膜下秸秆还田双垄种植对土壤养分平衡及玉米产量的影响

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杨封科, 何宝林, 张立功, 高应平. 膜下秸秆还田双垄种植对土壤养分平衡及玉米产量的影响. 草业科学, 2015,32(11):1892-1901
YANG Feng-ke, HE Bao-lin, ZHANG Li-gong, GAO Ying-ping. Effects of double mulched furrow-ridge cropping with film and straw on soil nutrients balance and maize yield in semiarid area of China. Pratacultural Science,2015,32(11): 1892-1901 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

膜下秸秆还田双垄种植对土壤养分平衡及玉米产量的影响

杨封科¹, 何宝林², 张立功³, 高应平³

1.甘肃省农业科学院,甘肃兰州 730070

2.甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所,甘肃兰州 730070

3.甘肃省庄浪县农技推广中心,甘肃庄浪 744600

通讯作者:何宝林(1966-),男,甘肃秦安人,研究员,本科,主要从事旱区旱农生态研究。E-mail:Blhe@163.com

第一作者:杨封科(1964-),男,甘肃合水人,研究员,博士,主要从事旱区水资源高效利用研究。E-mail:yang_fk@163.com

收稿日期: 2015-06-04

基金: 甘肃省科技支撑计划课题——覆盖沟垄耕作土壤有机质提升关键技术研究与示范(1204NKCA108); 甘肃省农业科学院科技创新工程学科团队——旱地作物节水栽培与生理生态(2014GAAS01)

摘要

2011-2013年采用裂区试验设计,探讨膜下秸秆还田双覆盖与双垄种植对土壤养分平衡及玉米( Zea mays)产量的影响。结果表明,该模式叠加放大了地膜覆盖增温增湿、秸秆覆盖调温保湿和双垄种植集保水效应,使0-25 cm土层温度和0-100 cm土层含水量比露地平均提高3 ℃和3.71百分点,有效加速了还田秸秆的腐解与养分释放,第2年即明显提高了土壤有机质及速效养分含量。3年定位试验土壤有机质、土壤全N、P、K,以及土壤速效N、P、K平均含量,分别比露地增加了1.19%、3.08%、9.14%、6.78%、6.28%、1.85%和7.10%。水温环境与地力的改善优化了生境,促进了玉米生长发育,显著改善了株高、穗位、双穗率、百粒重等产量性状和用水效率,使全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田玉米较露地平均增产64.22%。因此,膜下秸秆还田双垄种植是550 mm降水量半干旱区培肥地力及玉米高效种植的有效方式。

关键词: 全膜双垄; 膜下秸秆还田; 培肥地力; 玉米; 高效种植

中图分类号:S153.6 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2015)11-1892-10 doi: 10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0061

Effects of double mulched furrow-ridge cropping with film and straw on soil nutrients balance and maize yield in semiarid area of China

YANG Feng-ke¹, HE Bao-lin², ZHANG Li-gong³, GAO Ying-ping³

1.Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China

2.Dryland Farming Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China

3.Agricutural Technology Extension Center of Zhuanglang County, Zhuanglang 744600, China

Corresponding author:HE Bao-lin E-mail:Blhe@163.com

Abstract

Split-plot designed field experiment was carried out to test the effects of film straw double mulched furrow-ridge cropping on soil nutrient balance and maize yield at Zhuanglang station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in semiarid area of China during 2011-2013.The results showed that this cropping model had superimposed and amplified the effects of both the soil moisture and temperature increase of film mulch, the soil moisture and temperature adjust and maintain of straw mulch and the water harvesting of furrow-ridge cropping that significantly increased the 0-25 cm soil layer average temperature and 0-100 cm soil layer moisture by 3 ℃ and 3.71 percentage points compare with that of bare land cropping, which in turn effectively accelerated straw decomposition and nutrients release and resulted in an apparent effect of increase soil organic matter and available nutrients content after the second year applying. The three year average contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium at 0-40 cm soil layer had increased by 1.19%, 3.08%, 9.14%, 6.78%, 6.28%, 1.85%, 7.10% compare with that of bare land cropping, respectively. Soil moisture-temperature environment and fertility improvement had optimized crop growth habitat and effectively boosted maize growth and development, with significantly improving in yield traits of plant height, ear position, double ear rate, grain number per ears and 100-grain weight resulted in 64.22% yield increase than that of bare land cropping. So the crop model about film-mulched furrow-ridge cropping with straw returning underneath is recommended as the effective way of soil fertility improvement and maize efficient growth in 550 mm precipitation semiarid area of China.

Keyword: film mulched furrow-ridge cropping; straw returning; soil fertility improvement; maize; efficient growth

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玉米(Zea mays)既是粮食作物, 又是优质的饲草料作物, 是草地农业系统中植物生产层的主要初级生产者, 也是承接动物生产层的主要承载者^[1]。全膜双垄集雨沟播技术由于改善了旱地水、热、肥、气微生境, 显著提高了作物产量而被旱地玉米及饲用玉米高产高效种植广泛应用^{[2, 3, 4, 5]}。其作为一种新的覆盖栽培技术, 随着应用年限的增加也显现出由于生境优化导致作物旺盛生长而过多消耗土壤养分, 从而导致土壤肥力下降、作物减产的问题, 如何有效维持和提高土壤肥力已成为此项技术可持续发挥增产作用的关键^{[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}。秸秆还田作为一项生物地力培肥技术已被广泛应用^{[10, 11]}, 但其提高地力的作用很大程度上受土壤温湿度、秸秆埋藏深度和相关微生物的活性等因素的制约。一般认为高温高湿环境有利于还田秸秆腐解与养分释放^[11], 全膜双垄沟播集雨种植技术可改善土壤水热环境能为还田秸秆腐解提供更适宜的条件, 理论上有利于还田秸秆快速腐解、养分释放和培肥土壤作用的发挥。以往的研究表明, 秸秆还田对维持或提高土壤有机碳库和微生物活性有积极作用^[10], 整株还田比粉碎还田和免耕留茬还田提高土壤养分含量的作用更明显^[12], 秸秆还田对玉米产量的影响正效应大于负效应^{[3, 5, 6, 7, 13]}, 但膜下秸秆还田与地膜覆盖结合对土壤养分含量及玉米产量的影响的研究报道还少见报道。因此, 本研究依据设置的3年定位试验结果, 探讨膜下秸秆还田与地膜覆盖结合对全膜双垄沟播土壤养分含量及玉米产量的影响, 以期为该技术模式下土壤肥力提升提供技术支撑。

