2011 Vol.28(12)
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2011, 5(12): 2069-2073.
Abstract:
Soil organic matter is not only an important part of the soil, but also is one of the core indices of soil fertility. The proper bands of the TM image correlating with the content of surface soil organic matter were selected by analyzing the quantitative relationship between field data and the digital number (DN) values of the bands of TM image, and then a remote sensing retrieval model was established to simulate the surface soil organic matter in the Maduo County. The results of this study showed that surface soil organic matter had a significant negative correlation with the DN values of TM3 and TM4 (r=-0.670 and -0.675), and an inverse cubic order polynomial regression with the DN values of TM3 and TM5 (R2=0.813, P0.001). Remote sensing retrieval model could make a reliable prediction of the spatial distribution pattern of surface soil organic matter in the Maduo County. Across the Maduo County, the surface soil organic matter content was low, in which the north was significant lower than that the southern. During the past 15 years, the surface soil organic matter content increased in the most part of Maduo County. But the surface soil organic matter degradation was severe especially in the areas along traffic artery and close to settlement with frequent human activities.
Soil organic matter is not only an important part of the soil, but also is one of the core indices of soil fertility. The proper bands of the TM image correlating with the content of surface soil organic matter were selected by analyzing the quantitative relationship between field data and the digital number (DN) values of the bands of TM image, and then a remote sensing retrieval model was established to simulate the surface soil organic matter in the Maduo County. The results of this study showed that surface soil organic matter had a significant negative correlation with the DN values of TM3 and TM4 (r=-0.670 and -0.675), and an inverse cubic order polynomial regression with the DN values of TM3 and TM5 (R2=0.813, P0.001). Remote sensing retrieval model could make a reliable prediction of the spatial distribution pattern of surface soil organic matter in the Maduo County. Across the Maduo County, the surface soil organic matter content was low, in which the north was significant lower than that the southern. During the past 15 years, the surface soil organic matter content increased in the most part of Maduo County. But the surface soil organic matter degradation was severe especially in the areas along traffic artery and close to settlement with frequent human activities.
2011, 5(12): 2074-2083.
Abstract:
Vegetation index as an important physical parameter indicating the plant growth was widely used in vegetation mapping and vegetation classification. In order to understand the distribution patterns of alpine vegetation in the Wenquan area of the QinghaiTibet Plateau, the field survey data from 283 samples and MODIS EVI and DEM was applied to determine EVI temporal characteristics and terrain characteristics of various vegetation types (including elevation, slope grade and slope direction), and these characteristics data were used to establish the relative knowledge database. The established database was used to map vegetation classification of the Wenquan area by using decision tree approach. This study showed that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient was 72% and 0.60, respectively, and this implied that the decision tree approach was effective to classify and identify the alpine grassland type by EVI data with similar phenological characteristics.
Vegetation index as an important physical parameter indicating the plant growth was widely used in vegetation mapping and vegetation classification. In order to understand the distribution patterns of alpine vegetation in the Wenquan area of the QinghaiTibet Plateau, the field survey data from 283 samples and MODIS EVI and DEM was applied to determine EVI temporal characteristics and terrain characteristics of various vegetation types (including elevation, slope grade and slope direction), and these characteristics data were used to establish the relative knowledge database. The established database was used to map vegetation classification of the Wenquan area by using decision tree approach. This study showed that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient was 72% and 0.60, respectively, and this implied that the decision tree approach was effective to classify and identify the alpine grassland type by EVI data with similar phenological characteristics.
2011, 5(12): 2084-2091.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to determine the soil microbial community structure and the relationship between soil microbial community and soil environment factors of Carthamus tinctorius field. The results of this study showed that the total number of microorganism showed as elongation stageseed maturity stagerosette stageflorescence stage. The fungi and actinomycete number increased from rosette stage to elongation stage, and the bacteria and fungi number significantly decreased from elongation stage to florescence stage (P0.01), but increased from florescence stage to seed maturity stage. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with correlation analyses results showed that available phosphorus (AP) and electricity conductance (EC) together affected the growth of soil microbe community in the rosette stage, and available nitrogen (AN), AP, available potassium (AK) were the key factors impacting the number of soil microbes in elongation stage; the main factors affecting the growth of soil microbes were organic matter (OM), soil moisture (SM), and pH in the seed maturity stage. The Actinomycetes number was negatively related to OM and AP. This study suggested that the number of soil microbes varied with soil physicochemical property during the growth process of C. tinctorius.
