为了研究草本植物生长发育对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,利用盆栽试验和Le Bissonnais法中的慢速湿润法研究了不同植被生长发育对土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)的影响。试验设计包括4种盆栽方式处理(冰草、高羊茅、紫花苜蓿和空白对照),设计的试验天数分别为90 d、130 d、220 d和250 d。研究结果表明,三种草被的地上生物量和地下生物量皆随植被生长时间的增加而显著增加。在250 d的盆栽试验条件下,空白对照的土壤团聚体MWD基本无变化,而冰草和紫花苜蓿处理下的MWD在250 d生长期呈显著的增加趋势,高羊茅处理的MWD与空白对照处理相同。相关分析表明,草被生长时间、地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤有机质与团聚体MWD均为正相关,而除冰草的生长时间和地下生物量与土壤团聚体MWD呈显著相关外,其他各因素与MWD相关性均没达到显著水平,同时说明在本试验条件下,草被生长时间和植被种类是影响土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素。

对贵州龙里灌丛草坡类型区2005-2006年度土壤水分及局地 小气候进行了连续的定位观测,并通过相关分析等手段对土壤水分影响因子进行了分析.得出以下结论: 1)大致呈现出三起两落的趋势,12-2月和9-11月为土壤水分缓慢积累期,2-4月和8-9月为土壤水分强烈消耗期,4-8月随着雨季的来临,降水量 大,使得土壤水分迅速增加,为雨季土壤水分补充期;2)通过对土壤水分体积分数及其环境因子的相关分析得到,雨季,土壤水分体积分数主要受降水量的影响, 而在非雨季,温度是主要的控制因子,偏相关系数达0.851 (P 0.05);3)通过对下垫面状况各异、气象条件基本一致的各实验点土壤水分规律的研究,发现土壤水分分布特征与地表植被覆盖状况有着重要的 关系.

宁夏盐池县常受干旱风沙的影响,加上超载过牧,草场退化严重.1987年在柳杨堡乡建立了退化草场植被恢复与风蚀沙化防治技术示范区,带状种植了柠条(中间锦鸡儿Caragana intermedia), 对退化草场进行改良.种植柠条,一方面增大了植被的覆盖度和土地生物产量,另一方面,由于柠条的生长也增大了对土壤水分的消耗.为此,我们进行了水分定位观测,从土壤水分季节性动态、水分垂直分布及贮水量几个方面作了系统的比较分析,研究柠条种植密度对土壤水分的影响,选择适宜的柠条种植密度.结果表明,柠条半人工草地土壤水分的季节变化受降水的影响,随降水量多少而变化.0～100 cm土壤含水量的垂直分布规律为从表层到深层含水量递增.在定植后第11年,不同种植密度柠条草地土壤含水量没有显著的差异.定植后第16年,土壤含水量出现了显著的差异.种植密度1665丛/hm2柠条半人工草地,0～100 cm土层中,各土层含水量均极显著地高于3 330丛/hm2柠条半人工草地,其0～100 cm土壤贮水量最高, 为245.4 mm,比2 490丛/hm2柠条半人工草地高48.10 mm,比3 330丛/hm2柠条半人工草地高151.99 mm.

通过对桂西北喀斯特峰从洼地坡面不同立地类型和土地利用构型的土壤水分特征进行定位观测研究，分析了土壤水分的空间异质性及其与土地利用方式及结构之间的关系。结果表明，喀斯特峰从洼地坡面土壤水分随土层加深，均值升高，空间异质性（变异系数）却有所减小，土壤水分的均值和空间异质性随着时间（降雨）也表现出一定的变化规律；方差分析和多重比较表明，土地利用方式对土壤水分的空间异质性具有显著的影响，次生林和灌丛地土壤水分含量较高，经济林地各土层和观测时段土壤含水量都显著低于其他土地利用方式；通过分析研究区3种主要的土地利用结构对坡面土壤水分的影响，提出调整土地利用结构和布局能有效提高土壤含水量。

The aim of the experiment is exploring the influence of environmental factors, such as different land uses, topography and microgeomorphology, on the variability of soil moisture on Karst hillslope. The method of detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) was used to analyze surface soil moisture (0–15 cm) variability and its relationship with environmental factors on a typical hillslope in Karst region. The results showed that surface soil moisture ranged from 21.36% to 32.58% during the whole sampling periods, and had seasonal changes with middle variability. Soil moisture in different land uses had similar changes with time accompanied with four peak types. Soil moisture was the highest in natural vegetation field, followed in abandoned field and sloping field, and the lowest was in artificial forest. The DCCA ordination analysis indicated that soil depth, soil organic carbon, land use and bare rock ratio had the biggest effects on soil moisture variability and seasonal pattern on the hillslope. Soil density and slope had the less effects, and vertical position and height had the least effects. The sampling spacing and density of soil moisture should be increased, and aspect, curvature, upslope contributing area should also be considered in further studies according to the special physiognomy of Karst hillslope. Furthermore, these results suggested that combined with the soil nutrient characteristics of different land use on the hillslope, some feasible agricultural engineering measures and vegetation restoration modes should be developed on the degraded ecosystems on Karst hillslope in the future.

