2016 Vol.33(1)
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2016, 10(1): 11-18.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0286
Abstract:
Alpine meadow is the major vegetation type in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study investigated the differences in soil organic carbon content and storage under different grazing seasons and degradation degree alpine meadow of Qinghai Province. The result of this study showed that soil organic carbon content decreased with the decrease of soil depth from surface to 30 cm depth, and it was not significantly different between cold-season grazing meadow and warm-season grazing meadow at 0―30 cm soil layer. Soil physical properties and biomass at 0-30 cm soil layer varied with different grazing seasons. Soil organic carbon content was the biggest in non-degradation meadow at 0-5 cm layer and in the light-degradation meadow except for 0-5 cm layer. Soil physical properties varied with different degradation stages. The underground biomass increased at first and then decreased while the aboveground biomass decreased as the degradation degree of meadow increased. The soil organic carbon decreased within the cold-season grazing meadow while it increased at first and then decreased in the warm-season grazing meadow. The soil organic carbon density was lower in the cold-season grazing meadow than that in the warm-season grazing meadow but it was not significant. These results implied that the degradation degree played great impact on soil organic carbon.
Alpine meadow is the major vegetation type in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study investigated the differences in soil organic carbon content and storage under different grazing seasons and degradation degree alpine meadow of Qinghai Province. The result of this study showed that soil organic carbon content decreased with the decrease of soil depth from surface to 30 cm depth, and it was not significantly different between cold-season grazing meadow and warm-season grazing meadow at 0―30 cm soil layer. Soil physical properties and biomass at 0-30 cm soil layer varied with different grazing seasons. Soil organic carbon content was the biggest in non-degradation meadow at 0-5 cm layer and in the light-degradation meadow except for 0-5 cm layer. Soil physical properties varied with different degradation stages. The underground biomass increased at first and then decreased while the aboveground biomass decreased as the degradation degree of meadow increased. The soil organic carbon decreased within the cold-season grazing meadow while it increased at first and then decreased in the warm-season grazing meadow. The soil organic carbon density was lower in the cold-season grazing meadow than that in the warm-season grazing meadow but it was not significant. These results implied that the degradation degree played great impact on soil organic carbon.
2016, 10(1): 19-26.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0300
Abstract:
The variation of water level in Poyanghu plays a significant effect on the dominant vegetation of Carex spp. community. However, the community assemblage mechanism under the change of hydrology is unclear now. Five species-abundance distribution pattern (SDP) models, including broken stick model (BSM), niche preemption model (NPM), dominance preemption model (DPM), random assortment model (RAM) and overlapping niche model (ONM) were employed to detect the community assemblage mechanism of C. cinerascens along a hydrological gradient in Poyanghu wetland. The results showed that the number of species firstly increased and then decreased along the hydrological gradient from high to low. Meanwhile, the curve of species-abundance distribution became steep. The optimal fitting SDP models were BSM, NPM and NPM for high humidity community, medium humidity community and low humidity community, respectively. These indicated that the hydrology condition resulted in the change of SDP. With the decrease of humidity, the community assemblage mechanisms of C. cinerascens were replaced from stochastic niche to niche preemption.
The variation of water level in Poyanghu plays a significant effect on the dominant vegetation of Carex spp. community. However, the community assemblage mechanism under the change of hydrology is unclear now. Five species-abundance distribution pattern (SDP) models, including broken stick model (BSM), niche preemption model (NPM), dominance preemption model (DPM), random assortment model (RAM) and overlapping niche model (ONM) were employed to detect the community assemblage mechanism of C. cinerascens along a hydrological gradient in Poyanghu wetland. The results showed that the number of species firstly increased and then decreased along the hydrological gradient from high to low. Meanwhile, the curve of species-abundance distribution became steep. The optimal fitting SDP models were BSM, NPM and NPM for high humidity community, medium humidity community and low humidity community, respectively. These indicated that the hydrology condition resulted in the change of SDP. With the decrease of humidity, the community assemblage mechanisms of C. cinerascens were replaced from stochastic niche to niche preemption.
2016, 10(1): 27-37.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0087
Abstract:
Greenhouse gas flux from alpine grassland has been one of hotspots to study the relationship between climate change and alpine grassland. Most of these studies focused on gas flux of one type grassland and differences in gas flux among different alpine meadows receives little attention. A experiment was conducted in three types of grassland, ie. alpine meadow, artificial pasture and shrub meadow to investigate the Greenhouse gas fluxes in three types of grassland by using static chambers and gas chromatography. This study indicated that three types of alpine grassland were the sink of atmospheric CH4, and were the source of atmospheric CO2 and N2O. CH4 flux rates were -21.4, -28.1 and -41.1 μg·m-2·h-1 for FC, FCP and GG. CO2 flux rates were 360.6, 447.9 and 475.1 mg·m-2·h-1 for FC, FCP and GG. N2O flux rates were 34.2, 51.6 and 50.6 μg·m-2·h-1 for FC, FCP and GG. CH4, CO2 and N2O flux in growing season accounted for 42.4%～45.6%, 64.1%～67.8% and 37.9%～66.7% of the whole year, respectively. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth negatively correlated with CH4 flux rate (P0.01) and positively correlated with CO2 and N2O flux rate (P0.01). Soil moisture positively correlated with CO2 and CH4 flux rate, negatively correlated with N2O flux rate. Q10 revealed that CO2 flux rate was more sensitive to increase in temperature than CH4 and N2O flux rate. The three grasslands for controlling greenhouse effect were in the following order: GGFCPFC. The CO2 flux rate was much higher than CH4 and N2O flux rate, then contributing an important role to greenhouse effect of grassland.