An experiment was conducted to determine the soil microbial community structure and the relationship between soil microbial community and soil environment factors of Carthamus tinctorius field. The results of this study showed that the total number of microorganism showed as elongation stageseed maturity stagerosette stageflorescence stage. The fungi and actinomycete number increased from rosette stage to elongation stage, and the bacteria and fungi number significantly decreased from elongation stage to florescence stage (P0.01), but increased from florescence stage to seed maturity stage. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with correlation analyses results showed that available phosphorus (AP) and electricity conductance (EC) together affected the growth of soil microbe community in the rosette stage, and available nitrogen (AN), AP, available potassium (AK) were the key factors impacting the number of soil microbes in elongation stage; the main factors affecting the growth of soil microbes were organic matter (OM), soil moisture (SM), and pH in the seed maturity stage. The Actinomycetes number was negatively related to OM and AP. This study suggested that the number of soil microbes varied with soil physicochemical property during the growth process of C. tinctorius.
2011, 5(12): 2092-2095.
Abstract:
As an importantly medicinal and ornamental plant growing in autumn and winter, Lycoris radiata has a big market; however, its cultivation technology is backward. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different shading on leaf growth (leaf number, leaf length, leaf width) and flowering characters (floweringtime, flower counts, inflorescence floret number) of L. radiata. The results of this study showed that the increasing shading increased the leaf length and width, decreased the leaf number, postponed the first flower and full bloom, and shorted the flowering period of L. radiate. The maximum number of leaves was found in the control (no shading), and the largest leaf length and leaf width was found in the treatment with 90% shading. The biggest flower count, longest singleflowering time, flowering uniformity and average flower number per truss were observed in the treatment with 45% shading. This study suggested that the optimal shading was 45% for production of L. radiata.
As an importantly medicinal and ornamental plant growing in autumn and winter, Lycoris radiata has a big market; however, its cultivation technology is backward. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different shading on leaf growth (leaf number, leaf length, leaf width) and flowering characters (floweringtime, flower counts, inflorescence floret number) of L. radiata. The results of this study showed that the increasing shading increased the leaf length and width, decreased the leaf number, postponed the first flower and full bloom, and shorted the flowering period of L. radiate. The maximum number of leaves was found in the control (no shading), and the largest leaf length and leaf width was found in the treatment with 90% shading. The biggest flower count, longest singleflowering time, flowering uniformity and average flower number per truss were observed in the treatment with 45% shading. This study suggested that the optimal shading was 45% for production of L. radiata.
2011, 5(12): 2096-2101.
Abstract:
Polygonum viviparum is the dominant species of alpine meadow community. A experiment was conducted to estimate the capacity of P. viviparum endophytic bacteria Z17 to antagonistic towards pathogenic fungi by PDA plates and to determine the taxonomic status of Z17 by morphological and molecular biology methods.The results of this study showed that Z17 inhibited Bipolaria maydis, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum f. Niveum, Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sorokiniana, indicating that Z17 had a wide antibacterial spectrum. Z17 was rod shape with a size of （1.4-3.6） m （0.4-0.6） m, Grampositive, and produced spore in the center, and it was same morphological characteristics with Bacillus sp. Similarity between 16S rDNA gene sequence of Z17 and Bacillus mojavensis model strain BCRC 17531 reached 99.79%, and the genetic distance between Z17 and BCRC 17531 in the phylogenetic tree was less than 0.000 5. These results suggested that Z17 could be identified as Bacillus mojavensis and had the potential to be explored as Biopesticides.
Polygonum viviparum is the dominant species of alpine meadow community. A experiment was conducted to estimate the capacity of P. viviparum endophytic bacteria Z17 to antagonistic towards pathogenic fungi by PDA plates and to determine the taxonomic status of Z17 by morphological and molecular biology methods.The results of this study showed that Z17 inhibited Bipolaria maydis, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum f. Niveum, Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sorokiniana, indicating that Z17 had a wide antibacterial spectrum. Z17 was rod shape with a size of （1.4-3.6） m （0.4-0.6） m, Grampositive, and produced spore in the center, and it was same morphological characteristics with Bacillus sp. Similarity between 16S rDNA gene sequence of Z17 and Bacillus mojavensis model strain BCRC 17531 reached 99.79%, and the genetic distance between Z17 and BCRC 17531 in the phylogenetic tree was less than 0.000 5. These results suggested that Z17 could be identified as Bacillus mojavensis and had the potential to be explored as Biopesticides.
2011, 5(12): 2102-2106.