为探明土地利用方式、地形、微地貌等环境因子对喀斯特山区土壤水分空间变异的影响，应用植被数量生态学中的去趋势典范对应分析方法（DCCA）在一典型坡面上研究了表层（0～15 cm）土壤水分变异特征及其与环境因子的数量关系。研究结果表明，在取样时段内坡面土壤质量含水率均值介于21.36%～32.58%之间，季节变化明显，均呈现中等变异特征。不同土地利用方式下土壤水分随时间的变化趋势一致，均呈明显的“四峰型”波动，土壤平均含水率以自然植被最高，撂荒地和坡耕地次之，人工林最低。DCCA的排序结果显示，土层深度、有机碳含量、土地利用方式和裸岩率对坡地土壤水分变异及其季节变化的影响最为显著，土壤体积质量和坡度的影响次之，坡位和海拔的影响最小。鉴于喀斯特坡面地形及微地貌的复杂性，后续研究还需要加大采样间隔和密度，并综合考虑坡向、坡面曲率、汇水分布面积等因素对土壤水分变异的影响，并结合各土地利用方式下土壤养分状况，探讨适应喀斯特坡地退化生态系统修复的农业工程措施和生态重建模式。

我国西南喀斯特地区是典型的生 态脆弱区,特殊的地质地貌特征使该地区地表存水能力极差,植被可利用的水资源相对不足,季节性干旱严重。研究了该区两种土地利用类型土壤水分特征对植被的 生长及生态特征的影响。在各自最大持水条件下,两种不同土地利用类型土壤上生长的植物-黑麦草(Lolium perenneL.)生物量差异显著,林地土壤生长的植物总生物量是草地土壤的3倍左右;林地土植物的叶片含水量、分蘖数、株高、叶长/叶宽等指标均明显 高于草地土植株。可以认为,在西南典型喀斯特地区这一特殊的地质地貌及气候条件下,土壤水分是导致植被生产力差异的主要因素。

In this paper geo-statistical theory and methods were used to study the spatial variation of soil water and the key impact factors in four landscape types in dry season in Karst cluster-peak-depression region, based on the grid sampling (10 m×10 m) in the permanent monitoring plots (200 m×40 m). A probe into the ecological process and mechanism of soil water was made through principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicated that the soil water in dry season remarkably increased and coefficients of variation (CV) increased with the landscape transition from crops (Ⅰ) to manmade forest (Ⅱ), to secondary forest (Ⅲ), to primary forest (Ⅳ) along the descending gradient of disturbance in Karst cluster-peak-depression region. Good spatial autocorrelation existed in soil water in dry season in the four landscape types, among which negative and positive spatial autocorrelation distances reflected two different patches being. The radii of the latter half patches in Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ landscape types were approximately 50 m, where was just located in the boundary of the slope and the depression. The radium of the latter half patch in Ⅱ landscape type was about 75 m, where the location of the turning point reflected the transition of land uses. The spatial variation characteristics differed in the four landscape types. The semi-variance functions of soil water in Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ stages fit exponential, Gaussian, exponential and spherical models best, respectively. The sill (C0+C) and total spatial variance increased, while range decreased, along the descending gradient of disturbance. The values of \[C0/(C0+C)\] in Ⅰ and Ⅳ were 48.3% and 39.4%, respectively, which indicated that medium spatial correlation existed. While those in Ⅱ and Ⅲ were less than 25%, which indicated that strong spatial correlation existed. The Kriging contour maps showed the soil water in Ⅰand Ⅳ landscape types with convex distribution, Ⅱ with unimodal distribution, and Ⅲ with concave distribution. The results of primary component analysis suggested that elevation and the slope position were the key impact factors of soil water in the four landscape types in dry season. Aside from elevation and slope position, other key impact factors were different in the four landscape types. Moreover, even though the same factor in the four landscape types, details about functions and correlations differed through correlation analysis. Therefore, corresponding strategies of rational usage and management of water resources should be made according to the different key impact factors of spatial variation of soil water in the four typical landscape types in dry season in Karst cluster-peak-depression region.