1 研究区域与研究方法

1.1 研究区概况

试验研究于2011-2013年在甘肃省农业科学院庄浪试验站南坪试验地实施。该区位于106° 05'28″ E、35° 10'30″ N, 海拔1 765 m, 属黄土丘陵沟壑地貌, 多年平均气温7.9 ℃, 无霜期145 d, ≥ 0 ℃年积温3 280.6 ℃· d, ≥ 10 ℃年积温2 640.4 ℃· d, 年均降水量510.4 mm, 平均蒸发量为1 289.1 mm, 平均干燥度1.55, 是典型的干旱半干旱气候类型。试验地土质为黄绵土, pH值8.50, 有机质14.7 g· kg^-1, 速效氮96.5 mg· kg^-1, 速效磷11.2 mg· kg^-1, 速效钾167.6 mg· kg^-1。研究年份的年降水量分别为, 2011年455.7 mm, 相对多年平均偏少, 为少雨年; 2012年654.60 mm相对偏多, 为丰水年; 2013年510.4 mm, 接近平均, 为降雨适中年。相应的生育期平均温度分别为2011年16.6 ℃、2012年16.9 ℃、2013年16.0 ℃, 比多年平均偏高0.25~1.15 ℃。

1.2 试验材料及方法

1.2.1 供试材料试验供试品种为吉祥1号玉米, 供试氮肥为兰化尿素, 含N量46%; 磷肥为云南红河牌普通过磷酸钙, 含P₂O₅ 12%; 秸秆为当年收获的半风干状态玉米秸秆。

1.2.2 试验设计与方法采用裂区设计, 以秸秆还田(Straw Returning, 简称S, 下同)为主处理, 全膜双垄种植(Film Mulched Furrow-ridge Cropping, F)为副处理。主处理设不还田(No Straw Returning, S₀)和还田(Straw Returning, S₁)两个水平; 副处理设露地平作(Bare Land Flat Cropping, F₀)、露地双垄种植(Bare Land Furrow-ridge Cropping, F₁)和全膜双垄种植(Film Mulched Furrow-ridge Cropping, F₂)3个水平, 共计6个处理(表1)。

表1 田间试验处理及方法 Table 1 Treatments and treatment methods of field experiment

具体方法为:1)双垄沟种植。于春播前顶凌起大小双垄, 小垄宽40 cm、垄高15 cm, 大垄宽70 cm、垄高10 cm, 在大小垄相接处形成的播种沟内播种。2)全膜双垄种植。于春播前顶凌起大小双垄, 小垄宽40 cm、垄高15 cm, 大垄宽70 cm、垄高10 cm, 用宽120 cm的薄膜全地面覆盖, 在大小垄相接处形成的播种沟内播种。3)膜下秸秆还田。用铡草机将秸秆铡成长度2~3 cm 的短秸, 春播全膜双垄种植覆膜前均匀覆盖于双垄垄面, 覆盖量为7 950 kg· hm^-2 (风干)。4)施肥。施农家肥75 000 kg· hm^-2, 施纯N 240 kg· hm^-2、纯P₂O₅ 120 kg· hm^-2。农家肥随播前整地一次性施入, 化肥于覆膜前划行施入1/3氮肥、全部磷肥, 其余氮肥于拔节期、大喇叭口期分别追施余量的1/2。

试验3次重复, 小区面积8 m× 5.5 m。试验播种密度为宽行距70 cm, 窄行距40 cm, 株距33 cm, 播深2 cm, 密度为54 750株· hm^-2。2011年4月15日播种, 9月29日收获; 2012年4月18日播种, 9月26日收获; 2013年4月18日播种, 10月6日收获。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 土壤含水量、贮水量、农田耗水量及作物水分利用效率用土钻+烘干法, 每年分别于玉米出苗期、拔节期、抽雄期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期测定0-200 cm土壤含水量, 每 20 cm为一层。同时, 用环刀法测定土壤容重。

土壤含水量=(土壤鲜质量-土壤干质量)/土壤干质量× 100%。

Sw=d× r× w/10。

式中, Sw为土壤贮水量(mm), d为土层厚度(cm), r为土壤容重(g· cm^-3), w为土壤含水量(%)。

农田耗水量按简化的水分平衡方程ET=P-△ W计算, 式中, ET为作物耗水量, P为降水量, △ W为时段末与时段初土壤贮水量之差(单位均为mm)。耗水强度(mm· d^-1)=各生育阶段玉米田耗水量(mm)/生育阶段天数(d)。

作物水分利用效率(WUE)=Y/ET, Y为作物籽粒产量(kg· hm^-2), ET为作物耗水量(mm)。

1.3.2 地温测定用地温计测定0-25 cm土层的地温, 每年每小区测定1个位点, 于玉米生育出苗、拔节、大喇叭、抽雄、灌浆、成熟期关键期, 每期测3次取平均。

1.3.3 土壤养分均按“ S” 形取样法取0-40 cm混合土样测定土壤养分含量。每年分别于播前和收获后分别取20个样点的混合土样, 测定土壤养分含量, 代表基础肥力值和肥力变化值。

土壤有机质用重铬酸钾-硫酸氧化法测定, 全氮用凯氏蒸馏定氮法、碱解氮用碱解扩散法测定, 全磷用氢氧化钠熔融-钼锑抗比色法测定、速效磷用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定(Olsen法), 全钾用碱熔-火焰光度计或原子吸收光度计法测定, 速效钾用中性乙酸铵浸提、原子吸收光度计法测定^[14]。

1.4 室内考种及产量分析

成熟后每小区按五点取样法取30株, 测定株高、穗位、茎粗、穗长、穗粗、秃顶、双穗率、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数和百粒重等项目, 全小区收获计产。

1.5 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2003软件对数据进行基本计算处理和绘图, 采用SPSS 19统计分析软件对数据进行不同覆盖方式的主效应差异显著性检验(LSD法)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 膜下秸秆还田的土壤水热效应

在研究年限内, 不论降水量多寡, 秸秆还田试验结果一致表明, S₀F₂和S₁F₂较S₀F₀、S₀F₁、S₁F₀ 和S₁F₁显著提高了玉米全生育期0-25 cm土层温度(P< 0.05), S₀F₂和S₁F₂增温趋势一致, S₀F₀、S₀F₁、S₁F₀和S₁F₁趋势一致, 相互间差异均不显著(P> 0.05)(图1)。3年平均全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田玉米全生育期土壤温度平均达21.09 ℃, 比露地高3.0 ℃, 增幅16.58%。而单纯秸秆还田处理平均温度为19.49 ℃, 比不还田土壤温度略有降低0.19 ℃, 减幅0.94%。全膜双垄沟播膜下秸秆还田种植的增温效应在不同降水年份表现略有差异, 少雨年份(2011年)主要增加了玉米拔节至大喇叭口期和抽雄至灌浆期的土壤温度; 降雨适中及丰水年份(2012、2013年)则主要增加了玉米出苗至大喇叭口期的土壤温度。