Greenhouse gas flux from alpine grassland has been one of hotspots to study the relationship between climate change and alpine grassland. Most of these studies focused on gas flux of one type grassland and differences in gas flux among different alpine meadows receives little attention. A experiment was conducted in three types of grassland, ie. alpine meadow, artificial pasture and shrub meadow to investigate the Greenhouse gas fluxes in three types of grassland by using static chambers and gas chromatography. This study indicated that three types of alpine grassland were the sink of atmospheric CH4, and were the source of atmospheric CO2 and N2O. CH4 flux rates were -21.4, -28.1 and -41.1 μg·m-2·h-1 for FC, FCP and GG. CO2 flux rates were 360.6, 447.9 and 475.1 mg·m-2·h-1 for FC, FCP and GG. N2O flux rates were 34.2, 51.6 and 50.6 μg·m-2·h-1 for FC, FCP and GG. CH4, CO2 and N2O flux in growing season accounted for 42.4%～45.6%, 64.1%～67.8% and 37.9%～66.7% of the whole year, respectively. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth negatively correlated with CH4 flux rate (P0.01) and positively correlated with CO2 and N2O flux rate (P0.01). Soil moisture positively correlated with CO2 and CH4 flux rate, negatively correlated with N2O flux rate. Q10 revealed that CO2 flux rate was more sensitive to increase in temperature than CH4 and N2O flux rate. The three grasslands for controlling greenhouse effect were in the following order: GGFCPFC. The CO2 flux rate was much higher than CH4 and N2O flux rate, then contributing an important role to greenhouse effect of grassland.
2016, 10(1): 38-45.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0142
Abstract:
The nitrogen and phosphate is widely fertilized to meadow, but few silicon is involved. Silicon, a beneficial element, has been proved to encourage plant to grow well by enhancing the resistance to various environmental stresses. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of nitrogen and silicon addition on above-ground biomass and biodiversity of alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. This study indicated that nitrogen fertilizer and silicon fertilizer improved the above-ground biomass of plant community. However, the increase from silicon fertilizer for above-ground plant biomass was far lower than that from nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer led to declines in species diversity, while silicon fertilizer alleviated the decreasing trend of species diversity. The biological function of silicon fertilizer had an optimal concentration effect at the plant community level. Meanwhile, we hypothesized that silicon fertilizer plays a positive role in maintaining the survival rate of weeds, and the results of this study supported this speculation, in which the proportion of the weed biomass to plant community biomass varied with different silicon fertilizer levels.
The nitrogen and phosphate is widely fertilized to meadow, but few silicon is involved. Silicon, a beneficial element, has been proved to encourage plant to grow well by enhancing the resistance to various environmental stresses. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of nitrogen and silicon addition on above-ground biomass and biodiversity of alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. This study indicated that nitrogen fertilizer and silicon fertilizer improved the above-ground biomass of plant community. However, the increase from silicon fertilizer for above-ground plant biomass was far lower than that from nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer led to declines in species diversity, while silicon fertilizer alleviated the decreasing trend of species diversity. The biological function of silicon fertilizer had an optimal concentration effect at the plant community level. Meanwhile, we hypothesized that silicon fertilizer plays a positive role in maintaining the survival rate of weeds, and the results of this study supported this speculation, in which the proportion of the weed biomass to plant community biomass varied with different silicon fertilizer levels.
2016, 10(1): 46-53.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0146
Abstract:
The 7 grass seed samples imported from 5 countries were analyzed for seed-borne fungi by Petri-dish testing. The samples included perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) in 2014. The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) segment was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 as primers, then purified and sequenced. The ITS sequences obtained were blasted with known ITS sequences in database. The results showed that 48 fungal strains belonged to 21 species of 13 genera were isolated, and the seed-borne fungal species of seed samples were significantly different from each other. The fungal species were mainly Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp., Phoma spp., and Alternaria spp.. According to the ITS phylogenetic tree, all fungi could be identified to genus, which were hard to species. Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata, and A. arborescens couldn’t be separated. The study analyzed seed-borne fungi of imported grass seeds from 5 countries, and the ITS sequences were applied for seed-borne fungi of imported grass seeds preliminary detection and identification.
The 7 grass seed samples imported from 5 countries were analyzed for seed-borne fungi by Petri-dish testing. The samples included perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) in 2014. The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) segment was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 as primers, then purified and sequenced. The ITS sequences obtained were blasted with known ITS sequences in database. The results showed that 48 fungal strains belonged to 21 species of 13 genera were isolated, and the seed-borne fungal species of seed samples were significantly different from each other. The fungal species were mainly Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp., Phoma spp., and Alternaria spp.. According to the ITS phylogenetic tree, all fungi could be identified to genus, which were hard to species. Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata, and A. arborescens couldn’t be separated. The study analyzed seed-borne fungi of imported grass seeds from 5 countries, and the ITS sequences were applied for seed-borne fungi of imported grass seeds preliminary detection and identification.