基于动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)的网格(10 m×10 m)取样，用地统计学方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地4类典型生态景观类型旱季表层土壤(0—10 cm)水分的空间变化，通过主成分分析和相关分析，探讨了其生态学过程和机制。结果表明，沿严重、重度、中度和轻度的干扰递减梯度，喀斯特峰丛洼地产生了农作物(Ⅰ)→人工林(Ⅱ)→次生林(Ⅲ)→原生林(Ⅳ) 的4类典型生态景观格局变化，土壤水分显著提高，变异系数逐渐增大；4类生态景观类型的土壤水分均具有良好的空间自相关性，正负空间自相关距离反映了性质不同的两大斑块，Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ下半部斑块的半径为50 m，拐点在坡地和洼地的分界处，Ⅱ的下半部斑块的半径为75 m，拐点是土地利用方式的转折点；不同景观类型空间变异特征不同，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的半变异函数分别符合指数模型、高斯模型、指数模型和球状模型，基台值(C0+C)升高，变程缩小，系统的空间总变异增强，其中Ⅰ和Ⅳ的\[C0/(C0+C)\]值分别为48.3%和39.4%，空间相关中等，Ⅱ和Ⅲ的\[C0/(C0+C)\]值≤25%，空间相关强烈；Kriging等值线图清楚表明Ⅰ和Ⅳ土壤水分呈凸型分布，Ⅱ呈单峰分布，Ⅲ呈凹型分布。主成分分析显示除海拔和坡位始终是影响4类生态景观类型土壤水分的主导因子外，不同景观类型的其他主导因子不同，且同一因子在不同景观类型与土壤水分的正负作用关系和相关程度也不同。因此，应根据4类典型生态景观类型土壤水分的空间变化及主要影响因子制定相应的水资源合理利用和管理策略。

Soil water is a critical factor for vegetation rehabilitation and eco-environmental construction in karst mountain regions. The dynamics of water content in soil profiles with different geological backgrounds were analyzed in peak-cluster depression zones in karst region of Northwest Guangxi. The study was conducted in maize-soybean rotation fields in Guzhou Village with pure limestone geology and in mulberry tree fields in Mulun Nature Reserve with dolomite limestone geology. The parameters of rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure were recorded in meteorological stations with multi-functional meteorological sensors. Volumetric soil water content was monitored at soil depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, 70 cm, and 90 cm by automatic gauge systems and data collected every 30 min using CR1000 data acquisition device. Soils were sampled three times during the study using circular knife (AZ-HSS-100-24) at corresponding water monitoring depths. Then bulk density, capillary water capacity and saturated water content were determined using the drying method. Also saturated conductivity for fixed water level and soil water storage were calculated. Dynamic variations in soil water at different soil layers (0-90 cm) in the farmland ecosystems in karst peak-cluster depressions in Guzhou Village and Mulun Nature Reserve were then discussed in relation to atmospheric precipitation, soil water content and other variables in 2009 and 2010. The results showed that while soil bulk density, capillary water capacity and saturated water content increased, non-capillary porosity and saturated conductivity decreased with increasing soil depth. Also higher soil bulk density corresponded with lower saturated conductivity. The physical properties of 0-30 cm soil layer in peak-cluster depression zones did not favor water storage and regulation functions at both investigated sites. Soil water content was not only high, but also increased with increasing soil depth. Soil water contents in 2009 and 2010 showed evident layer trends for the active layer, sub-active layer and stable layer. This was attributed to the soil clayey texture of peak-cluster depression areas. Variations in soil water content were little different for the two study sites. In pure limestone geology, the below 40 cm soil layer was relatively stable in 2009 while the below 30 cm soil layer was relatively stable in 2010. In dolomitic limestone geology, the below 20 cm soil layer was relatively stable in both 2009 and 2010. The storage and regulation functions of soils in peak-cluster depression zones could had been overestimated due to heavy nature of the soil layers. Because soil water storage was influenced by rainfall, evaporation and plant transpiration, it showed variations characteristic of these factors. Periods of relative stabilization, consumption and supplement of soil water storage were noted in 2009 and 2010, but with one month difference in occurrence between two years. The time difference was mainly attributed to rainfall distribution characteristics in the regions. Soil water deficit compensation and rehabilitation was most effective under moderate rainfall intensity and long, heavy rainfall conditions. Light and heavy rains had less effect on soil water because they hardly infiltrated down to lower soil layers. Long and heavy rains were, however, sufficient to replenish soil water in both the upper and lower soil layers.

本文基于连续2年土壤水分的定位监测数据, 分析探讨了喀斯特地区不同地质背景(纯灰岩与白云质灰岩)洼地剖面(0~90 cm)土壤含水率的动态变化规律。结果表明: 洼地剖面土壤含水率总体较高, 且从表层到深层表现为增长型; 2009年和2010年土壤含水率的变化均具有明显的分层现象, 从上到下依次为活跃层、次活跃层、相对稳定层, 但均无速变层, 不同地质背景的具体分层略有差异; 活跃层和次活跃层集中分布在浅层土壤层, 相对稳定层较厚, 对应着较差的水文调蓄功能, 洼地土壤的水分调蓄功能可能会因其相对较深厚(80~100 cm)的土层而被高估。受降雨、蒸发及植物蒸腾等因素的影响, 土壤储水量具有明显的动态变化特征, 一年中可分为相对稳定期、消耗期和补给期3个阶段, 而土壤水分亏缺的补偿和恢复, 主要依靠强度适中、历时较长且雨量较大的降雨, 微雨和暴雨的作用较小。