Abstract:
Salix oritrepha，Hippophae rhamnoides and Amorpha fruticosa growing in the desertification alpine grassland in the Maqu County were selected to exam the differences of soil microelement and pH value between rhizosphere and norhizosphere. The results of this study indicated that the soil pH values of rhizosphere were significantly lower than that of norhizosphere for three shrubs, and they showed a different degree of soil acidification. The total Fe and Cu contents of rhizosphere were significantly higher than that of norhizosphere for three shrubs, in which H. rhamnoides and A. fruticosa significantly enriched the Fe, and Amorpha enriched the Cu. Except for S. oritrepha, the total Mn content of rhizosphere in other two shrubs was lower than that of norhizosphere. The total Zn content of H. rhamnoides at rhizosphere was higher than that at norhizosphere, while other two species had a higher Zn content in norhizosphere than that in rhizospheres. The available Fe content of A. fruticosa at rhizosphere was higher than that at norhizosphere, however, other two species were lower. The enrichment trend of available Zn was H.rhamnoidesS.oritrephaA.fruticosa. These results suggested that there was a correlation relationship on soil nutrient conditions between rhizospheres and norhizospheres. In the rhizosphere, the total Cu content was positively related to the available Cu content and the total Fe content was positively related to the total Cu and the available Fe content. The available Fe content was positive related to the available Mn content. In the norhizosphere, the total Fe content was positive correlation with the total Cu content.
Salix oritrepha，Hippophae rhamnoides and Amorpha fruticosa growing in the desertification alpine grassland in the Maqu County were selected to exam the differences of soil microelement and pH value between rhizosphere and norhizosphere. The results of this study indicated that the soil pH values of rhizosphere were significantly lower than that of norhizosphere for three shrubs, and they showed a different degree of soil acidification. The total Fe and Cu contents of rhizosphere were significantly higher than that of norhizosphere for three shrubs, in which H. rhamnoides and A. fruticosa significantly enriched the Fe, and Amorpha enriched the Cu. Except for S. oritrepha, the total Mn content of rhizosphere in other two shrubs was lower than that of norhizosphere. The total Zn content of H. rhamnoides at rhizosphere was higher than that at norhizosphere, while other two species had a higher Zn content in norhizosphere than that in rhizospheres. The available Fe content of A. fruticosa at rhizosphere was higher than that at norhizosphere, however, other two species were lower. The enrichment trend of available Zn was H.rhamnoidesS.oritrephaA.fruticosa. These results suggested that there was a correlation relationship on soil nutrient conditions between rhizospheres and norhizospheres. In the rhizosphere, the total Cu content was positively related to the available Cu content and the total Fe content was positively related to the total Cu and the available Fe content. The available Fe content was positive related to the available Mn content. In the norhizosphere, the total Fe content was positive correlation with the total Cu content.
2011, 5(12): 2107-2111.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to test the Effects of Neotyphodium of Hordeum brevisubulatum on seeds and seedlings of Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Poa pratensis. The results from seed experiment showed that the extracts from H. brevisubulatum showed the inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth of all 3 grasses under filter paper germination conditions. The Neotyphodium endophyte significantly enhanced the inhibition of H. brevisubulatum on numbers of fibrous roots and seedling length of L.perenne, seedling length of P.pratensis (P0.05), respectively. However, it could remarkably reduced inhibition of H. brevisubulatum on seed germination of ryegass, seed germination and seedling length of tall fescue (P0.05). The results from pot experiment showed that the extracts from H. brevisubulatum accelerated plant growth of all 3 grasses. The Neotyphodium endophyte remarkably improved seeds germinations and seed length of tall fescue and P. pratensis (P0.05). This study showed that the endophytic fungi from H. brevisubulatum had an important effects on L.perenne, F.arundinacea and P.pratensis.
An experiment was conducted to test the Effects of Neotyphodium of Hordeum brevisubulatum on seeds and seedlings of Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Poa pratensis. The results from seed experiment showed that the extracts from H. brevisubulatum showed the inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth of all 3 grasses under filter paper germination conditions. The Neotyphodium endophyte significantly enhanced the inhibition of H. brevisubulatum on numbers of fibrous roots and seedling length of L.perenne, seedling length of P.pratensis (P0.05), respectively. However, it could remarkably reduced inhibition of H. brevisubulatum on seed germination of ryegass, seed germination and seedling length of tall fescue (P0.05). The results from pot experiment showed that the extracts from H. brevisubulatum accelerated plant growth of all 3 grasses. The Neotyphodium endophyte remarkably improved seeds germinations and seed length of tall fescue and P. pratensis (P0.05). This study showed that the endophytic fungi from H. brevisubulatum had an important effects on L.perenne, F.arundinacea and P.pratensis.