2016, 10(1): 54-60.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0267
Abstract:
In order to study the physiological effects of cadmium (Cd) on Viola prionantha, the responses of growth and enrichment characteristics of V. prionantha to the Cd were evaluated. The results showed that the growth of plants was promoted under the low Cd concentration (≤10 mg·kg-1), and the biomass of root and shoot of the plants exposed to Cd significantly increased (P＜0.05) when compared to the controls which reached the peaks when the Cd concentration was 5 mg·kg-1. With the increase of Cd concentration, the chlorophyll content decreased, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT all increased firstly and then decreased, whereas, the MDA content decreased firstly and then increased. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT were higher than those of the control, while the contents of MDA and the chlorophyll did not change in the leaves compared to those in the control at concentration of 10 mg·kg-1 Cd treatments. On the other hand, the bioaccumulation and translocation of V. prionantha to Cd were more than 1.0, which confirmed the standard of Cd hyperaccumulator. Therefore V. prionantha can be classified into the Cd hyperaccumulator plants. The above results suggested that V. prionantha can be applied to purify contaminated environment which not only remedied contaminated environments but also bring landscape effects.
In order to study the physiological effects of cadmium (Cd) on Viola prionantha, the responses of growth and enrichment characteristics of V. prionantha to the Cd were evaluated. The results showed that the growth of plants was promoted under the low Cd concentration (≤10 mg·kg-1), and the biomass of root and shoot of the plants exposed to Cd significantly increased (P＜0.05) when compared to the controls which reached the peaks when the Cd concentration was 5 mg·kg-1. With the increase of Cd concentration, the chlorophyll content decreased, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT all increased firstly and then decreased, whereas, the MDA content decreased firstly and then increased. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT were higher than those of the control, while the contents of MDA and the chlorophyll did not change in the leaves compared to those in the control at concentration of 10 mg·kg-1 Cd treatments. On the other hand, the bioaccumulation and translocation of V. prionantha to Cd were more than 1.0, which confirmed the standard of Cd hyperaccumulator. Therefore V. prionantha can be classified into the Cd hyperaccumulator plants. The above results suggested that V. prionantha can be applied to purify contaminated environment which not only remedied contaminated environments but also bring landscape effects.
2016, 10(1): 61-66.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0176
Abstract:
Effects of different concentrations (50, 100 mg·L-1) of three auxins: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and nappthylacetic acid (NAA) on rooting position, root number and root length of plant were studied on Lonicera korolkowi ‘Zabclii’ with different time treatment (30, 60 min). The results showed that all three auxins promoted cutting rooting. IAA increased rooting rate and root number but inhibited root length in L. korolkowi ‘Zabclii’. The effect of NAA on the promotion of rooting was not significant in L. korolkowi ‘Zabclii’, which only increased the root number (P0.05). Compared with control treatments, 50 mg·L-1 IBA treatments exhibited the best effect on rooting in three auxins, which increased rooting rate and root number with treatments of 60 min. In addition, three auxins affected rooting position of L. korolkowi ‘Zabclii’, which increased the root number in cortex and inhibited the root number in callus. IBA affected the root position significantly (P0.05). 100 mg·L-1 IBA increased the root number of cortex but decreased the root number of callus with treatments of 30 min. Among the effects of three auxins, IBA had the best effect on rooting than IAA and NAA.
Effects of different concentrations (50, 100 mg·L-1) of three auxins: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and nappthylacetic acid (NAA) on rooting position, root number and root length of plant were studied on Lonicera korolkowi ‘Zabclii’ with different time treatment (30, 60 min). The results showed that all three auxins promoted cutting rooting. IAA increased rooting rate and root number but inhibited root length in L. korolkowi ‘Zabclii’. The effect of NAA on the promotion of rooting was not significant in L. korolkowi ‘Zabclii’, which only increased the root number (P0.05). Compared with control treatments, 50 mg·L-1 IBA treatments exhibited the best effect on rooting in three auxins, which increased rooting rate and root number with treatments of 60 min. In addition, three auxins affected rooting position of L. korolkowi ‘Zabclii’, which increased the root number in cortex and inhibited the root number in callus. IBA affected the root position significantly (P0.05). 100 mg·L-1 IBA increased the root number of cortex but decreased the root number of callus with treatments of 30 min. Among the effects of three auxins, IBA had the best effect on rooting than IAA and NAA.
2016, 10(1): 67-74.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0038
Abstract:
Lentil is one of the widely planted crops in the center areas of Gansu Province as economic, rotation and soil-fertilized plant. However, death of lentil is very serious in Huining County in recent years. The field investigation, isolation and identification of causal agent were conducted to determine the reasons of plant death. In 2012, incidence of lentil root rot was 58.4%, and mortality was 43.2%. Fungi isolated from the roots of diseased plants were morphologically identified as Fusarium oxysporum, F. acuminatum and F. equiseti, which were consistent with the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequence. Isolation frequency of these fungi was 55%, 18% and 9%, respectively. In the inoculation experiment, the root length and root dry weight of host inoculated with all 3 fungi significantly (P0.05) decreased in which the host with F. oxysporum decreased most and the host with F. equiseti decreased more. The fresh weight and plant height of host inoculated with F. oxysporum and F. equiseti also decreased. However, the emergence and survival rates of host inoculated with all 3 fungi were not affect (P0.05). The soils were collected from lentils fields in Huining as plants growth medium. Compared with plants grown in autoclaved soil, root length and root dry weight of plant grown in no-autoclaved soil significantly (P0.05) decreased. In conclusion, 3 Fusarium species were weak pathogenic to lentils. Drought possible was the main reason for these Fusarium species causing serious death on lentils.