Soil moisture content in the karst clusterpeach mountains is a key factor controlling the hydrology and environment of the area.The study of soil moisture distribution and regularity plays an important role for soil and water loss prevention，rocky desertification control and environment recovery in theory and practice.In this study，the soil moisture contents in typical karst clusterpeach mountains in Puding County，Guizhou Province，were measured by time domain reflectometry in many locations with different vegetation covers，landform，soil characteristics，land surface slopes and rock distributions.Their influencing factors were revealed on the basis of the observation data.The results show that soil moisture content has a significant increase tendency from the mountain higher to lower portion for any different landuses in the mountains.Soil moisture content increases significantly in the deeper soil layers but decreases in the areas with sharper slope surface.Soil moisture content under vegetation canopy is greater than that in the bare sites，and this influence becomes weak when the land surface vegetation changes from forest to shrub and grass.Soil moisture content in the soil layers above the rock is higher with the thick soil layer and lower with the thin soil layer.

喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水是喀斯特地区水文及生态环境的重要影响因素。研究喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布及其规律对贵州喀斯特地区控制水土流失、防治石漠化、恢复生态环境具有重要的理论和实际意义。选取贵州普定县岩溶区内典型的喀斯特峰丛山体，利用时域反射（TDR）测定山体不同位置在不同植被覆盖、地形、土壤特征及岩石分布下的土壤含水率，分析喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水的空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明：各种土地利用类型的山体土壤含水率总体由山体上部向下逐渐减小，土壤含水率随埋深加大显著增加，随坡度的增加而减小。总体上植被覆盖地带土壤含水率高于裸露土壤，相同条件下，林地、低矮灌丛、草地对土壤持水性的影响依次减小。岩石上覆土层较厚时，土壤含水率较高；土层浅薄时，土壤含水率偏低.

Spatial and temporal variability of surface soil moisture (0-15cm) and its distribution patterns were analyzed using geostatistics in a typical depression area of karst region in Northwestern Guangxi Province. The results showed that surface soil moisture was generally low, ranging from 15.0% to 27.5% during sampling periods and had weak to middle variability. The middle variability often accompanied with low soil moisture. The parameters of the semi-variance functions of surface soil moisture and its influencing factors had seasonal variations. The values of nugget, sill and range ranged from 0.01 to 2.74, from 2.04 to 7.52, and from 6.0 to 36.8, respectively during the sampling periods. The variations of nugget and sill values were generally contrary to that of mean soil moisture. The range values were also contrary to the mean soil moisture at the initial and middle time of sampling, but had the same trend at the latter stages of sampling. These results suggested that mean soil moisture had substantial influence on the spatial and temporal variability of surface soil moisture in this area and could be used for establishing proper soil sampling strategy combined with the research objective. After eliminating the trend of soil moisture variability, the patterns of surface soil moisture′s distributing pattern were stripe and patch like. The surface soil moisture in the plot area had different distributions at both spatial and temporal scales. Further, the distribution patterns were profoundly varied in the dry and rainy seasons. These results indicated that, mean soil moisture, topography, micro-morphology (rock cluster) and human management were the main influencing factors on the spatial and temporal variability and distribution patterns of surface soil moisture in the special physiognomy of the karst depression area.

研究用地统计学方法在桂西北典型喀斯特洼地研究了表层土壤水分(0~15cm)的时空变异特征及其分布格局。结果表明在取样时段内洼地表层土壤水分总体不高（15.0%~27.5%），呈现弱至中等变异特征，并且中等变异一般与含水量较低相对应。洼地表层土壤水分的半变异函数参数及其影响因素产生一定的季节变化；块金值、基台值和变程的变化范围分别是001~2.74，2.04~7.52和6.0~36.8。块金值和基台值的变化大致与平均含水量呈相反变化趋势；变程在采样初期和中期与土壤水分的变化趋势相反，在后期变化趋势相同，结果说明平均含水量对表层土壤水分的时空变异具有持续主导作用，结合研究目标可以有效指导后续的土壤采样。在剔除趋势效应后，表层土壤水分呈明显的斑块或条带状分布，样块土壤水分不仅具有空间分布的差异而且具有明显季节变化，其中旱、雨季的土壤水分分布特征明显不同。在喀斯特山区特殊地貌中，土壤平均含水量、地形、微地貌（石丛）和人为管理等因素是造成洼地表层土壤水分时空变异及其分布差异的主要影响因素。

