土壤肥力状况密切相关,是土壤重要的基本性质之一^[29] ...

2015

0.0

胡宜刚, 张鹏, 赵洋, 黄磊, 虎瑞. 植被配置对黑岱沟露天煤矿区土壤养分恢复的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(10): 1561-1568.

Hu Y

, Zhang

, Zhao

, Huang

, Hu

Effects of various vegetation patterns on soil nutrients recovery in Heidaigou coal mine.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(10): 1561-1568. (in Chinese)

Artificial revegetation is a vital method of ecological recovery for damaged ecosystems. However, the assessment on the recovery effects of various vegetation patterns is still rare to date. In this study, the recovery situation of recliamed soil nutrients in Heidaigou opencast coal mine recovered for nearly 20-years was evaluated using various artificial vegetation patterns. The results showed that soil nutrients content was significantly affected by vegetation patterns. The contents of SOM, TN and NO 3 - -N were significantly different in various soil depth while there was no significant difference for soil TP, TK and NH 4 + -N. Although SOM, TN and NO 3 - -N assembled in the surface soil, artificial vegetation changed their vertical distribution properties compared with natural vegetation. Herbage vegetation with fabaceous plants was better than other vegetation patterns for soil nutrients recovery. Average SOM, TN and NO 3 - -N within 50 cm soil depth had recovered to 63.9%, 57.8% and 184.8% of natural vegetation site after nearly 20 years recovery, the average level of SOM, TN and NO 3 - -N within 30-50 cm soil depth even exceeded abandoned field. The results indicated that artificial revegetation was an effective measure to improve soil nutrients recovery, and herbage vegetation with fabaceous plants was the first choice to implement soil ecological recovery in the mine reclaimed land. Furthermore, SOM, TN and NO 3 - -N could be used as an index to evaluate the effects of soil recovery in this mine region.

Shapotou Desert Experiment and Research Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

人工植被重建是对受损生态系统进行修复的重要手段,但不同植被配置对土壤养分恢复效果的评估研究仍非常欠缺。本研究对采用5种不同人工植被配置模式修复近20年后的黑岱沟露天煤矿区排土场的土壤养分恢复状况进行了评价,结果表明,排土场土壤养分含量受植被配置类型的影响显著。不同土壤深度的有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)和硝态氮(NO 3 - -N)含量差异显著( P 4 + -N)差异不显著( P >0.05)。虽然SOM、TN和NO 3 - -N均表现出明显的表聚性,但与天然植被相比,人工植被的建植改变了其剖面垂直分布特征。经过近20年的修复,混播有豆科牧草的纯草本配置在5种植被配置中的恢复效果表现最好,其0-50 cm土壤平均SOM、TN和NO 3 - -N分别恢复到天然植被区的63.9%、57.8%和184.8%,尤其是30-50 cm的SOM、TN和NO 3 - -N含量水平更是超过了自然恢复的撂荒地。因此,人工植被重建是促进矿区土壤养分恢复的有效措施,混播有豆科牧草的纯草本是进行土壤修复的首选植被配置模式,SOM、TN和NO 3 - -N可作为评估矿区土壤养分修复的评价指标。

... 土壤中的有机质是土壤养分的主要来源,常作为土壤肥力评价的一项综合性指标^[30] ...

... 土壤肥力涉及到多种元素的复杂变化,如氮、磷、钾是植物生长的必需元素^[31],其中速效磷和速效钾表征土壤养分的可利用性^[30] ...

2015

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王振南, 张清平, 陆姣云, 杨梅, 杨惠敏. 基于灰色关联度法的不同年龄紫花苜蓿草地土壤肥力评价. 草业科学, 2015, 32(8): 1230-1236.

Wang Z

, Zhang Q

, Lu J

, Yang

, Yang H

Assessment of soil fertility in lucerne stand s of different ages using grey correlative degree analysis.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(8): 1230-1236. (in Chinese)

Soil fertility reflects the performance and growth potential of plant which is easily affected by the plant. In the perennial grasslandecosystem, the effect of forage age on the soil fertility has not been clearly elucidated yet. In the present study, the soil fertility in lucerne stands with six different ages were comprehensively analysed using grey correlative degree analysis to evaluate the effect of stand age on soil fertility. In different soil layers, the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and total potassium were different in different lucerne stands cultivated in different years, and they differently varied with stand age. Using grey correlative degree analysis, the best soil fertility was observed in 5year old stands in 0-10 and 10-20 cm soils, the best soil fertility was observed in 8year old stands and the better soil fertility was observed in 5year old stands in 20-30 cm soils. Conclusively, in the Loess Plateau, the optimal utilisation age of lucerne was 5year old considering soil fertility.