Lentil is one of the widely planted crops in the center areas of Gansu Province as economic, rotation and soil-fertilized plant. However, death of lentil is very serious in Huining County in recent years. The field investigation, isolation and identification of causal agent were conducted to determine the reasons of plant death. In 2012, incidence of lentil root rot was 58.4%, and mortality was 43.2%. Fungi isolated from the roots of diseased plants were morphologically identified as Fusarium oxysporum, F. acuminatum and F. equiseti, which were consistent with the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequence. Isolation frequency of these fungi was 55%, 18% and 9%, respectively. In the inoculation experiment, the root length and root dry weight of host inoculated with all 3 fungi significantly (P0.05) decreased in which the host with F. oxysporum decreased most and the host with F. equiseti decreased more. The fresh weight and plant height of host inoculated with F. oxysporum and F. equiseti also decreased. However, the emergence and survival rates of host inoculated with all 3 fungi were not affect (P0.05). The soils were collected from lentils fields in Huining as plants growth medium. Compared with plants grown in autoclaved soil, root length and root dry weight of plant grown in no-autoclaved soil significantly (P0.05) decreased. In conclusion, 3 Fusarium species were weak pathogenic to lentils. Drought possible was the main reason for these Fusarium species causing serious death on lentils.
2016, 10(1): 75-85.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0266
Abstract:
In order to understand the mechanism of alfalfa creeping-rooted characteristics at the molecular level, the transcriptome library of non creeping-rooted parts and the creeping-rooted parts of alfalfa variety “BL-101” with creeping-rooted characteristics were constructed and the differentially expressed genes and their functions were analyzed. The results showed that there were totally 15 978 differentially expressed genes, including five down regulated genes involved in the biological rooting processes. For these 5 genes, 2 genes belonged to Lon protease family which associated with the regulation of plant hormone ABA and the other 3 genes belong to plant actin protease family, thioredoxin and lipoxygenase, respectively. These results could provid the theory basis to understand the molecular mechanism of creeping-rooted characteristics.
In order to understand the mechanism of alfalfa creeping-rooted characteristics at the molecular level, the transcriptome library of non creeping-rooted parts and the creeping-rooted parts of alfalfa variety “BL-101” with creeping-rooted characteristics were constructed and the differentially expressed genes and their functions were analyzed. The results showed that there were totally 15 978 differentially expressed genes, including five down regulated genes involved in the biological rooting processes. For these 5 genes, 2 genes belonged to Lon protease family which associated with the regulation of plant hormone ABA and the other 3 genes belong to plant actin protease family, thioredoxin and lipoxygenase, respectively. These results could provid the theory basis to understand the molecular mechanism of creeping-rooted characteristics.
2016, 10(1): 86-92.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0166
Abstract:
The effects of NaCl treatment on calli generated from Kentucky bluegrass cultivars Midnight Ⅱ were investigated by measuring calli growth, relative membrane permeability, contents of proline, MDA, and protein and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that the calli growth of Midnight Ⅱ was stimulated under low concentration of NaCl whereas it was inhibited under high concentration of NaCl and the browning was observed if NaCl concentration was higher than 1.5%. With the increase of NaCl concentration, MDA and protein content increased firstly and then decreased. However, relative membrane permeability and proline content always increased. The activities of POD, SOD and CAT also increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration which reached the peaks with the concentrations of 1.5% NaCl. The present study provided useful knowledge for screening salt resistant mutants of kentucky bluegrass.
The effects of NaCl treatment on calli generated from Kentucky bluegrass cultivars Midnight Ⅱ were investigated by measuring calli growth, relative membrane permeability, contents of proline, MDA, and protein and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that the calli growth of Midnight Ⅱ was stimulated under low concentration of NaCl whereas it was inhibited under high concentration of NaCl and the browning was observed if NaCl concentration was higher than 1.5%. With the increase of NaCl concentration, MDA and protein content increased firstly and then decreased. However, relative membrane permeability and proline content always increased. The activities of POD, SOD and CAT also increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration which reached the peaks with the concentrations of 1.5% NaCl. The present study provided useful knowledge for screening salt resistant mutants of kentucky bluegrass.
2016, 10(1): 93-100.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0377
Abstract:
Based on the experimental data of planting alfalfa at the grass field of Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2014, the models of the physiological development period and growing degree days were established and validated by the observational data from local meteorological stations. The results showed that the limit temperature from reviving period to branching period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 5 ℃,from branching to budding period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 16 ℃, from buding to flowering period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 18 ℃, from flowering to poding period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 23 ℃. The parameter of growing degree days in different development stages was quantified and different development stages were predicted systematically by lower limit temperature of alfalfa. The GDD of alfalfa from reviving period to branching period was 38.18 ℃·d, from branching to budding was 90.16 ℃· d, from budding to efflorescence was 76.6 ℃·d, from efflorescence to poding was 23.96 ℃·d. The root mean square errors(RMSE) of 5 different alfalfa varieties were 1.1～2.72 d. The relative estimation error (RE) of 5 different alfalfa varieties were 9.48%～17.87%. These results suggested that GDD might be suitable to predict alfalfa development stages.