2011, 5(12): 2112-2118.
Abstract:
The outwards radial survey from centre regions were used to evaluate the health status of Stipa bungeana steppe by rangelang condition and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in the Grassland Nature Reserve of Guyuan Yunwu Mountain of Ningxia province, and then this study proposed the health assessment standard system using the result of healthy evaluation. The results of this study showed that the grasslands of Yunwu Mountain, Yueliang Mountain and Nanhua Mountain were well health, and those of Yuanzhou, Pengyang, Longde, Xiji, and Yanchi County were subhealth, and those of Haiyuan and Tongxin County were unhealthy according to evaluation results from range condition methods. Based on the evaluation results from the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the grasslands of Yunwu Mountain，Yueliang Mountain and Nanhua Mountain were well healthy, and those of Yuanzhou, Pengyang, Longde, Xiji and Yanchi County were sub healthy, and those of Haiyuan and Tongxin was unhealthy. This study proposed that the health assessment standard system of S.bungeana Steppes in the Ningxia included well healthy, sub healthy and unhealthy.
The outwards radial survey from centre regions were used to evaluate the health status of Stipa bungeana steppe by rangelang condition and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in the Grassland Nature Reserve of Guyuan Yunwu Mountain of Ningxia province, and then this study proposed the health assessment standard system using the result of healthy evaluation. The results of this study showed that the grasslands of Yunwu Mountain, Yueliang Mountain and Nanhua Mountain were well health, and those of Yuanzhou, Pengyang, Longde, Xiji, and Yanchi County were subhealth, and those of Haiyuan and Tongxin County were unhealthy according to evaluation results from range condition methods. Based on the evaluation results from the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the grasslands of Yunwu Mountain，Yueliang Mountain and Nanhua Mountain were well healthy, and those of Yuanzhou, Pengyang, Longde, Xiji and Yanchi County were sub healthy, and those of Haiyuan and Tongxin was unhealthy. This study proposed that the health assessment standard system of S.bungeana Steppes in the Ningxia included well healthy, sub healthy and unhealthy.
2011, 5(12): 2119-2122.
Abstract:
Due to harsh conditions, the ecological environment of Liujiaxia reservoir is frail and the soil erosion here is serious. It is urgent to improve the ecological environment. Ecological carrying capacity of the Liujiaxia reservoir, the Nianzigou small watershed of the north Liujiaxia reservoir and the Sanpinggou small watershed of south Liujiaxia were calculated in this study to provide theoretical support for improvement of ecological environment construction in the study area. Based on theory of ecological carrying capacity, this study established comprehensive index system, which included ecological resilience, resource carrying capacity and resource carryingpressing index. The results of this study showed that ecological resilience was unstable, and carrying capacity index of water resource was low, and soil carrying saturation was severe overloading. This study suggested that the Liujiaxia reservoir was currently unsustainable development. It is effort to develop comprehensive management measures of soil erosion to improve ecological carrying capacity of Liujiaxia reservoir in the future.
Due to harsh conditions, the ecological environment of Liujiaxia reservoir is frail and the soil erosion here is serious. It is urgent to improve the ecological environment. Ecological carrying capacity of the Liujiaxia reservoir, the Nianzigou small watershed of the north Liujiaxia reservoir and the Sanpinggou small watershed of south Liujiaxia were calculated in this study to provide theoretical support for improvement of ecological environment construction in the study area. Based on theory of ecological carrying capacity, this study established comprehensive index system, which included ecological resilience, resource carrying capacity and resource carryingpressing index. The results of this study showed that ecological resilience was unstable, and carrying capacity index of water resource was low, and soil carrying saturation was severe overloading. This study suggested that the Liujiaxia reservoir was currently unsustainable development. It is effort to develop comprehensive management measures of soil erosion to improve ecological carrying capacity of Liujiaxia reservoir in the future.
2011, 5(12): 2123-2127.