State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China

土壤肥力能反映植物的生长潜力和表现，但又受到植物的影响。在多年生草地系统中，利用年限（牧草年龄）对土壤肥力的影响还没有准确的阐述。采用灰色关联度分析法，对6个年龄紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）草地土壤碳、氮、磷、钾等指标进行综合分析，以关联度进行排序对不同年龄草地土壤肥力进行评价。结果表明，在不同土层，紫花苜蓿草地土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、全磷、速效磷和全钾含量随年龄而变化的趋势不一致。运用灰色关联度分析后发现，0-10和10-20 cm土壤肥力最好的年龄均为5龄草地，而20-30 cm土壤肥力最好的年龄为8龄，5龄草地次之。因此，从土壤肥力角度可确定黄土高原地区5龄紫花苜蓿草地利用最佳。

... 土壤肥力涉及到多种元素的复杂变化,如氮、磷、钾是植物生长的必需元素^[31],其中速效磷和速效钾表征土壤养分的可利用性^[30] ...

2014

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黄国勤, 周丽华, 杨滨娟, 王淑彬, 赵其国. 红壤旱地不同复种方式养地效果. 生态学报, 2014, 34(18): 5191-5199.

Huang G

, Zhou L

, Yang B

, Wang S

, Zhao Q

Improving soil fertility with different multiple cropping patterns in upland red soil.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(18): 5191-5199. (in Chinese)

Red soil is an important soil type that covers a large area, experiences excellent climate conditions and has great potential for exploitation. It is an important production base for grain, oil, cotton and fruit. Long-term significant leaching and weathering has resulted in low natural fertility of red soils. Long-term unsustainable exploitation has accelerated the process of impoverishment of soil fertility and nutrient loss. Scientific and rational use of the land, and associated improvements in soil structure and increased soil fertility, would be conducive to the sustainable development of farmland ecosystems, to better reflect the value of these farmland ecosystems. Studying the effects of cropping patterns on soil fertility improvements in upland red soil could provide a theoretical basis for recommendations or guidelines for sustainable and efficient cropping systems. A field experiment was conducted at Jiangxi Agricultural University to compare the effects of different cropping patterns on soil fertility, including soil physical and chemical properties, abundance of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities. The experiment consisted of four treatments each with four replicates. The treatments were (A) wheat/soybeans-sesame, (B) mixed green manure-soybean corn-green beans sesame, (C) ryegrass-peanut corn-millet buckwheat and (D) rapeseed-mung bean sweet potato. The results showed that multiple cropping patterns, especially planting green manure and returning green manure, could significantly improve soil fertility. Among the experimental treatments, the biggest improvement in soil fertility was observed for treatment C (ryegrass-peanut corn-millet buckwheat), followed by treatment B (mixed green manure-soybean corn-green beans sesame). Treatment C had the highest values for soil cation exchange capacity, organic matter, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, total phosphorus, soil enzyme activities and abundance of microorganisms. Treatment B reduced soil bulk density and increased soil porosity, which consequently improved soil aeration and water permeability. Soil pH value, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium were all increased for Treatment B. Compared with the previous planting, various multiple cropping patterns led to improved soil fertility. Total nitrogen content declined for all treatments, organic matter and total phosphorus content of treatments A and B also declined, but other indicators improved to some extent. For total nitrogen, although treatments A and B had a spring soybean planting, they showed significant biological nitrogen fixation. If nitrogen input from fertilization, legumes and nitrogen fixation is not taken into account, significant nitrogen losses can still occur. Therefore, if there are legumes in the cropping mix in a mixed cropping system, it is important to pay attention to the total input of nitrogen to maintain the nitrogen balance in the farmland ecosystem. Vigorous promotion of the use of green manure in winter is an effective measure to promote farming ecosystem sustainability in upland red soils.