Based on the experimental data of planting alfalfa at the grass field of Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2014, the models of the physiological development period and growing degree days were established and validated by the observational data from local meteorological stations. The results showed that the limit temperature from reviving period to branching period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 5 ℃,from branching to budding period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 16 ℃, from buding to flowering period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 18 ℃, from flowering to poding period of 5 alfalfa cultivars was 23 ℃. The parameter of growing degree days in different development stages was quantified and different development stages were predicted systematically by lower limit temperature of alfalfa. The GDD of alfalfa from reviving period to branching period was 38.18 ℃·d, from branching to budding was 90.16 ℃· d, from budding to efflorescence was 76.6 ℃·d, from efflorescence to poding was 23.96 ℃·d. The root mean square errors(RMSE) of 5 different alfalfa varieties were 1.1～2.72 d. The relative estimation error (RE) of 5 different alfalfa varieties were 9.48%～17.87%. These results suggested that GDD might be suitable to predict alfalfa development stages.
2016, 10(1): 101-109.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0134
Abstract:
Pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of the separate fertilizer application of Sodium humate (NaHA) and the fertilizer combination of Sodium Humate (NaHA) and Phosphorus (P) on the growth characteristics and the biomass of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The results showed that separate application of NaHA and NaHA-P combinationcanimprovealflafaproduction to some extent, while NaHA-P combination could significantly promote it. Whenfertilizer combination of NaHA-P wasappliedand Pmaitain acertain level, the growth rate, plant height, internode number, internode length and biomass of alfalfa increased at first and then decreased as the increase of NaHA dosage. When P increased from P1 (642 kg·ha-1) to P2 (1 286 kg·ha-1), application of NaHA-P1 significantly promotealfalfa production indexescompared with NaHA-P2. The results of Grey Relational Analysis on all tested traits of different nitrogen treatments indicated that NaHA5-P1 canachievehighest total biomass, and had the best comprehensive performance. Therefore, NaHA5-P1(2 118 kg·ha-1NaHA and 642 kg·ha-1 P)was the optimalfertilizercombination.
Pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of the separate fertilizer application of Sodium humate (NaHA) and the fertilizer combination of Sodium Humate (NaHA) and Phosphorus (P) on the growth characteristics and the biomass of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The results showed that separate application of NaHA and NaHA-P combinationcanimprovealflafaproduction to some extent, while NaHA-P combination could significantly promote it. Whenfertilizer combination of NaHA-P wasappliedand Pmaitain acertain level, the growth rate, plant height, internode number, internode length and biomass of alfalfa increased at first and then decreased as the increase of NaHA dosage. When P increased from P1 (642 kg·ha-1) to P2 (1 286 kg·ha-1), application of NaHA-P1 significantly promotealfalfa production indexescompared with NaHA-P2. The results of Grey Relational Analysis on all tested traits of different nitrogen treatments indicated that NaHA5-P1 canachievehighest total biomass, and had the best comprehensive performance. Therefore, NaHA5-P1(2 118 kg·ha-1NaHA and 642 kg·ha-1 P)was the optimalfertilizercombination.
2016, 10(1): 110-115.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0401
Abstract:
The study evaluated the effects of nitrogen application level and harvest time on the productivity and energy characteristics of switchgrass in saline-alkali soil of Yellow River Delta in China. The results demonstrated that nitrogen could significantly increase the biomass of switchgrass. The highest yield of switchgrass was obtained at the fertilization of 200 kg N·ha-1(P0.01). The biomass, ash, nitrogen and lignocellulose contents of switchgrass showed a significant response to the harvest time(P0.05); As the harvest time delayed, the content of lignocelluloses increased, and it reached the highest in winter and the optimal nirtrogen level was 100 kg N·ha-1. However, the ash content and nitrogen content showed a downward trend by delaying the harvest time. Therefore, our study suggested the high quality switchgrass will be obtained when harvest in winter and with the fertilizer application of 100~150 kg N·ha-1 in the Yellow River Delta .
The study evaluated the effects of nitrogen application level and harvest time on the productivity and energy characteristics of switchgrass in saline-alkali soil of Yellow River Delta in China. The results demonstrated that nitrogen could significantly increase the biomass of switchgrass. The highest yield of switchgrass was obtained at the fertilization of 200 kg N·ha-1(P0.01). The biomass, ash, nitrogen and lignocellulose contents of switchgrass showed a significant response to the harvest time(P0.05); As the harvest time delayed, the content of lignocelluloses increased, and it reached the highest in winter and the optimal nirtrogen level was 100 kg N·ha-1. However, the ash content and nitrogen content showed a downward trend by delaying the harvest time. Therefore, our study suggested the high quality switchgrass will be obtained when harvest in winter and with the fertilizer application of 100~150 kg N·ha-1 in the Yellow River Delta .