Abstract:
Base on vegetation restoration engineering of rock slope of JingCheng Highway, the nutrient changes of two spraying base material, in which peat: soil was 9∶1 among base material A and soil: vegetation substrate was 6∶4 among base material B, were measured in the first year. The results of this study showed that pH value was similar and was little changeable among both base material, indicating the Acidity and Basicity did not change in the first year of vegetation restoration. The account of organic matter，total N，available P and available K of base material A decreased firstly, and then increased, and they were minimum in July because herbs grew rapidly by consuming plenty of nutrient. The account of organic matter, total N and available K in base material B decreased continually, but available P decreased firstly, and then increased. The results of variance analysis showed that the nutrients of different base material were significantly different (P＜0.05), and the nutrients of same base material were not significantly different. Two basic materials had different variation trend, which was related to not only decomposition of peat and organic fertilizer but also vegetation restoration models. This study would provide information for improving composition of base material restoring technology on the rocky slope ecological protection．
Base on vegetation restoration engineering of rock slope of JingCheng Highway, the nutrient changes of two spraying base material, in which peat: soil was 9∶1 among base material A and soil: vegetation substrate was 6∶4 among base material B, were measured in the first year. The results of this study showed that pH value was similar and was little changeable among both base material, indicating the Acidity and Basicity did not change in the first year of vegetation restoration. The account of organic matter，total N，available P and available K of base material A decreased firstly, and then increased, and they were minimum in July because herbs grew rapidly by consuming plenty of nutrient. The account of organic matter, total N and available K in base material B decreased continually, but available P decreased firstly, and then increased. The results of variance analysis showed that the nutrients of different base material were significantly different (P＜0.05), and the nutrients of same base material were not significantly different. Two basic materials had different variation trend, which was related to not only decomposition of peat and organic fertilizer but also vegetation restoration models. This study would provide information for improving composition of base material restoring technology on the rocky slope ecological protection．
2011, 5(12): 2130-2135.
Abstract:
Apocynum venetum, mainly distributing in the salinization and sandy area, is droughtcold tolerance and alkaliwind tolerance, and is suitable for various climate and soil. The response of seed vigor of A. venetum to harsh environments greatly affects the adaption of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to understand the physiological and biochemical characteristics of A. venetum seed in the process of artificial aging for verifying the rule of seed deterioration, disperse mechanism of population, and seed storage characters and longevity. An experiment was conducted to test the seed physiological characteristics of A. venetum under the conditions of relative humidity of 100% and 35 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 84 h. The results of this experiment showed that the seed electronic conductivity decreased in the initial stage and then increased in the late stage, and the activity of POD and SOD decreased gradually, whereas laching of soluble sugar increased under the same aging temperature as the aging time increased. The aging condition with high temperature impacted seed more greatly than that with low temperature. A. venetum seed responded to stress resistance with high temperature and was heatresistance.
Apocynum venetum, mainly distributing in the salinization and sandy area, is droughtcold tolerance and alkaliwind tolerance, and is suitable for various climate and soil. The response of seed vigor of A. venetum to harsh environments greatly affects the adaption of its population. Therefore, the objective of this study is to understand the physiological and biochemical characteristics of A. venetum seed in the process of artificial aging for verifying the rule of seed deterioration, disperse mechanism of population, and seed storage characters and longevity. An experiment was conducted to test the seed physiological characteristics of A. venetum under the conditions of relative humidity of 100% and 35 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 84 h. The results of this experiment showed that the seed electronic conductivity decreased in the initial stage and then increased in the late stage, and the activity of POD and SOD decreased gradually, whereas laching of soluble sugar increased under the same aging temperature as the aging time increased. The aging condition with high temperature impacted seed more greatly than that with low temperature. A. venetum seed responded to stress resistance with high temperature and was heatresistance.
2011, 5(12): 2136-2142.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of NaCl stress on seed germination and physiological and biochemical characteristics of seedlings of 6 accessions Phalaris arundinacea by measuring seed germination rate, fresh weight, shoot length, root length, proline content, chlorophyll and malonaldehyde (MDA) content. The NaCl stress consisted of 0(CK), 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mmol/L. The results of this study showed that lower NaCl concentration did not significantly affected seed germination and seedling growth of P.arundinacea; however, the germination rate, fresh weight, shoot length, root length and chlorophyll content of P.arundinacea decreased, and the proline content significantly increased, and MDA content decreased firstly decreased and then increased as the NaCl concentration increased. This study indicated that 6 accessions of P.arundinacea had the different salt tolerance in seed germination and physiological property of seedling, in which Zxy06p2449 and Zxy06p1904 were the strongest salt tolerant, and Zxy06p2380 and Zxy06p2633 were intermediate, and Zxy06p2262 and Zxy06p1916 were sensitive to salt stress.