为了解施用生物质炭对土壤碳组 分的潜在影响,通过室内2年盆栽培养试验研究施用不同用量生物质炭对土壤有机碳积累、有机碳稳定性、微生物量碳和水溶性有机碳的影响,并与施用等碳量的小 麦秸秆、酸洗生物质炭(去除生物质炭中的速效养分)及同时施用小麦秸秆与生物质炭的处理进行比较。结果表明,施用生物质炭可显著提高土壤有机碳的积累,增 加土壤有机碳的氧化稳定性,降低土壤水溶性有机碳。施用生物质可在短时间内增加微生物量碳,但随着培养时间的增加,其微生物量碳逐渐下降,最终明显低于对 照土壤(不施有机物料的处理)。土壤水溶性有机碳的下降可能与生物质炭对其吸附固定有关,而短时间内激发微生物量碳增加可能与施入生物质炭增加了土壤有效 养分、改善土壤微生物生长环境有关。研究结果认为,长期单一施用生物质炭可能会引起土壤有机质生物活性的下降,但生物质炭与一般生物质有机肥配合施用可减 免这些负影响。

通过室内培育试验,研究了添加 生物质炭对江西红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量碳、氮含量的影响。结果表明:红壤有机碳矿化速率在培育第2天达最大值后迅速降低,培养7天后下降缓慢 并趋于平稳;添加生物质炭降低了土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累积矿化量,培养结束时,不加生物质炭的对照处理中有机碳的累积矿化量分别比添加0.5%和 1.0%生物质炭的处理高10.0%和10.8%。此外,生物质炭的加入显著提高了土壤微生物生物量,添加0.5%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮 含量分别比对照高111.5%～250.6%和11.6%～97.6%,添加1.0%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高 58.9%～243.6%和55.9%～110.4%。相同处理中,干旱的水分条件下(40%田间持水量)微生物生物量要高于湿润的水分条件(70%田间 持水量)。同时,添加0.5%和1.0%的生物质炭使土壤代谢熵分别降低2.4%和26.8%,微生物商减少了43.7%和31.7%。

近年来，生物炭作为土壤改良 剂、肥料缓释载体，在农业上的应用越来越广泛。为促进生物炭在农业上的研究及应用，本研究以陕西关中地区塿土、废弃果树枝条生物炭为研究对象，以小麦-玉 米轮作为供试作物，利用田间种植试验，结合室内模拟试验，采用相关分析、通径分析和主成分分析，研究了施用生物炭后塿土土壤理化性质、生物活性、养分含量 以及作物地上部生物量的变化特征，并分析了土壤理化性质与生物活性之间的关系，得到的主要结论如下： 1.生物炭降低土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N累积淋溶量，用量为80t·hm-2时较对照显著降低了41%和18.6%；NO3--N淋溶主要集中在前 三次，其淋溶量占总量的97.3%~98.8%，80t·hm-2用量显著延长NO3--N在土壤中滞留时间，延缓淋失；整个淋洗过程中，氮素主要以 NO3--N形式淋失，其累积淋溶量占NO3--N、NH4+-N淋溶总量的97.3%~98.14%。 2.土壤田间持水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量和孔隙度均有增加趋势，但差异不显著；而容重随炭用量的增加而显著减小，且小麦季小于玉米季；用量为 80t·hm-2时显著增加土壤pH值；盐基饱和度随生物炭用量的增加而显著增加，玉米和小麦季增幅分别为44.94%~84.72%和 44.11%~94.29%；玉米季土壤阳离子交换量无显著差异，小麦季仅80t·hm-2较对照显著增加了9.25%；有机碳含量随生物炭用量的增加而 显著增加，玉米和小麦季增幅分别为53.82%~263.65%和30.19%~150.94%。 3.土壤全氮、全钾、NO3--N、速效钾和小麦季全磷含量均随生物炭用量的增加而显著增加。作物产量和地上部生物量增加不显著，但玉米和小麦季收获指数 较对照显著降低了32.25%和9.13%。玉米植株和小麦籽粒的氮磷含量均显著增加；玉米籽粒和小麦植株的磷含量均有所降低；玉米和小麦籽粒钾含量均下 降。 4.生物炭显著提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和玉米收获后碱性磷酸酶活性；显著提高土壤酶指数，玉米和小麦季增幅分别为77.27%~163.64%和 20.93%~118.6%；显著增加土壤三类微生物类群的数量，增幅随其用量的增加而增加，但小麦季明显低于玉米季。 5.生物炭显著提高苗期、越冬期和返青期土壤微生物量碳及玉米成熟期、返青期和拔节期微生物量氮含量，用量为80t·hm-2时效果最显著，但显著降低玉 米成熟期、返青期和拔节期微生物量碳氮比。动态变化表明，微生物量碳氮含量在越冬期最低、拔节期最高，这与作物生育旺盛时期一致。显著减小微生物量碳和微 生物量碳氮比的季节波动，提高微生物量氮的季节变异，其增幅(0.1%~25.7%)随用量的增加而增加。 6.相关分析表明，除蔗糖酶活性和微生物量碳外，土壤其他生物活性指标与容重间呈显著负相关。脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性、微生物量氮和三类微生物与土壤肥力指 标间呈显著或极显著正相关。通径分析表明，脲酶和微生物量氮对土壤肥力的影响以直接作用为主，过氧化氢酶则以间接作用为主。主成分分析表明，可以用微生物 因子、酶活性因子和速效磷因子来综合描述土壤肥力特征。土壤肥力综合得分玉米季大于小麦季，且均随炭用量的增加而增加，表明较高用量生物炭对土壤肥力的提 高作用更明显。