2016, 10(1): 116-128.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0264
Abstract:
The seven indexes including herbage yield, dissimilarity of grass and legume relative density, relative yield total (RYT), dissimilarity of grass and legume relative yield, crude protein yield, ether extract yield and neutral detergent fiber yield were selected to study the changes of the comprehensive production performance under different legume-grass mixtures in 2012―2013. The mixture patterns included two legume-grass combinations: 5, 2 species mixture at three sowing ratios of legume︰grass (6︰4, 5︰5, 4︰6), mixed cropping and intercropping respectively. The species for mixture include Onobrychis viciaefolia, Trifolium pratense, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus inermis and Phleum pratense. The results showed that the forage yield, CP yield, EE yield, NDF yield and RYT values of legume-grass mixture (1∶1)were higher than mixed cropping in mixed 2 species-1 and mixed 2 species-1. The forage yield of mixed cropping were lower than intercropping in all species mixtures. The RYT values of all mixtures were higher than 1. The dissimilarity of grass and legume relative density, grass and legume relative yield for 2 rows legume︰2 rows grass and 3 rows legume︰3 rows grass were higher than 1 legume︰1 grass and mixed cropping. Therefore, from mixed cropping to intercropping like 1 legume︰1 grass, 2 rows legume︰2 rows grass and 3 rows legume︰3 rows grass, the forage yield and quality, the interspecific compatibility and the mixed community stability could improve. The comprehensive production performance of intercropping could further increase.
The seven indexes including herbage yield, dissimilarity of grass and legume relative density, relative yield total (RYT), dissimilarity of grass and legume relative yield, crude protein yield, ether extract yield and neutral detergent fiber yield were selected to study the changes of the comprehensive production performance under different legume-grass mixtures in 2012―2013. The mixture patterns included two legume-grass combinations: 5, 2 species mixture at three sowing ratios of legume︰grass (6︰4, 5︰5, 4︰6), mixed cropping and intercropping respectively. The species for mixture include Onobrychis viciaefolia, Trifolium pratense, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus inermis and Phleum pratense. The results showed that the forage yield, CP yield, EE yield, NDF yield and RYT values of legume-grass mixture (1∶1)were higher than mixed cropping in mixed 2 species-1 and mixed 2 species-1. The forage yield of mixed cropping were lower than intercropping in all species mixtures. The RYT values of all mixtures were higher than 1. The dissimilarity of grass and legume relative density, grass and legume relative yield for 2 rows legume︰2 rows grass and 3 rows legume︰3 rows grass were higher than 1 legume︰1 grass and mixed cropping. Therefore, from mixed cropping to intercropping like 1 legume︰1 grass, 2 rows legume︰2 rows grass and 3 rows legume︰3 rows grass, the forage yield and quality, the interspecific compatibility and the mixed community stability could improve. The comprehensive production performance of intercropping could further increase.
2016, 10(1): 129-135.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0175
Abstract:
In order to screen suitable oat germplasm for planting in Huangcheng Town of Sunan County, the adaptability of 14 oat (Avena sativa) germplasm were studied by testing the height, yield, nutrition component, seed yields, 1 000-grain weight, and germination rate. The results showed that the height of Qingyongjiu No.479 was the highest(151.3 cm), while Qingyongjiu No.474 was the lowest (128.4 cm). The tillers of Qingyongjiu No.12 was 2.0, which was higher than other oats germplasm. The leaf-stem ratio ranged from 1.79 to 2.46. The hay yield of Longyan No.2 was the highest(11.11 t·ha-1), while Bayan No.3 was the lowest(7.71 t·ha-1). The crude protein content of Qingyongjiu No.416 was 8.2%, which was higher than other oats; while Qingyongjiu No.195 was the lowest(6.3%). The acid detergent fiber content of Qingyongjiu No.97 was 47.4%, which was higher than other oats; while Jiayan No.2 was the lowest (37.4%). The neutral detergent fiber content of Longyan No.2 was 66.7%, which was higher than other oats; while Qingyongjiu No.233 was the lowest (59.5%). Among all oat germplasm tested, only five oats:Bayan No.3, Qinghai No.444, Qingyongjiu No.93, Qingyongjiu No.474 and Gannan could finish whole growth period local area, the 1 000-grain weight, germination rate and seed yield of Gannan was higher than other four oats. Comprehensive analysis showed that Qingyongjiu No. 479, Qingyongjiu No. 167 and Qingyongjiu No.233 were suitable for agriculture production in Huangcheng Town of Sunan County.