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图1 不同年份不同处理玉米生育关键期0-25 cm土层温度和0-100 cm土层含水量动态
注:S₀F₀, 露地常规种植; S₀F₁, 露地垄沟种植; S₀F₁, 全膜双垄种植; S₀F₂, 秸秆还田平作; S₁F₀, 秸秆还田垄作; S₁F₁, 膜下秸秆还田全膜双垄种植。图中小写字母表示相同测定时期不同处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig.1 Dynamic changing of 0-25 cm soil temperature 0-100 cm soil water content at corn key growth stage under different rainfall years
Note: S₀F₀, Conventional bare land cropping; S₀F₁, Bare land furrow-ridge cropping; S₀F₂, Film mulched furrow-ridge cropping; S₁F₀, Straw returning flat cropping; S₁F₁, Straw returning furrow-ridge cropping; S₁F₂, Film mulched furrow-ridge cropping with straw returning. The lower case letters indicate significantly different at 0.05 level among different treatments at the same test time.

相应的, 作物主根系层土壤水环境也得到了显著改善。结果表明, 不论降水量多寡, S₀F₂和S₁F₂, 较其他处理显著提高了0-100 cm土层含水量(P< 0.05, 图1)。不同的是S₁F₀在少雨和降雨适中年份(2011年降水量455.7 mm和2013年降雨量510.4 mm)表现出较显著的保水效应, 而在丰水年份(2012年降雨量654.60 mm)则没有明显的保水作用。3年定位试验玉米全生育期0-100 cm土层平均含水量, S₁F₂处理平均为21.87%, 比露地提高3.71个百分点, 增幅20.43%; 秸秆还田处理平均含水量为20.11%, 比秸秆不还田高0.20个百分点, 提高了1.00%。

2.2 膜下秸秆还田的土壤肥力效应

地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖互作放大了各自的集保水增温效应, 提供的高温、高湿有利条件加速了还田秸秆的腐解和养分释放, 使膜下秸秆还田第1年就开始表现出增强土壤肥力的作用(表2), 第2年显著地增加了土壤有机质、土壤速效N和速效K含量(P< 0.01)。随着还田年限的增加, 研究测定的土壤肥力因素全面改善, 容重下降, 有机质、土壤N、P、K含量全面提高, 除速效P含量增加较显著外(P< 0.05), 其余均达到极显著水平(P< 0.01)。其中, 土壤有机质、速效氮和土壤钾素含量增加较多, 土壤钾增加最多。

测定结果表明, 与露地常规种植(对照)比, 膜下秸秆还田全膜双垄种植, 3年定位试验各重复间土壤有机质提高了0.06~0.53 g· kg^-1; 土壤全N、P、K和速效N、P、K分别提高了0.000 8~0.031 7、0.004~0.033 g· kg^-1、0.012~1.093 mg· kg^-1和2.2~16.3、0.8~1.8、6.4~20.4 mg· kg^-1。相应地分别增加了0.10%~2.28%; 2.28%~3.88%、1.97%~7.14%、1.95%~11.61%和0.55%~12.02%、0.13%~3.56%、3.82%~10.38%。容重下降0.01~0.07 g· cm^-3, 降低了0.78%~3.10%(原始数据未列出)。

2.3 膜下秸秆还田对玉米生育进程及产量的影响

2.3.1 膜下秸秆还田对玉米生育进程的影响田间试验结果表明, 3年平均玉米生育期, 露地为158 d, 地膜覆盖为153 d, 露地秸秆还田为158 d, 膜下秸秆还田为153 d。膜下秸秆还田处理比露地处理提前5 d, 秸秆还田处理与秸秆不还田处理的玉米生育期相同(表3)。

表3 全膜双垄种植膜下秸秆还田对玉米生育进程的影响 Table 3 Effects of straw returning on maize growth process under film mulched furrow-ridge cropping system

2.3.2 膜下秸秆还田对玉米产量的影响与露地种植比, 秸秆覆盖第1年对玉米产量性状的影响不明显, 第2年即对玉米产量性状产生了显著的影响, 但全膜双垄种植膜下秸秆还田由于叠加了地膜覆盖和秸秆还田改善土壤水热环境和肥力条件的双重有利效应, 第1年就明显改善了穗位、双穗率和穗粒数等产量性状(P< 0.01); 第2年全面改善了穗位、双穗率、穗粒数和百粒重等产量性状 (P< 0.01)。

3年测定结果表明, 地膜覆盖处理的产量性状明显优于露地处理, 各处理间株高、穗位、双穗率、百粒重比露地栽培处理平均增加了23.73 cm、1.42 cm、30.45个百分点和8.07 g, 穗粒数减少111.4粒; 秸秆还田处理的产量性状略好于无秸秆还田处理, 各处理间株高、穗位、双穗率、穗粒数、百粒重比露地栽培处理增加了3.57 cm、1.55 cm、3.64个百分点、18.36粒和0.90 g(原始数据未列出)。

秸秆还田的土壤培肥作用与全膜双垄种植的增温、增湿、活化土壤养分作用互促, 提升了以肥调水、以水促肥的正效应, 使玉米生育耗水量显著减少(P< 0.05), 水分利用效率和产量显著增加(P< 0.05)。与露地种植相比, 秸秆覆盖在少雨年份(2011

年降水量455.7 mm)略增加了玉米生育耗水量, 降水适中年份(2013年降雨量510.4 mm)耗水量接近平均值, 在丰水年份(2012年降雨量654.60 mm)减少了耗水量。秸秆覆盖在第2年起就分别显著和极显著增加了玉米水分利用效率(P< 0.05)和产量(P< 0.01)。3年平均, 地膜覆盖处理的产量12 313.35 kg· hm^-2, 较露地7 745.85 kg· hm^-2增产58.97%; 秸秆还田处理的平均产量10 435.9 kg· hm^-2, 较无秸秆还田处理9 633.3 kg· hm^-2增产8.33%。全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田平均产量最高达 12 720 kg· hm^-2, 较露地增产64.22%(表4)。