Growing status of various grasses during seeding stages in the zinc smelting slag in northwestern Guizhou

以黔西北土法炼锌废渣基质为研究对象，通过盆栽试验，筛选出适宜在该基质上生长的草本植物。结果表明，各草种出苗时间为白三叶（Trifolium repens）、红三叶（T.pratense）(3 d) 60%），紫花苜蓿、草地早熟禾和狗牙根的出苗率最低（30%左右）；一年生黑麦草、白三叶、多年生黑麦草的株高和分蘖数均优于红三叶、紫花苜蓿、草地早熟禾和狗牙根，适合在土法炼锌废渣基质上生长。

In order to explore the influence of soil improvers on the growth, turning green and yield of perennial ryegrass in rocky desertification land, the pot experiment was conducted with exogenous cattle manure carbon, wormcast, water retaining agent, longterm organic compound fertilizer, straw powder， and so on. With application of wormcast, seedling emergence time reduced by 50.00%, seedling emergence rate and tiller number(60 d) increased by 46.24% and 46.34%, respectively, compared with the treatments without using soil improvers. This treatment was better than the treatments with other soil improvers applications. The increase of plant height and fresh weight of perennial ryegrass were the highest with the application of compound fertilizer. The turning green recovery time, plant height, fresh weight and tiller number of the treatment with straw power were the best during the turning green recovery period. In conclusion, the improving effects of different improvers on ryegrass growth decreased in the following order: wormcast>compound fertilizer, cow dung carbon, water retaining agent>CK>straw power. The improving effects of different improvers on turning green recovery decreased in the following order: straw powder>compound fertilizer, wormcast, waterretaining agent>CK>cow dung carbon. These results suggested that the optimum soil improvers can promote the growth of perennial ryegrass.

为研究石漠化区旱地施用改良剂对多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）生长、返青及增产效果的影响，进行外源添加牛粪炭、蚯蚓粪、保水剂、长效有机复合肥和秸秆粉等改良剂的盆栽试验。结果表明，出苗生长期，与对照比较，施用蚯蚓粪处理的黑麦草出苗时间缩短50.00%，出苗率和分蘖数(60 d)分别提高了46.24%和46.34%，且都优于其他改良剂处理。添加复合肥对黑麦草的株高和单株鲜重增加量最大。返青恢复生长期，添加秸秆粉处理的返青时间、株高、鲜重和分蘖数等指标表现最好。本研究得出，施用不同改良剂对黑麦草生长适应性的提高效果为蚯蚓粪>复合肥、牛粪炭、保水剂>CK>秸秆粉，返青恢复性为秸秆粉>复合肥、蚯蚓粪、保水剂>CK>牛粪炭。因此，施加改良剂可促进多年生黑麦草生长。