为了提出适宜南方红壤区旱地质量提升的持续高效种植模式，在江西农业大学科技园开展田间试验，以传统复种方式为对照，从土壤理化性状、微生物及酶活性等多方面分析比较不同复种方式对土壤的养地效果，为提出可持续发展的农田耕作模式提供理论基础。结果表明：不同复种方式中，绿肥种植和绿肥翻压还田对土壤具有明显养地效果，其中处理C“黑麦草-花生‖玉米-粟‖荞麦”具有较高的土壤阳离子交换量、有机质、碱解氮、全磷含量以及土壤酶活性和较多的土壤微生物种类、数量，从而显著提高土壤肥力和土壤持续生产力，养地效果最佳；处理B“混播绿肥（油菜、紫云英、肥田萝卜）-大豆‖玉米-绿豆‖芝麻”降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度，改善土壤的通气性、透水性，明显提高土壤pH值、全氮、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量，养地效果次之。因此，大力推广应用冬季绿肥是促进红壤旱地生态系统可持续发展的有效耕作措施。

... 碱解氮则是表征土壤氮素供应强度的指标^[32] ...

... 阳离子交换量作为土壤保肥能力的评价指标,反映土壤永久电荷和可变电荷总量^[32] ...

2016

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... 土壤容重是土壤紧实度的敏感性评价指标,表征土壤的疏松程度与通气性和对地表水的蓄积能力^[33],与土壤有机质密切相关^[34] ...

2015

0.0

... 土壤容重是土壤紧实度的敏感性评价指标,表征土壤的疏松程度与通气性和对地表水的蓄积能力^[33],与土壤有机质密切相关^[34] ...

2009

0.0

王国栋, 褚贵新, 刘瑜, 张旺锋. 干旱绿洲长期微咸地下水灌溉对棉田土壤微生物量影响. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(11): 44-48.

Wang G

, Chu G

, Liu

, Zhang W

Effects of long-term irrigation with brackish groundwater on soil microbial biomass in cotton field in arid oasis.

Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2009, 25(11): 44-48. (in Chinese)

Due to the shortage of fresh water, groundwater is the main resource for irrigation in arid oasia. In the present study, the impacts of ten-year irrigation with brackish ground water on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity were compared to those of fresh water in a cotton farming system. The results showed that total salt content changes were significantly greater in soil receiving long-term saline groundwater irrigation (P<0.05), compared with fresh water irrigation, total soil salt content and exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP) increased by 61.5% and 3.2 times, respectively. In the salt affected soil, total enzyme activities of cellulose, urease, invertase and catalase decreased by 21.3%, 50.9%, 50% and 10.5%, respectively. By contrast, soil alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase activities increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing salinity and sodicity. Long time brackish groundwater irrigation caused deleterious effects on soil microbial biomass, with biomass carbon and biomass nitrogen decreasing by 24.4% and 42.4%, respectively. However, no obvious detrimental effect of salinity on soil microbial biomass phosphorus was observed. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities were closely related to soil fertility in cotton fields. Organic matter and total nitrogen with the long-term brackish ground water irrigation decreased by 26.8% and 28.0%, respectively. These results reveal that long-term saline groundwater irrigation not only influences the chemical and physical characteristics of soils, but also directly affects soil biological properties and, therefore, has important implications for soils health and sustainability in arid agricultural areas.

由于淡水资源的缺乏，利用微咸地下水灌溉是干旱绿洲普遍采用的一种灌溉措施。该文对北疆棉区长期利用微咸地下水灌溉的土壤微生物和酶活性进行了研究。结果表明，长期微咸地下水灌溉土壤的含盐量比渠水灌溉上升61.5%，显著增加了棉田耕层土壤盐分（P＜0.05），土壤可交换性钠百分率（ESP）升高3.2倍，并造成土壤碱化。微咸地下水灌溉纤维素酶、脲酶等、转化酶及过氧化氢酶4种酶活性分别降低了21.3%、50.9%、50.0%和10.5%，但在微咸地下水灌溉条件下多酚氧化酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高。微咸地下水灌溉对土壤微生物有明显抑制作用，长期微咸水灌溉使土壤微生物量碳、氮分别降低24.4%和42.4%，但对微生物量磷影响不显著。微生物量和酶活性与棉田土壤肥力密切相关，长期微咸地下水灌溉导致有机质、全氮分别降低26.8%和28.0%。长期微咸地下水灌溉影响了土壤生物质量，不利于绿洲农田土壤的持续利用。

... 土壤含盐量影响土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性,最终影响土壤肥力^[35] ...