3 讨论与结论

秸秆还田作为合理利用生物质资源和促进农业可持续发展的一种有效方式, 通过促进土壤有机质积累, 增加土壤微生物数量与活性, 引发土壤氮矿化的正激发效应, 提高耕层速效养分含量; 通过降低容重等改善土壤结构和连作障碍等现象, 减缓地力衰竭; 通过促使集约化高氮输入的农田生态系统维持正常的碳氮比例, 减少氮素淋洗损失, 改善农田生产环境, 提高土壤肥力, 获得较高农业生产能力, 已被许多研究^{[15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]}和本研究所揭示。

研究表明, 秸秆还田与地膜覆盖有机结合是半干旱区培肥地力的重要方式之一。在550 mm降水量、年均温7.9 ℃的半干旱区, 全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田种植使玉米地0-25 cm土层温度和0-100 cm 土层含水量比露地种植平均提高3 ℃和3.71个百分点。土壤温湿度的提高显著促进了还田秸秆腐熟、分解与养分释放, 使还田秸秆在第2年即显现出培肥土壤的作用。且随着秸秆还田年限的增加土壤容重逐步降低, 土壤有机质、速效N和土壤K素的含量显著增加, 维持和提升地力作用更加显著。研究认为, 水热环境的显著改善增强了土壤微生物活性, 为还田秸秆快速腐解、养分释放提供了更为有利高温、高湿的环境^{[4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]}, 加速了还田秸秆快速腐熟、分解和养分释放, 是还田秸秆培肥土壤作用发挥的重要驱动力。

土壤水热环境的改善促进了还田秸秆培肥土壤功能的高效发挥, 也为作物生长发育提供了良好的生境, 是旱地作物稳产高产的重要基础。土壤温度的提高有利于玉米种子提早萌发、苗齐苗壮, 能促进营养生长, 增加光合作用, 在多雨年份还能抵御阴雨天低温的不利影响, 保证玉米旺盛生长; 土壤含水量的提高有利于作物抗旱稳产丰产。水温环境的改善也利于活化土壤固有养分、加速土壤-作物养分与物质循环、提高养分利用率、促进作物生长发育和光合作用而实现产量的提升。

研究认为, 全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田耕作亦是半干旱区玉米高产高效种植的主要方式。该方式, 一方面缩短了玉米生育期, 有效地避免了研究区玉米因水热条件改善和降雨作物供需错位导致的贪青晚熟、减产现象, 有利于提高玉米籽粒饱满度和成熟度及产品质量。另一方面, 显著改善了测定的株高、穗位、双穗率、穗粒数和百粒重等产量性状, 减少了生育耗水量, 降低了棵间蒸发, 提高了水分利用效率, 而使玉米显著增产。

研究揭示, 膜下秸秆还田与地膜覆盖结合产生的培肥地力、均衡地温和平衡利用水资源等叠加效应是玉米增产的主要原因。一方面, 土壤水热环境得到显著改善、土壤养分含量稳定增加、土壤营养生育期均衡供应, 有效地促进了作物生产发育。另一方面, 这种叠加效应形成的低温时的“ 高温效应” 和高温时的“ 低温效应” , 能平衡全膜覆盖土壤增温效应, 在少雨年份降低地温, 丰水年份稳定或提高地温, 有效缓解气温激变对作物生长的伤害, 保证了作物良好生长和产量稳定增加。

全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田与全膜覆盖集地膜覆盖增温保水和秸秆覆盖的调温保水作用形成互促叠加效应, 放大了覆盖与秸秆还田的保水调温效应, 优化了作物生长发育的水热环境; 激发了还田秸秆培肥土壤作用、提高了地力; 平衡了玉米水分消耗、养分吸收, 提高了水肥利用效率; 促进了玉米生长发育、优化了产量性状, 从而使玉米稳定增产, 因此, 膜下秸秆还田双垄种植是550 mm半干旱区玉米高产高效种植的有效方式。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2011

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李志明. 陇单7号饲用玉米适宜种植密度及施肥量和方式初探[J]. 草业科学, 2011, 28(6): 1218-1220.

Abstract: Effects of planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous application rates and schedule on the grain yield of maize hybrid Longdan No.7 were studied under field conditions. The results showed that the suitable planting density was 60 000 plants/ha and the grain yield reached 14 460.05 kg/ha. The grain yield reduced significantly as planting density was higher or lower than 60 000 plants/ha. The proper nitrogen and phosphorous application rates were 400 kg/ha and 300 kg/ha respectively, and the highest yield reached 12 785.8 kg/ha under this fertilization level. The comparisons of different N and P application schedule showed that the best one was to apply N and P in tow ways, in which the highest yield (13 485.8 kg/ha) achieved as fertilization was three times, then it was 13 442.0 kg/ha as fertilization was twice, and the lowest yield was 11 261.5 kg/ha as fertilization was only one time. Therefore, the suitable fertilization schedule was to apply fertilizer (N 400 kg/ha and P2O5 300 kg/ha) at the ratio of 33.3% three times: before planting, the rest at growth stage of prophase shooting and huge bellbottom period.

摘要:在大田生产条件下,研究饲用玉米(Zea mays)新品种陇单7号种植密度，施氮、施磷量及其方式对产量的影响。结果表明，陇单7号高产适宜种植密度为60 000株/hm2,产量达14 460.05 kg/hm2，密度低于或高于60 000株/hm2的处理，单产均极显著降低；施氮磷量为纯氮400 kg/hm2、P2O5 300 kg/hm2的产量最高，为12 785.2 kg/hm2；施氮磷方式以分底肥、拔节期和大喇叭口期 3 次施肥的产量最高，达13 485.8 kg/hm2，平均分2次施肥的产量次之，为13 442.0 kg/hm2，作底肥一次施入的，产量最低，仅11 261.5 kg/hm2，分3次和2次施肥方式比一次施肥方式分别增产19.75%和19.36%。因此，在本试验条件下，氮磷肥合理施用方案为纯氮400、P2O5 300 kg/hm2，可采用两种方式施氮磷：1）最好在播种前、拔节前期和大喇叭口期3次施肥，每次各施总量的1/3；2）也可以在播种前和大喇叭口期平均分2次施入。

... 玉米(Zea mays)既是粮食作物,又是优质的饲草料作物,是草地农业系统中植物生产层的主要初级生产者,也是承接动物生产层的主要承载者^[1] ...

2009

0.0

陈柔屹, 冯云超, 唐祈林, 荣廷昭, 郑常祥. 种植密度对玉草1号产量与品质的影响[J]. 草业科学, 2009, 26(6): 90-100.