为了探索牧草水分生理和光合生理特性，为黄泛沙区的牧草种植提供理论基础和技术依据， 应用植物生理生态学原理和光合蒸腾测试技术，以四种牧草(沙打旺、草木樨、紫花苜蓿、红豆草)的当年生盆栽植株为实验材料，测定不同土壤水分胁迫下四种牧 草的生长特性、水分生理以及光合、蒸腾的日动态与响应特征。探讨了四种牧草水分生理特性变化趋势，阐述了四种牧草光合、蒸腾参数日变化特征，探明了四种牧 草的光响应特征与拟合以及光合作用的阈值响应及水分利用，确定了高低土壤水分下四种牧草光合、蒸腾及水分利用效率、光能利用效率与环境因子相关性。研究取 得了以下... 展开 为了探索牧草水分生理和光合生理 特性，为黄泛沙区的牧草种植提供理论基础和技术依据，应用植物生理生态学原理和光合蒸腾测试技术，以四种牧草(沙打旺、草木樨、紫花苜蓿、红豆草)的当年 生盆栽植株为实验材料，测定不同土壤水分胁迫下四种牧草的生长特性、水分生理以及光合、蒸腾的日动态与响应特征。探讨了四种牧草水分生理特性变化趋势，阐 述了四种牧草光合、蒸腾参数日变化特征，探明了四种牧草的光响应特征与拟合以及光合作用的阈值响应及水分利用，确定了高低土壤水分下四种牧草光合、蒸腾及 水分利用效率、光能利用效率与环境因子相关性。研究取得了以下主要结论： 1.四种牧草的生长指标特征 四种牧草的综合生长情况是：草木樨>紫花苜蓿>沙打旺>红豆草。其中，平均株高以草木樨最高，为43.73cm，最低为红豆草，其由高 到低的顺序为为草木樨>紫花苜蓿>沙打旺>红豆草；平均叶长沙打旺2.68cm为最长，其次为红豆草、草木樨，紫花苜蓿最短，为 1.45cm；平均叶宽排列为草木樨>沙打旺>紫花苜蓿>红豆草，最宽为1.08cm，最窄为0.82cm；分枝数草木樨最多，为 12.75，沙打旺最少，为7.80，由多到少排列为草木樨>紫花苜蓿>红豆草>沙打旺；根茎比由大到小排列为紫花苜蓿>红豆 草>沙打旺>草木樨，紫花苜蓿为0.99，草木樨为0.38。 2.四种牧草的水分生理特性 (1)四种牧草的叶片饱和含水量变化趋势与叶片水势基本一致，都随土壤水分的降低而降低，降低的趋势随时间变缓，在低土壤水分下变化不明显。四种牧草相 比，草木樨的叶片饱和水含量在土壤水分的降低过程中较快的降到低水平。 (2)四种牧草的自由水、束缚水含量以及水分饱和亏、叶片水势明显受到土壤水分高低的影响，各水分生理指标相关性显著，并在种间存在差别。随着土壤水分的 降低，四种牧草的自由水变化趋势基本相同，表现为先增大后降低的趋势，一天中的变化表现为先降低后升高的趋势；四种牧草的束缚水含量、束/自比和水分饱和 亏的变化基本与自由水变化趋势相反，表现为先降低后上升的趋势。 (3)四种牧草的叶片水势都明显地随时间的推移而下降，土壤水分下降到相当于田间持水量30％左右时，除红豆草外，其他三种牧草的水势出现剧烈的波动，迅 速变大并趋近于0，三种牧草都出现不同程度的萎蔫，试验后重新浇水植株出现枯黄现象。 3.四种牧草光合、蒸腾参数日变化特征 四种牧草的光合、蒸腾指标基本都随土壤水分的降低表现为先升高后降低的趋势，在重度干旱胁迫下净光合速率为双峰型，水分利用效率为单峰型，蒸腾速率为U 型，气孔导度为V型，引起胞间CO2浓度降低的因素为气孔限制因素。 4.四种牧草光合作用的土壤水分适应性与水分利用 随着土壤水分的降低，四种牧草的水分利用效率都表现为上升的趋势，说明在土壤水分胁迫下，四种牧草对水资源的利用效率都有提高，反映出四种牧草对干旱具有 较强的适应性。 5.四种牧草的光响应特征以及光响应模型 (1)四种牧草忍耐强光胁迫的能力较强，在强光下仍然具有较高的净光合速率和水分利用效率。四种牧草对光照的适应性较强，在较大幅度的光强范围内，都能获 得较高的光合速率和水分利用效率，这一光强(PFD)范围在不同牧草种类之间有所差别，而且受土壤水分变化的影响较小。沙打旺和紫花苜蓿在 600～1600μmol·m-2·s-1，草木樨在800～1600μmol·m-2·s-1，红豆草在400～1600μmol·m-2·s-1。在 此光强范周内，随光强的增加，各种牧草的光合速率和蒸腾速率都有增加，但不显著，且蒸腾速率的增大比例较光合小，因此产生水分利用效率的提高，这是四种牧 草忍耐强光环境的生理策略。 (2)四种牧草光合作用的光响应模型以指数模型最适，优于直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型，且不受土壤水分变化的影响。所求解的最大光合速率 (Pnmax)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)最接近实测值。 6.四种牧草光合、蒸腾与水分利用效率、光能利用效率与环境因子相关性 四种牧草在高土壤水分下(相对田间持水量60％以上)，影响光