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of NaCl stress on seed germination and physiological and biochemical characteristics of seedlings of 6 accessions Phalaris arundinacea by measuring seed germination rate, fresh weight, shoot length, root length, proline content, chlorophyll and malonaldehyde (MDA) content. The NaCl stress consisted of 0(CK), 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mmol/L. The results of this study showed that lower NaCl concentration did not significantly affected seed germination and seedling growth of P.arundinacea; however, the germination rate, fresh weight, shoot length, root length and chlorophyll content of P.arundinacea decreased, and the proline content significantly increased, and MDA content decreased firstly decreased and then increased as the NaCl concentration increased. This study indicated that 6 accessions of P.arundinacea had the different salt tolerance in seed germination and physiological property of seedling, in which Zxy06p2449 and Zxy06p1904 were the strongest salt tolerant, and Zxy06p2380 and Zxy06p2633 were intermediate, and Zxy06p2262 and Zxy06p1916 were sensitive to salt stress.
2011, 5(12): 2143-2149.
Abstract:
Under the simulated drought stress condition with PEG, the TP method was used to determine the effect of different concentrations of paclobutrazol solution (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/L) on seed germination of seven accessions of Lolium perenne to find out the optimal soaking concentration. This study showed that the paclobutrazol solution soaking seeds of L. perenne had a positive effect on seed germination, seedling quality, root length and root quality and the effectiveness of paclobutrazol firstly increased and then decreased as paclobutrazol concentration increased. However, he paclobutrazol solution soaking seeds significantly inhibited the germ growth of L. perenne (P0.05), and this inhibition increased with the increase of paclobutrazol concentration under drought stress condition. In summary, 100 mg/L paclobutrazol solution soaking seeds was the best for L. perenne to improve drought resistance at the germination phase.
Under the simulated drought stress condition with PEG, the TP method was used to determine the effect of different concentrations of paclobutrazol solution (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/L) on seed germination of seven accessions of Lolium perenne to find out the optimal soaking concentration. This study showed that the paclobutrazol solution soaking seeds of L. perenne had a positive effect on seed germination, seedling quality, root length and root quality and the effectiveness of paclobutrazol firstly increased and then decreased as paclobutrazol concentration increased. However, he paclobutrazol solution soaking seeds significantly inhibited the germ growth of L. perenne (P0.05), and this inhibition increased with the increase of paclobutrazol concentration under drought stress condition. In summary, 100 mg/L paclobutrazol solution soaking seeds was the best for L. perenne to improve drought resistance at the germination phase.
2011, 5(12): 2150-2156.
Abstract:
Under 150 mmol/L NaCl stress, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of 0.06 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on antioxidative enzyme and growth of two kind of oat seedlings (Baiyan 6 and Neisan 2) at fourth leaves stage by measuring the MDA, SOD, CAT, POD, APX contents, electronic conductivity, chlorophyll contents in leaves and dry weight. The results of this study indicated that 0.06 mmol/L SNP increased the activities of SOD, CAT, POD, APX and the dry weight, and decreased MDA, chlorophyll content and membrane permeability. The antioxidant enzyme activities showed a different response to exogenous NO, in which exogenous NO had more effectiveness on SOD, CAT and APX than that on POD.
Under 150 mmol/L NaCl stress, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of 0.06 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on antioxidative enzyme and growth of two kind of oat seedlings (Baiyan 6 and Neisan 2) at fourth leaves stage by measuring the MDA, SOD, CAT, POD, APX contents, electronic conductivity, chlorophyll contents in leaves and dry weight. The results of this study indicated that 0.06 mmol/L SNP increased the activities of SOD, CAT, POD, APX and the dry weight, and decreased MDA, chlorophyll content and membrane permeability. The antioxidant enzyme activities showed a different response to exogenous NO, in which exogenous NO had more effectiveness on SOD, CAT and APX than that on POD.
2011, 5(12): 2157-2161.
Abstract:
The adaptability of twenty varieties of Italian ryegrass introduced Japan were examined in the Ynagzhou area by a pot experiment. The results of this study indicated that the yield of forage of the first cutting time was the highest among all the varieties, and was significantly higher than that of the second cutting time and the third cutting time (P0.05). The yield of each variety was significant different among different cutting times (P0.05). Among twenty varieties, Harukaze and Musashi performed well in yield, stem/leaf, tillers and height, implying that they were better adaptable than other varieties in the Yangzhou area.
The adaptability of twenty varieties of Italian ryegrass introduced Japan were examined in the Ynagzhou area by a pot experiment. The results of this study indicated that the yield of forage of the first cutting time was the highest among all the varieties, and was significantly higher than that of the second cutting time and the third cutting time (P0.05). The yield of each variety was significant different among different cutting times (P0.05). Among twenty varieties, Harukaze and Musashi performed well in yield, stem/leaf, tillers and height, implying that they were better adaptable than other varieties in the Yangzhou area.