Based on the forages and climate data from 1999 to 2007 collected by Xinghai Agricultural Weather Station in Threeriver headwaters region, the relationship between climate and forage growth and the impact of climate change on forage growth period, height and yield were studied. The results indicated that the forage regreening date was as same as the date of the first day of ≥5 ℃ daily average temperature and the forage withering date fitted with the date of ≥10 ℃ daily average temperature. The dates of forage regreening and withering were brought forward, and the withering date was brought forward in more extend. The vegetation coverage reduced at a rate of 1.73 percentage units and the forage height increased 1.08 cm per year. Under the global warming background, the temperature in growth season increased and the rainfall in this area increased as well, the forage yield increased because of better matching between water and heat conditions.

根据青海省三江源区兴海县牧业气象站1999-2007年天然牧草数据和气候资料，分析了三江源区兴海县天然牧草生长发育与气象条件的关系，探讨了气候变化对兴海县牧草发育期、高度及产量形成的影响。结果表明：三江源区兴海县牧草返青期与日平均气温≥5 ℃的初日相一致，黄枯期与日平均气温≥5 ℃的终日相吻合；牧草返青期与黄枯期均提前，而且黄枯期的提前程度大于返青期；覆盖度每年以1.73个百分点的倾向率减小，而牧草高度以1.08 cm/a的线性趋势上升；在全球气候变暖的背景下，牧草生长季温度升高，加之进入21世纪以来该地区降水量逐渐增多，水热匹配较好，牧草产量增加。

... 全膜双垄集雨沟播技术由于改善了旱地水、热、肥、气微生境,显著提高了作物产量而被旱地玉米及饲用玉米高产高效种植广泛应用^[2,3,4,5] ...

2008

0.0

... 全膜双垄集雨沟播技术由于改善了旱地水、热、肥、气微生境,显著提高了作物产量而被旱地玉米及饲用玉米高产高效种植广泛应用^[2,3,4,5] ...

... 以往的研究表明,秸秆还田对维持或提高土壤有机碳库和微生物活性有积极作用^[10],整株还田比粉碎还田和免耕留茬还田提高土壤养分含量的作用更明显^[12],秸秆还田对玉米产量的影响正效应大于负效应^[3,5,6,7,13],但膜下秸秆还田与地膜覆盖结合对土壤养分含量及玉米产量的影响的研究报道还少见报道 ...

2010

0.0

... 全膜双垄集雨沟播技术由于改善了旱地水、热、肥、气微生境,显著提高了作物产量而被旱地玉米及饲用玉米高产高效种植广泛应用^[2,3,4,5] ...

... 研究认为,水热环境的显著改善增强了土壤微生物活性,为还田秸秆快速腐解、养分释放提供了更为有利高温、高湿的环境^{[4,5,6,15,16,20,21,22,23,24,25]},加速了还田秸秆快速腐熟、分解和养分释放,是还田秸秆培肥土壤作用发挥的重要驱动力 ...

2013

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杨封科, 王立明, 张国宏. 甘肃省旱作大豆全膜双垄种植的土壤水热及产量效应[J]. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(11): 3145-3152.

Taking soybean cultivar Jindou 23 as test object, a field experiment was conducted at the Zhenyuan experimental station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences to study the effects of various plastic mulching treatments on the soil moisture and temperature and soybean grain yield on a semiarid dryland of Northwest China. Four treatments were installed,  i.e. , plastic film mulching with double ridges and furrow planting (FMRFC), plastic film mulching without ridges and with furrow planting (FMFC), plastic film mulching with strip planting (FMSC), and no mulch strip planting (NMSC, CK). During the drought year (the precipitation in soybean growth period was 246.3 mm) and wet year (407 mm), the daily soil temperature in 0-20 cm layer in all mulching treatments varied in “S” shape, and its fluctuation became smaller with soybean growth. The mulching treatments raised the daily average soil temperature in 0-20 cm layer by an average of 0.5-2.5 ℃ from the seedling (VE-V3) to seed filling (R6) stage, with the average soil temperature in whole growth period raised by 1.3-1.6 ℃. Both in dry year and in wet year, mulching treatments promoted the soil moisture consumption in 0-120 cm layer by soybean, but increased the average soil moisture content and water storage in 0-200 cm layer by 1.2%-1.4% and 62.7-70.3 mm, respectively. As compared to CK, treatments FMRFC and FMFC had significant effects in improving the soil temperature and moisture environment in dry year, and greatly improved the yield related traits such as plant height, branching number, pods per plant, and 100-seed mass. FMRFC increased the yield by 27.7%-51.1% and raised the water use efficiency (WUE) by 47.7%-56.3%, whereas FMFC increased the yield by 10.2%-25.2% and raised the WUE by 33.3%-35.4%, as compared to CK. It was suggested that FMRFC and FMFC could be the most efficient planting systems for the soybean production in the dryland farming of Northwest China.

( 1 Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China;  2 Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China;  3 Key Laboratory of Northwest Droughtresistant Crop Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730070, China)

以晋豆23为材料,在甘肃省农业科学院镇原试验站进行田间试验,研究了全膜双垄沟播(FMRFC)、覆膜沟播(FMFC)、覆膜条播(FMSC)和露地条播(NMSC,CK)4个处理的水热及产量效应.结果表明: 在大豆生育期降水量为246.3 mm(干旱年)和407 mm(丰水年)两种年型下,各覆盖处理0～20 cm土层平均地温在24 h内呈“S”型变化,并随生育进程波动振幅缩小.各覆盖处理使大豆苗期(VE～V3)至鼓粒期(R6)0～20 cm土层平均土壤温度显著提高0.5～2.5 ℃,并使全生育期平均地温提高1.3～1.6 ℃.各覆盖处理分别加速了大豆植株对0～120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗,但使0～200 cm土层的平均含水量和贮水量分别提高了1.2%～1.4%和62.7～70.3 mm.与CK相比,FMRFC和FMFC在旱年增温增湿作用显著,改善了大豆株高、分枝数、单株荚数和百粒重等经济性状,使水分利用效率分别提高47.7%～56.3%和33.3%～35.4%,产量分别提高27.7%～51.1%和10.2%～25.2%,是旱作大豆优选的抗寒抗旱覆盖种植方式.

... 全膜双垄集雨沟播技术由于改善了旱地水、热、肥、气微生境,显著提高了作物产量而被旱地玉米及饲用玉米高产高效种植广泛应用^[2,3,4,5] ...

2014

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... 其作为一种新的覆盖栽培技术,随着应用年限的增加也显现出由于生境优化导致作物旺盛生长而过多消耗土壤养分,从而导致土壤肥力下降、作物减产的问题,如何有效维持和提高土壤肥力已成为此项技术可持续发挥增产作用的关键^[6,7,8,9,10] ...