实验针对哈尔滨地区特定地理环境和气候变化对保水剂在草坪上的应用进行研究,希望利用保水剂延长草地早熟禾在哈尔滨地区的绿期、提高其抗旱能力、延迟浇水 时间,在保证草坪草外观质量的前提下,起到节约用水又不影响其正常生理活动的效果。试验结果表明: (1)幼苗生长期:STOCKSORB保水剂可以提高草地早熟禾的出苗率,并促进幼苗株高生长,科瀚98保水剂降低了草地早熟禾的出苗率,对幼苗株高生长 有抑制倾向;STOCKSORB保水剂缩短了草地早熟禾成坪所需时间,科瀚98保水剂对草地早熟禾成坪时间无明显影响;幼苗期在足量供水条件下草地早熟禾 蒸散量随保水剂浓度的增加有依次下降趋势;外观质量方面,随着保水剂施用浓度的增加,分数整体呈上升趋势,但对分蘖数没有显著影响。 (2)水分胁迫期:对照组蒸散量最快,保水剂组间蒸散量整体随施用浓度的增加而依次升高;与对照组比较保水剂降低了土壤含水量下降速度;施用保水剂组的根 冠比均比对照组大;细胞质膜相对透性、脯氨酸含量变化随胁迫程度的加深而有上升趋势,但上升速度以对照组最快;叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量变化随胁迫程度 的加深而有下降趋势,其中对照组下降速度最快;蛋白质含量呈波动变化趋势,最终含量有所上升,其中对照组含量上升最快;保水剂减缓了水分胁迫对草地早熟禾 外观质量受到的伤害,施用保水剂组均比对照组综合评分高,但并不是依据保水剂浓度的增大而依次升高;随着保水剂用量增加,施用保水剂的草地早熟禾生长指标 及生理指标均比对照组有明显的提高,但各用量之间的差异显著性在各个指标中表现不同。 (3)草坪建植时在土壤中施用保水剂是可行的。但使用时,要有一定的土壤水分条件,同时注意不同品种保水剂的用量应有不同。根据综合表现来 看,STOCKSORB保水剂中浓度为50g/m~2效果较好,科瀚98保水剂中浓度为25g/m~2效果较好。两种保水剂比较来看,STOCKSORB 比科瀚98略好,但差异并不显著。使用保水剂后确实可以抑制草坪的蒸散量,达到节水的目的。

针对江西旱地红壤粘重板结、保 水性能差、肥力低下等突出问题,论文通过野外随机区组试验,对旱地红壤施用改良剂(生物质炭、过氧化钙),设置9种处理：CK、COCa1、C0Ca2、 ClCa0、C2Ca0、C1Ca1、ClCa2、C2Ca1、C2Ca2(CO、C1、C2施用量分别为0、758、1515kg·hm-2·a-1; Ca0、Ca1、Ca2施用量分别为0、61、121kg·hm-2.a-1),研究不同剂量的改良剂对旱地红壤保水(土壤水分变化动态)保肥(包括理化 性质、养分状况等)效果的影响,为改善土壤质地和提高农业生产力提供参考。 两种改良剂对土壤水分物理性质均产生了较大的影响,提高了土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和毛管含水量,且配施效果优于单施,其中C2Ca1效果最为明显。 施入生物质炭和过氧化钙均降低了土壤容重,提高土壤pH值和阳离子交换量,有效改善土壤理化性质,且配施效果优于单施。生物质炭和过氧化钙施用剂量的作用 表现不一,随着过氧化钙的增加,土壤容重、pH、阳离子交换量均呈上升趋势,而随着生物质炭的增加,土壤容重呈下降趋势,阳离子交换量呈上升趋势。 C2Ca1使土壤容重降低了5.06%-8.53%；C2Ca2对土壤pH和阳离子交换量的作用最显著,使土壤pH增加5.96%-22.17%,阳离子 交换量增加13.06%-15.26%。 施入生物质炭和过氧化钙在一定程度上提高了土壤有机质和N、P、K养分含量,且表现出随着过氧化钙施入量的增加,土壤有机质、全K、全P呈上升趋势；随着 生物质炭施入量的增加,有机质、全K、速效K呈上升趋势,且配施效果明显优于单施。其中,C2Ca2对土壤有机质的增加作用最显著,相对CK增加了 13.54%～30.31%。C1Cal处理对土壤N的增加作用最显著,使全N增加8.51%-8.87%,碱解N增加 15.88%-35.60%；C1Ca2对土壤P的促进效果最显著,使全P增加7.83%-33.13%,有效P增加 29.70%-86.16%；C2Ca2使土壤全K增加13.06%-20.00%,C2Ca1使速效K增加24.31%-47.20%。 总之,改良剂能有效改善旱地红壤的理化性质和养分状况,增加土壤的保水性能,且配施效果优于单施。

以宁夏盐池干旱区弃耕地为研究对象,通过正交设计L18 (61×36)进行人工草地建植试验,研究了不同牧草品种、施肥量及秸秆还田量对弃耕地土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:4个因素中牧草品种对土壤含水量、 全盐及pH值影响极显著(P＜0.01),有机肥对土壤含水量、容重、pH值、全盐及有机质含量的影响极显著(P＜0.01),秸秆对土壤含水量、容重和 全盐的影响显著(P＜0.05),NPK对pH值的影响显著(P＜0.05);禾本科牧草改善土壤含水量和容重的效果强于豆科,而提高土壤有机质的效果较 弱;提高土壤含水量,降低土壤容重、全盐及pH值的最佳方案为圆柱披碱草(Elymus cylindricus Franch.)+有机肥36 t/hm2+ NPK(N 275 kg/hm2、P225 kg/hm2、K 225 kg/hm2)+秸秆渣10 t/hm2;增加土壤有机质含量的最佳方案为黄花草木樨(Melilotus ocinalia)+有机肥36 t/hm2 +NPK(N 165 kg/hm2、P 135 kg/hm2和K135 kg/hm2)+秸秆渣10 t/hm2.