2011, 5(12): 2162-2166.
Abstract:
Three planting pattern and three root partition barriers were used to investigate the root distribution of maize and pea population and nodulation of pea root. This study showed that the root weight of intercropping maize and peas was significantly bigger than that of monoculture maize and their root distributions also were different. In the intercropping system of maize and peas, the nodulation number and weight of pea root without partition barrier was bigger than those of pea root with partition barrier, and increased by 29.63% and 48.21%. The nodulation weight of pea root without root partition barrier and with partition barrier using nylon was bigger than that of monoculture maize. In the same intercropping system, the increasingly strong competition among root system increased the nodulation number.
Three planting pattern and three root partition barriers were used to investigate the root distribution of maize and pea population and nodulation of pea root. This study showed that the root weight of intercropping maize and peas was significantly bigger than that of monoculture maize and their root distributions also were different. In the intercropping system of maize and peas, the nodulation number and weight of pea root without partition barrier was bigger than those of pea root with partition barrier, and increased by 29.63% and 48.21%. The nodulation weight of pea root without root partition barrier and with partition barrier using nylon was bigger than that of monoculture maize. In the same intercropping system, the increasingly strong competition among root system increased the nodulation number.
2011, 5(12): 2167-2169.
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of B, Mo and Zn on alfalfa seed yield and its components by spraying these elements at the flowering stage. The seed components consisted of plant height, thousand seed weight, florets per reproductive branches, pods per inflorescence, seed number per pod yield. The results of this study showed that addition of B, Mo and Zn showed the significant effect on alfalfa seed yields and its components. Combination of 0.9% Na2B4O710H2O, 0.04% (NH4)6Mo7O244H2O and 0.6% ZnSO47H2O showed a highest seed yield, and seed yield increased by 6.89%, 26.51% and 13.8% when compared to control, respectively. Different combination of Na2B4O710H2O, (NH4)6Mo7O244H2O and ZnSO47H2O affected the number of inflorescence per reproductive branches, pod number per inflorescence and seed number per pod.
A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of B, Mo and Zn on alfalfa seed yield and its components by spraying these elements at the flowering stage. The seed components consisted of plant height, thousand seed weight, florets per reproductive branches, pods per inflorescence, seed number per pod yield. The results of this study showed that addition of B, Mo and Zn showed the significant effect on alfalfa seed yields and its components. Combination of 0.9% Na2B4O710H2O, 0.04% (NH4)6Mo7O244H2O and 0.6% ZnSO47H2O showed a highest seed yield, and seed yield increased by 6.89%, 26.51% and 13.8% when compared to control, respectively. Different combination of Na2B4O710H2O, (NH4)6Mo7O244H2O and ZnSO47H2O affected the number of inflorescence per reproductive branches, pod number per inflorescence and seed number per pod.
2011, 5(12): 2170-2174.
Abstract:
Eleven kinds of forage plants, including Cichorium intybus, Lolium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, four alfalfa varieties (Hunter River, Overseason, WL525HQ, Eureka) and three white clover varieties(Haifa, Rivenda, koala) were intercropped in pear orchard to monitor the aboveground biomass change of forages and investigate the effect of intercropping forages on soil fertility for selecting the suitable forage plants. The results of this study showed that C. intybus, L. multiflorum, Hunter Rive and Haifa had a higher yield and their fresh yield were more than 30 000 kg/ha and dry yield more than 4000 kg/ha. The highest yield of L. multiflorum was found in March, while the yield of Hunter River and Haifa were highest in June, and the yield of C. intybus was similar between March and June, and these four forages intercropping in pear orchard together provided the rational nutrition supplies for livestock. The intercropping forages in pear orchard greatly increased the soil pH value, organic matter content and hydrolytic N at 0-20 cm soil layer, which would encourage pear trees to grow well.
Eleven kinds of forage plants, including Cichorium intybus, Lolium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, four alfalfa varieties (Hunter River, Overseason, WL525HQ, Eureka) and three white clover varieties(Haifa, Rivenda, koala) were intercropped in pear orchard to monitor the aboveground biomass change of forages and investigate the effect of intercropping forages on soil fertility for selecting the suitable forage plants. The results of this study showed that C. intybus, L. multiflorum, Hunter Rive and Haifa had a higher yield and their fresh yield were more than 30 000 kg/ha and dry yield more than 4000 kg/ha. The highest yield of L. multiflorum was found in March, while the yield of Hunter River and Haifa were highest in June, and the yield of C. intybus was similar between March and June, and these four forages intercropping in pear orchard together provided the rational nutrition supplies for livestock. The intercropping forages in pear orchard greatly increased the soil pH value, organic matter content and hydrolytic N at 0-20 cm soil layer, which would encourage pear trees to grow well.