2008

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2003

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2001

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李凤民, 鄢珣, 王俊, 李世清, 王同朝. 地膜覆盖导致春小麦产量下降的机理[J]. 中国农业科学, 2001, 34(3): 330-333.

兰州大学干旱农业生态国家重点实验室

通过对地膜覆盖导致减产进行分析表明，施Ｐ处理的产量和水分利用效率最高。覆膜处理显著增加了根系生长，开花和灌浆期根系主要向下分布，但吸水量并没有按比例增加，导致同化产物的浪费。地上部分干物质量在播种７０ｄ之后不再增加，且繁殖器官发育不良。在本试验条件下，播前土壤底墒较好，地膜覆盖由于改善了地表水温条件，前期大量利用土壤水分，且后期降水不足，中下部丰富的根系不能发挥作用，导致产量下降。对照、耕作层施磷、覆膜、耕作层施磷加地膜覆盖４个处理的产量分别为２５１６．５，２７３４．１，１２６９．４和１６２５．１ｋｇ／ｈａ。

2012

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吴荣美, 王永鹏, 李凤民, 李小刚. 秸秆还田与全膜双垄集雨沟播耦合对半干旱黄土高原玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(9) : 2855-2862.

Plastic film mulched furrow-ridge cropping is a recent modification of maize cropping pattern. By excluding evaporation, redistributing precipitation from ridges to furrows and increasing soil temperature, plastic film mulched furrow-ridge pattern can significantly enhance maize grain yields and thus it has been widely extended on semiarid Loess Plateau for maize production. However, the sustainability of soil fertility, and related soil managemental practices have been limitedly studied under continuous application of this cropping pattern. This research was therefore designed to investigate effects of plastic film mulched furrow-ridge maize cropping on soil organic carbon pools and the possibility of introducing the soil incorporation of maize straws into this cropping pattern. The research site (35°54'N, 104°05'E) was located at Xiaokangying, Yuzhong County of Gansu Province, with an altitude of 2013 m and annual precipitation of 388 mm. The experimental design included four treatments, namely, nil-straw incorporation plus nil-mulch (control), straw incorporation (S), film mulch (M), and straw incorporation plus film mulch (S+M), with 3 replicates on a furrow-ridge micro-relief-prepared field. The experiment started in March 2009 and ended in October 2010. In addition to the measurement of maize grain yields, soil samples were taken from the top 15 cm layer at sowing and harvesting in each experimental year for determinations of total soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon (particle size 2-0.005 mm) and light organic carbon (density 3 ) concentrations. Soil microbial biomass carbon and activities of β -glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and urease were also periodically analyzed for the top 15 cm layer under different treatments through maize growth season each year. Compared to control, M and S+M treatments improved maize grain yields by 89%-105% and 93%-136%, whereas S treatment did not affected maize grain yields. Over two years, total soil organic carbon concentration was not changed by S, M or S+M, compared with control. However, M inclined towards decreasing but S or S+M treatment showed increasing, particulate organic carbon and light organic carbon concentrations in soils. The increasing effect in particulate or light organic carbon pool with S+M treatment was more significant when compared to M than compared to control. Soil microbial biomass carbon and activities of β -glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and urease were increased by S, M or S+M, compared to control. The increasing effect in soil microbial biomass carbon or activities of three enzymes with S+M treatment was more significant when compared to S or M. Further, soil β -glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and urease activities all positively correlated to soil microbial biomass carbon concentration over treatments and periodical measurements for two experiment years, respectively. Our preliminary results showed although plastic film mulched furrow-ridge cropping markedly increased maize grain yields but may have a potential to decrease soil organic carbon pool; it was feasible to introduce maize straw into this cropping system for a favorable soil organic carbon balance and microbial activity.

全膜双垄集雨沟播是我国旱作农业上的一项创新技术。该技术因集覆膜垄面集雨沟播、覆盖抑蒸和增加土壤温度为一体,在半干旱黄土高原地区玉米种植中增产效果突出而被大面积推广。但是目前该技术连续使用下土壤肥力的可持续性及其调控途径不清楚。通过将田间实验与土壤有机碳的物理分组技术相结合,研究全膜双垄集雨沟播对土壤有机碳库的影响,来评估将秸秆还田纳入全膜双垄集雨沟播玉米种植体系的可行性。实验地点位于甘肃省榆中县小康营乡(35°54'N, 104°05'E;海拔2013 m;多年平均降雨量388 mm)。实验在垄沟种植方式的基础上设置秸秆不还田不覆膜(对照,CK)、秸秆还田(S)、地膜覆盖(M)和秸秆还田+地膜覆盖(S+M) 4个处理,重复3次。实验于2009年3月开始2010年10月结束。除了对玉米籽粒产量进行测定之外,分别于每年的播种和收获时对表层15 cm土壤总有机碳、颗粒有机碳(粒径2-0.05 mm)和轻组有机碳(密度 3 )含量进行了测定。同时在玉米不同生育时期对表层15 cm土壤微生物量碳、 β -葡萄糖苷酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和脲酶活性动态进行了测定。研究结果表明,与CK处理相比M和S+M处理分别增加玉米产量89%-105% 和93%-136%,但是S处理对玉米产量没有影响。综合2a的测定结果,与CK相比较S、M和S+M处理对土壤总有机碳含量没有影响,但是M处理具有降低土壤颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量的趋势,而S或者S+M处理具有明显的增加土壤颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量的趋势。与M处理相比较,S+M处理增加土壤颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量的效果比与CK处理相比较的效果更明显。与CK相比较,S、M和S+M处理都能够不同程度地增加土壤微生物量碳和 β -葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶的活性,尤其以S+M处理的增加效果更明显。相关分析结果显示,不同处理土壤中3种酶活性与微生物量碳含量均呈极显著正相关关系。研究结果说明全膜双垄集雨沟播可以显著增加玉米产量,但是连续使用可能对土壤有机碳库有不利影响;而纳入秸秆还田对于全膜双垄集雨沟播技术引用下土壤有机碳库和微生物活性的维持或者提高具有积极作用。

... 秸秆还田作为一项生物地力培肥技术已被广泛应用^[10,11],但其提高地力的作用很大程度上受土壤温湿度、秸秆埋藏深度和相关微生物的活性等因素的制约 ...

1999

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... 一般认为高温高湿环境有利于还田秸秆腐解与养分释放^[11],全膜双垄沟播集雨种植技术可改善土壤水热环境能为还田秸秆腐解提供更适宜的条件,理论上有利于还田秸秆快速腐解、养分释放和培肥土壤作用的发挥 ...