In order to screen suitable oat germplasm for planting in Huangcheng Town of Sunan County, the adaptability of 14 oat (Avena sativa) germplasm were studied by testing the height, yield, nutrition component, seed yields, 1 000-grain weight, and germination rate. The results showed that the height of Qingyongjiu No.479 was the highest(151.3 cm), while Qingyongjiu No.474 was the lowest (128.4 cm). The tillers of Qingyongjiu No.12 was 2.0, which was higher than other oats germplasm. The leaf-stem ratio ranged from 1.79 to 2.46. The hay yield of Longyan No.2 was the highest(11.11 t·ha-1), while Bayan No.3 was the lowest(7.71 t·ha-1). The crude protein content of Qingyongjiu No.416 was 8.2%, which was higher than other oats; while Qingyongjiu No.195 was the lowest(6.3%). The acid detergent fiber content of Qingyongjiu No.97 was 47.4%, which was higher than other oats; while Jiayan No.2 was the lowest (37.4%). The neutral detergent fiber content of Longyan No.2 was 66.7%, which was higher than other oats; while Qingyongjiu No.233 was the lowest (59.5%). Among all oat germplasm tested, only five oats:Bayan No.3, Qinghai No.444, Qingyongjiu No.93, Qingyongjiu No.474 and Gannan could finish whole growth period local area, the 1 000-grain weight, germination rate and seed yield of Gannan was higher than other four oats. Comprehensive analysis showed that Qingyongjiu No. 479, Qingyongjiu No. 167 and Qingyongjiu No.233 were suitable for agriculture production in Huangcheng Town of Sunan County.
2016, 10(1): 136-143.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0148
Abstract:
A large number of proteins containing heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be synthesized in the process of maturation, storage and germination in plant seed. The correlation between HSPs and maturation or thermo tolerance of seed is revealed by studying the structure and function of HSPs so as to interpret the role of HSPs in seed. Seed vigour could be improved and the germplasm resources could be protected by cultivating plant seed with heat-resistance. The purpose of promoting agricultural economic development will be achieved by means of realizing the high and stable yield in seed production. This paper summarizes the synthesis, classification, characteristics and function of HSPs. Furthermore, the roles of HSPs during the plant maturity, storage or germination are described in detail, and some researches of proteomics on HSPs are summarized. The applied progress utilized the proteomics to analysis the synthesis type and numbers of HSPs is provided during forage seed deterioration.
A large number of proteins containing heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be synthesized in the process of maturation, storage and germination in plant seed. The correlation between HSPs and maturation or thermo tolerance of seed is revealed by studying the structure and function of HSPs so as to interpret the role of HSPs in seed. Seed vigour could be improved and the germplasm resources could be protected by cultivating plant seed with heat-resistance. The purpose of promoting agricultural economic development will be achieved by means of realizing the high and stable yield in seed production. This paper summarizes the synthesis, classification, characteristics and function of HSPs. Furthermore, the roles of HSPs during the plant maturity, storage or germination are described in detail, and some researches of proteomics on HSPs are summarized. The applied progress utilized the proteomics to analysis the synthesis type and numbers of HSPs is provided during forage seed deterioration.
2016, 10(1): 144-152.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0283
Abstract:
In order to investigate the biochemical mechanisms of alfalfa responses to pest aphid, the defensive enzyme activities and nutrients and their dynamic changes were studied in alfalfa varieties with different aphid resistance which were damaged by Acyrthosiphon pisum. The results showed that the activities of L-phenylalanin ammo-nialyase(PAL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and soluble sugar significantly increased (P0.01) within seven days of A. pisum damaged, whereas, the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT) significantly declined (P0.01) in aphid resistance alfalfa varieties (Santory, MF4020, Queen, Crown, SR4030) compared with low resistance alfalfa varieties (Surprising, WL343HQ, Derby), middle resistance alfalfa varieties (Platon, Gannong No.4, Pioneer, Zhongmu No.3) are somewhere in between. The soluble protein content changed without regular pattern.
In order to investigate the biochemical mechanisms of alfalfa responses to pest aphid, the defensive enzyme activities and nutrients and their dynamic changes were studied in alfalfa varieties with different aphid resistance which were damaged by Acyrthosiphon pisum. The results showed that the activities of L-phenylalanin ammo-nialyase(PAL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and soluble sugar significantly increased (P0.01) within seven days of A. pisum damaged, whereas, the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT) significantly declined (P0.01) in aphid resistance alfalfa varieties (Santory, MF4020, Queen, Crown, SR4030) compared with low resistance alfalfa varieties (Surprising, WL343HQ, Derby), middle resistance alfalfa varieties (Platon, Gannong No.4, Pioneer, Zhongmu No.3) are somewhere in between. The soluble protein content changed without regular pattern.
2016, 10(1): 153-163.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0110
Abstract:
Nomadic cattle camp is the common rest area by livestock and people. Taking the Tizinafu River watershed as study area, the nomadic cattle camp area was extracted by interpreting Landsat8 OLI images, in order to explore the merits of the mountain pasture and the living conditions of herders. The results showed that: 1)708 cattle camps were maily located in ridge of high altitude, where the slope is gentle, and aspect mainly south and westward, and the grassland are Sympegma regelii desert and alpine Seriphidium rhodanthum stepp desert. The average area of cattle camps is 9 543 m2. The main livestock is Yecheng sheep; 2)The wintercattle camp is located in the area where the snow period is short. The snow melt water is hard to reserve, and the distance and height difference to water source are long and big. 3)The living conditions of winter cattle camp is tough, the temperature is low, fuel is shortage, and far away from residential areas, the transportation is rugged and difficult, and most area is no communication signal covered.