2015

0.0

张建勇, 肖武, 王铮, 台晓丽, 王鹏飞, 蒋舒, 王婷婷. 基于全排列多边形图示指标法的土壤肥力质量评价. 中国生态农业学报, 2015, 23(10): 1285-1292.

Zhang J

, Xiao

, Wang

, Tai X

, Wang P

, Jiang

, Wang T

Evaluation of the quality of soil fertility using entire-array-polygon indicator method. Chinese Journal of

Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(10): 1285-1292. (in Chinese)

Soil is extremely important for plant growth and land productivity. A good understanding of the soil fertility quality is helpful to clearly learn soil environment condition, and it also contributes to effectively and rationally use of land resources. Currently, there are many methods evaluating soil fertility quality and assessing the condition of soil environment. However, due to subjective experience influencing on indicator weight decision, the results of these evaluation methods are more or less deviation from actual situation. And the results are usually not visualized. In this study, a new method — entire-array-polygon graphical representation and indicator method, a method used in eco-city evaluation, was used to evaluate soil fertility quality. The feasibility of the entire-array-polygon indicator method was also verified. A black soil in Jilin Province was used to establish both the evaluation indicator system and classification standard from three aspects — soil nutrient, soil structure and soil environment. The study evaluated a representative test data taken from 13 field sampling points in black soil fields in Jilin Province. The evaluation results of the entire-array-polygon indicator method were compared with the results of extenic method and improved artificial neural network method. The results clearly showed that soil fertility quality at the 13 sampling points in the study area was level III and the soil quality belonged to moderate grade. The study also advanced soil improvement measures based on the limiting factors of different sampling points. Sampling points G3, G7 and G8 needed more phosphor fertilizer, points G4, G10 and G14 needed more attention in terms of cropping systems and improvement of soil structure. The results of comparison with other evaluation methods indicated that the entire-array-polygon method was feasible for evaluating soil fertility quality. The evaluation results were highly consistent with those of other methods, with different evaluation results for only 1 to 3 sampling points. The entire-array-polygon indicator method was visual and easy to understand and convenient to quantify in terms of programming evaluation factors and avoiding subjective and arbitrary. It proved to be a new and useful method for evaluating soil fertility quality and provided a reference for application in other regions or soil types for assessing soil fertility quality.

土壤对于植物生长和土地生产力极其重要, 了解和掌握土壤肥力质量有助于认识土壤环境状况, 并有效和合理地利用土地。当前, 土壤肥力质量评价有许多种方法。本研究将全排列多边形图示指标方法引入土壤肥力质量评价, 并以吉林省黑土为例, 从土壤养分、结构和环境3方面建立评价指标体系和分级标准, 将具有代表性的13个野外定点采样的测试数据进行评价, 同时与可拓评价法、改进的人工神经网络法的评价结果进行对比分析, 验证了本方法的可行性。结果表明: 研究区内选取的13个样点, 肥力质量均为Ⅲ类级别, 肥力质量中等; 针对不同样点所存在的限制因素, 可提出土壤改良与改善的对策, G3、G7和G8样点的土壤需要增施磷肥, G4、G10和G14样点的土壤应注意耕作制度和改良土壤结构。与其他评价方法比较发现, 全排列多边形图示指标法用于土壤肥力质量评价是可行的, 评价结果一致性高, 仅在3个或1个样点的评价结果不一致。全排列多边形图示指标法简便易懂, 方便编程实现参评因子量化处理, 避免主观随意性。此方法是土壤肥力质量评价的新方法, 可为其他地区或土壤类型的土壤肥力质量评价提供一定的参考价值。

0.0

... 此外,城市绿地土壤肥力状况评价还应考虑土壤压实、容重和水分特征等物理性质改变产生的影响^[37] ...

... 有研究表明,土壤物理性质影响土壤肥力的释放^[38],压实会导致土壤肥力的降低^[39],土壤容重的变化影响植物根系生长^[37]等 ...

2002

0.0

... 有研究表明,土壤物理性质影响土壤肥力的释放^[38],压实会导致土壤肥力的降低^[39],土壤容重的变化影响植物根系生长^[37]等 ...

2007

0.0

... 有研究表明,土壤物理性质影响土壤肥力的释放^[38],压实会导致土壤肥力的降低^[39],土壤容重的变化影响植物根系生长^[37]等 ...