2013

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2014

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2005

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... 土壤有机质用重铬酸钾-硫酸氧化法测定,全氮用凯氏蒸馏定氮法、碱解氮用碱解扩散法测定,全磷用氢氧化钠熔融-钼锑抗比色法测定、速效磷用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定(Olsen法),全钾用碱熔-火焰光度计或原子吸收光度计法测定,速效钾用中性乙酸铵浸提、原子吸收光度计法测定^[14] ...

2013

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潘剑玲, 代万安, 尚占环, 郭瑞英. 秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21(5): 526-535.

Straw residue incorporation, as a key practice of global organic agriculture, was critical for maintaining soil fertility, reducing fertilizer use and improving soil carbon sequestration in farmlands. Straw residue incorporation has improved farmland environments for safe and high production capacity by increasing soil organic matter and reducing nitrogen fertilizer application. Effective straw residue incorporation improved soil microbial conditions by supplying abundant carbon, stimulating microbial activity and enhancing soil fertility. Also mineralization of straw residue promoted normal soil nitrogen cycle and mineralization and improved nitrogen efficiency. Straw residue incorporation maintained normal carbon-nitrogen ratio with intensive high nitrogen input in farmland ecosystems, reduced nitrogen loss via leaching, loosened up hardened soil structures and mitigated obstacles related with continuous cropping. Recent straw residue incorporation rate in China was under 50% while it was over 90% in European and American countries. This implied that there was still plenty of room for China to make a full use of straw residue incorporation potential. Thus it was possible to improve straw residue incorporation rate in China which will gradually enhance soil organic matter content and prevent nitrogen loss and soil quality decline in farmlands. It was beneficial to refocus intensive research on the mechanisms of soil organic matter and nitrogen availability. It was also beneficial to compare long-term monitoring experiments with various technological methods of straw residue incorporation in order to develop suitable local straw residue incorporation techniques. Such efforts had the potential to promote sustainable agricultural ecosystem and agricultural production in China.

秸秆还田作为全球有机农业的重要环节, 对维持农田肥力, 减少化肥使用, 提高陆地土壤碳汇能力具有积极作用。秸秆还田主要通过增加土壤有机质和提高氮肥利用率来改善农田生产环境, 获得高农业生产能力。有效的秸秆还田能为土壤中的微生物提供丰富的碳源, 刺激微生物活性, 提高土壤肥力; 同时矿化的秸秆组分能促进土壤氮循环和矿化, 提高氮素有效性。秸秆还田能够促使集约化高氮输入的农田生态系统维持正常的碳氮比例, 减少氮素淋洗损失, 改善土壤结构板结和连作障碍等现象。目前我国农田秸秆还田率不足50%, 与欧美国家高达90%多的秸秆还田率相比, 还具有很大的发展潜力。因此加强我国秸秆还田率能够逐渐改变我国耕地土壤存在的有机质含量和品质下降、氮素损失严重等现象。目前应进一步深入研究秸秆还田对有机质及氮素有效性的影响机制, 并结合长期监测试验, 以及多种秸秆还田技术进行比较研究, 发展适合当地秸秆还田模式, 促进我国农业生态系统的可持续性。

... 通过促使集约化高氮输入的农田生态系统维持正常的碳氮比例,减少氮素淋洗损失,改善农田生产环境,提高土壤肥力,获得较高农业生产能力,已被许多研究^{[15,16,17,18,19,20]}和本研究所揭示 ...

2012

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杨滨娟, 钱海燕, 黄国勤, 樊哲文, 方豫. 秸秆还田及其研究进展[J]. 农学学报, 2012, 2(5): 1-4.

In the current promotion of high-yield, efficient and ecological context of agriculture, rice-straw returning as an effective measure has been vigorously promoted. So from the basic concept of rice-straw returning, comprehensively elaborate domestic and foreign research progress of rice-straw returning, and focus on the study the effects of the rice-straw returning on soil organic matter, soil bulk density and capillary porosity, soil temperature, microorganisms in soil, decomposition characteristics of rice, rice quality and weeds. Pointed out the straw in the physiological and ecological effects of the broader applications，and made of straw and the future direction of research priorities. So as to protect agricultural ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of modern agriculture provides theoretical basis.

在目前提倡高产、高效和生态农业的大背景下，秸秆还田作为一项有效的农业措施得到了大力地推广应用。为此，从秸秆还田的基本概念开始，综合阐述了国内、国外秸秆还田的研究进展情况，重点分析了秸秆还田对土壤有机质、土壤容重和毛管孔隙度、土壤温度、土壤微生物、稻草腐解规律、水稻稻米品质以及作物杂草情况等的影响，指出了秸秆还田在生理生态效应方面的广泛应用，提出了秸秆还田的未来发展方向及研究重点。以期在保护农业生态环境，促进现代农业的可持续发展方面提供一定的理论依据。

2010

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2000

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王小彬, 蔡典雄, 张镜清, 高绪科. 旱地玉米秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2000, 33(4): 54-61.

中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所!北京100081

研究探讨了玉米秸秆还田方式 (直接或过腹还田 )与化肥配施对土壤养分变化的影响。研究表明 ,秸秆过腹还田对提高耕层土壤速效 N贡献较大 ;耕层土壤速效 P含量主要与化肥施用量有关 ;耕层土壤速效 K含量与秸秆直接还田有关。该试验条件下 ,秸秆直接还田和秸秆过腹还田的土壤有机质含量基本保持平衡。产量统计分析表明 ,化肥对提高玉米产量及水分利用效率有明显影响 ,其次为秸秆直接翻压还田。适宜的秸秆直接还田量、秸秆过腹还田量与化肥 N配比 (试验中每公顷用量分别为 60 0 0、1 50 0和 1 0 5kg) ,其产量、水分利用效率和肥料 N的利用效率较高。研究为该区玉米秸秆作为饲源和有机肥源的合理再分配利用 ,秸秆、牛粪与化肥平衡配施 ,以及秸秆还田对土壤肥力的贡献和对作物产量的影响提供了依据。

2011

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2007

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吕殿青, 张树兰, 杨学云. 外加碳、氮对土壤氮矿化、固定与激发效应的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13(2): 223-229.