Nomadic cattle camp is the common rest area by livestock and people. Taking the Tizinafu River watershed as study area, the nomadic cattle camp area was extracted by interpreting Landsat8 OLI images, in order to explore the merits of the mountain pasture and the living conditions of herders. The results showed that: 1)708 cattle camps were maily located in ridge of high altitude, where the slope is gentle, and aspect mainly south and westward, and the grassland are Sympegma regelii desert and alpine Seriphidium rhodanthum stepp desert. The average area of cattle camps is 9 543 m2. The main livestock is Yecheng sheep; 2)The wintercattle camp is located in the area where the snow period is short. The snow melt water is hard to reserve, and the distance and height difference to water source are long and big. 3)The living conditions of winter cattle camp is tough, the temperature is low, fuel is shortage, and far away from residential areas, the transportation is rugged and difficult, and most area is no communication signal covered.
2016, 10(1): 164-170.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0174
Abstract:
It has been reported that people was worried about the worse problems on food safety during the past several years. In developed country, tracing technology has been used in food and livestock product industry, especially the electronic information coding and stable isotope techniques. However, it has not been paid attention in the Chinese grassland farming systems. Based on above mentioned, on one hand, authors designed an electronic information coding technology that included the geo-coding, producing code, proceeding code and sale code of feed and animal product, and also the rules for managing those codes. On the other hand, a stable isotope technique was established, which needed to determine the tagged isotope element (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N, δ16O, δ32S, δ86Sr) from the forage, drinking water to organization, and then form isotope database according to those data, and the correlation between the isotopes of grasses and animal products was also analyzed by the technique of molecular biology and mathematical statistics technology to distinguish the influence factors of grasses and animal products safety. Above two tracking system based on principle of food traceability management covered the whole process of the entire production and supply of grass and animal product, which will provide a reference model for grasses and animal products safety management.
It has been reported that people was worried about the worse problems on food safety during the past several years. In developed country, tracing technology has been used in food and livestock product industry, especially the electronic information coding and stable isotope techniques. However, it has not been paid attention in the Chinese grassland farming systems. Based on above mentioned, on one hand, authors designed an electronic information coding technology that included the geo-coding, producing code, proceeding code and sale code of feed and animal product, and also the rules for managing those codes. On the other hand, a stable isotope technique was established, which needed to determine the tagged isotope element (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N, δ16O, δ32S, δ86Sr) from the forage, drinking water to organization, and then form isotope database according to those data, and the correlation between the isotopes of grasses and animal products was also analyzed by the technique of molecular biology and mathematical statistics technology to distinguish the influence factors of grasses and animal products safety. Above two tracking system based on principle of food traceability management covered the whole process of the entire production and supply of grass and animal product, which will provide a reference model for grasses and animal products safety management.
2016, 10(1): 1-10.
doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0275
Abstract:
Human disturbance and management approaches contribute significantly to ecological restoration of Karst region. This study is to determine the effects of different planting years of Guimu-1 (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Guimu-1) on aboveground biomass, soil nutrients, and soil microbial biomass carbon by comparing the three pastures sites and corn field (Zea mays, CK) in the Karst region. The results of this study showed that the aboveground biomass of Guimu-1 were significantly different among planting years (P0.05) and was in order as 7-y G 1-y G 5-y G. The soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil profiles (0-50 cm) decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of the planting years, indicating that they were the lowest in the 5-y G pasture; The soil organic carbon content in each soil layer (0-50 cm) were the highest in the 7-y G pasture, and it was the lowest in the 5-y G pasture. The soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in top soil (0-10 cm) were in the order of 1-y G 5-y G 7-y G, and the MBC in 7-y G pasture increased the 32.37% and 19.18% when compared to 1-y G and 5-y G pasture, respectively. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium at different soil depths and MBC in the top soil were higher in Guimu-1 pastures than those in the corn field with the corresponding soil layers, and soil available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available showed an opposite trend. This study implied that the Guimu-1 pasture enhanced the soil fertility significantly, and the soil carbon sequestration potential was the best in the 7-y G pasture. The implementation of planting grass for raising livestock possibly can be used as an effective restoration and rehabilitation approach in the Karst region.
Human disturbance and management approaches contribute significantly to ecological restoration of Karst region. This study is to determine the effects of different planting years of Guimu-1 (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Guimu-1) on aboveground biomass, soil nutrients, and soil microbial biomass carbon by comparing the three pastures sites and corn field (Zea mays, CK) in the Karst region. The results of this study showed that the aboveground biomass of Guimu-1 were significantly different among planting years (P0.05) and was in order as 7-y G 1-y G 5-y G. The soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil profiles (0-50 cm) decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of the planting years, indicating that they were the lowest in the 5-y G pasture; The soil organic carbon content in each soil layer (0-50 cm) were the highest in the 7-y G pasture, and it was the lowest in the 5-y G pasture. The soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in top soil (0-10 cm) were in the order of 1-y G 5-y G 7-y G, and the MBC in 7-y G pasture increased the 32.37% and 19.18% when compared to 1-y G and 5-y G pasture, respectively. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium at different soil depths and MBC in the top soil were higher in Guimu-1 pastures than those in the corn field with the corresponding soil layers, and soil available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available showed an opposite trend. This study implied that the Guimu-1 pasture enhanced the soil fertility significantly, and the soil carbon sequestration potential was the best in the 7-y G pasture. The implementation of planting grass for raising livestock possibly can be used as an effective restoration and rehabilitation approach in the Karst region.
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