The mineralization,immobilization and priming effect of soil N in raw loessial soil,garden loessial soil and Swedish cultivated meadow soil were studied by using the incubation method with adding glucose- 14 C,straw- 14 C,NH 4 - 15 N and NO 3 - 15 N.The main results obtained were as follows: 1) The added C and N could stimulate the mineralization,immobilization and priming effect of soil N.2) The intensity of stimulation by added C and N was added NH 4 - 15 N > added NO 3 - 15 N,added glucose plus NH 4 - 15 N > added glucose plus NO 3 - 15 N,added straw plus NH 4 - 15 N > added straw plus NO 3 - 15 N, and added glucose plus NH 4 - 15 N > added straw plus NH 4 - 15 N,added glucose plus NO 3 - 15 N > added straw plus NO 3 - 15 N. 3) The priming effect in impoverished soil was higher than that in fertile soil.The concepts of priming effect of soil net mineralization N,priming effect of soil immobilization N and total priming effect of total soil mineralization N were put forward in this paper.It was considered that the total prime effect of total soil mineralization N could reflect the nature of priming effect of soil N.

College of Resources and Environment Science;Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agricultural and Forest;Yangling 712100;China

本文利用 14 C和 15 N对中国生黄绵土(坡地黄绵土)、菜园黄绵土和瑞典耕作草甸土的土壤氮矿化、固定与激发效应进行了研究。结果表明,外加碳、氮能促进土壤氮的矿化、固定与激发效应;促进作用的大小次序为外加NH 4 - 15 N大于外加NO 3 - 15 N,外加葡萄糖+NH 4 - 15 N大于外加葡萄糖+NO 3 - 15 N,外加麦秸+NH 4 - 15 N大于外加麦秸+NO 3 - 15 N,外加葡萄糖+NH 4 - 15 大于外加麦秸+NH 4 - 15 ,外加葡萄糖+NO 3 - 15 N大于外加麦秸+NO 3 - 15 N;低肥力土壤高于高肥力土壤。在本文中提出了土壤净矿化氮的激发效应、土壤生物固定氮激发效应和土壤总矿化氮的总激发效应的概念,认为土壤氮的总激发效应更能反映土壤氮激发效应的实质。

2010

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2006

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2008

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赵鹏, 陈阜. 秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2008, 34(6): 1014-1018.

Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer is approved to cause low nitrogen use efficiency in crops and environmental pollution by NO 3 - -N accumulation in soil. Straw returning to field takes the advantages of improving physical and chemical characteristics and nutrition status of soil, resulting in yield promotion of crops. The nitrogen managements for straw mulching cultivation have been studied well in single cropping system. The wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)-maize ( Zea mays L.) double cropping system is typical in North China Plain, however, nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in straw-mulching double-cropping system extended rapidly in the region are poorly studied. In the current fixed-plot field experiments, we aimed at the changes of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under straw mulching plus a series of amount of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat, and provided some advices on nitrogen application regime in mulch farming. A wheat cultivar, Zhoumai 14, was used in a two-factor randomized block design with 3 replicates. A total of 10 treatments were coded as N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360 for only nitrogen fertilizer applied (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg ha -1 , respectively) and S+N0, S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 for straw mulching plus nitrogen applications (nitrogen rates as above), respectively. About 7 500 kg ha -1 straw residue from previous cropping season was ploughed into soil. Compared with no straw mulching treatments, S+N treatments increased dry matter accumulation during wheat growth. The S+N treatments showed the amount and proportion of dry matter accumulation lower before heading than N treatments, but significantly higher at the period of heading to maturity. Under the same nitrogen fertilizer rates, grain yields of S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 were higher than those of corresponding N treatments by 7.1%, 8.4%, 11.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. The S+N270 treatment had the largest amount and increasing ratio of grain yield with significant differences from other S+N and those of N treatments, indicating that S+N270 might be the proper treatment in wheat production. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in S+N treatments were higher than those of N treatments by 3.3–9.2%, 0.7–4.0, and 2.7–7.3 kg kg -1 , respectively. Our results indicate that returning straw to field has positive effects on winter wheat under the experimental conditions, and straw mulching plus nitrogen fertilizer has larger productivity than only applying nitrogen fertilizer.

1 College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094; 2 College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agri- cultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China

2006—2007年生长季, 通过田间定位试验, 研究了秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦产量干物质积累、氮效率和产量的影响。结果表明, 与单施氮肥相比, 秸秆还田配施氮肥的冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量较高, 干物质积累量及其占全生育期干物质积累量的百分比抽穗前阶段较低, 而抽穗到成熟阶段则较高。秸秆还田配施纯氮90、180、270和360 kg hm -2 比单施同量氮肥分别增产7.1%、8.4%、11.1%和10.2%, 其中秸秆还田配施纯氮270 kg hm -2 的产量最高, 显著高于其他各处理。秸秆还田配施氮肥比单施氮肥提高冬小麦的氮效率, 氮肥表观利用率、氮素生产效率和氮肥农学效率分别提高3.3%~9.2%、0.7~4.0和2.7~7.3 kg kg -1 。

2007

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李正风, 张晓海, 夏玉珍, 李文正, 李天飞, 杨清辉, 吴伯志. 秸秆还田在植烟土壤性状改良上应用的研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(5): 165-170.

In order to improve the quality of Tobacco, reusing of Crop Straw is one of the important technical methods to enhance the quality of Tobacco. Crop straws are the important agricultural resource, and reusing of crop straws is the important way which enhances agriculture economy and availably utilizes sources. Reusing of crop straws is one of the effective measures which could obviously improve soil physical and chemic character, advance soil fertility and capability of keeping water and moisture content, increase soil content of nutrient, organic matter and animalcule, as well as, reduce environmental pollution which caused by burning crop straws, assure high and steady product of foodstuff, and is a new technique which could protect ecological environment in country. The researcher roundly expatiated and analyzed the principium, actuality and technique for improving tobacco soil fertility with reusing of crop straws in order to provide technical service and academic gist for tenet that the rational reusing of crop straws could hasten continuable agriculture development.

(1Yunnan Tobacco Research Institute, Yuxi 653100;2Yuxi HongTa Tobacco Group, Yuxi 6531003Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201)

为提高烤烟品质，利用作物秸秆还田改良土壤理化性质从而改善烟叶品质是当前烟区的研究热点。农作物秸秆是一种重要的农业资源，秸秆还田也是有效利用秸秆资源和提高农业经济效益的重要途径，秸秆还田能明显改善土壤的理化性状，提高土壤肥力和蓄水保墒能力、增加土壤养分和有机质含量以及微生物的数量，还可以减少焚烧秸秆带来的环境污染，是保证粮食作物高产稳产的有效措施之一，又是保护农村生态环境的一项重要技术。笔者就秸秆对植烟土壤性状改良的原理、研究现状及关键技术作一阐述和分析，为更好地合理利用秸秆资源，发挥秸秆资源在农业可持续发展中的潜力提供理论依据和技术支撑。

2012

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