2011, 5(12): 2175-2178.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of irrigation on biomass and quality of Stylosanthes guianensis and Panicum maximum during dry season. The results of this study showed that the irrigation encouraged the S. guianensis and P. maximum to quickly grow, shorten the cutting interval period, and increased the yield. The fresh biomass of P. maximum at irrigation condition was 1.4 times of CK, and the growth period reduced by 34%. The fresh biomass of S. guianensis at irrigation condition was 1.06 times of CK, and the growth period reduced by 27%.
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of irrigation on biomass and quality of Stylosanthes guianensis and Panicum maximum during dry season. The results of this study showed that the irrigation encouraged the S. guianensis and P. maximum to quickly grow, shorten the cutting interval period, and increased the yield. The fresh biomass of P. maximum at irrigation condition was 1.4 times of CK, and the growth period reduced by 34%. The fresh biomass of S. guianensis at irrigation condition was 1.06 times of CK, and the growth period reduced by 27%.
2011, 5(12): 2179-2185.
Abstract:
Based on the data collected from Environmental gradient monitoring system locating at Xihai town of north and east Qinghai during early and mid September, the Bowen ratio method was used to calculate the sensible heat and latent heat fluxes, and this study drew the energy balance with two kinds of extreme sunlight and three conditions of sunlight. Variance Analysis and Multiple Comparisons (LSD) results showed that the energy balance was different among different sunlight conditions, indicating that it was possible to simulate solar radiation with sunlight. The influence of sunlight on energy balance was mainly reflected by the peak value, peak time, and the forms of landatmosphere exchange. The peak value increased as the sunlight increased, and the other two should be analyzed with different case and time.
Based on the data collected from Environmental gradient monitoring system locating at Xihai town of north and east Qinghai during early and mid September, the Bowen ratio method was used to calculate the sensible heat and latent heat fluxes, and this study drew the energy balance with two kinds of extreme sunlight and three conditions of sunlight. Variance Analysis and Multiple Comparisons (LSD) results showed that the energy balance was different among different sunlight conditions, indicating that it was possible to simulate solar radiation with sunlight. The influence of sunlight on energy balance was mainly reflected by the peak value, peak time, and the forms of landatmosphere exchange. The peak value increased as the sunlight increased, and the other two should be analyzed with different case and time.
2011, 5(12): 2186-2189.
Abstract:
A field survey was conducted to determine the plant community, flora of associate species and species diversity of Suaeda rigida community in the Tarim Basin. The results of this study showed that 26 vascular plant species, belonging to 21 genura and 9 families, were identified, in which plants from Chenopodiaceae accounted for 38.46%. From distribution patterns, the Old World Pattern and its variants was 36% and Central Asian Patterns was 24%. The Margalef, ShannonWinner and Simpson index of S.rigida community was 0.52～0.87, 0.42～1.11 and 0.20～0.66, respectively, and evenness index was 0.34～0.84, and this followed the distribution rule of desert area.
A field survey was conducted to determine the plant community, flora of associate species and species diversity of Suaeda rigida community in the Tarim Basin. The results of this study showed that 26 vascular plant species, belonging to 21 genura and 9 families, were identified, in which plants from Chenopodiaceae accounted for 38.46%. From distribution patterns, the Old World Pattern and its variants was 36% and Central Asian Patterns was 24%. The Margalef, ShannonWinner and Simpson index of S.rigida community was 0.52～0.87, 0.42～1.11 and 0.20～0.66, respectively, and evenness index was 0.34～0.84, and this followed the distribution rule of desert area.
2011, 5(12): 2190-2194.
Abstract:
On the basis of shortcomings in current estimation method for animalfeed balance estimation, this study firstly proposed a management pattern and technical approach, in which the grassland resource was basic, and the time was critically controlled, and economic threshold was used to balance; secondly, this study briefly introduced the selection of some parameters and calculation procedure; finally, this study discussed the advantages of the newly proposed method by taking the grassland of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as sample.
On the basis of shortcomings in current estimation method for animalfeed balance estimation, this study firstly proposed a management pattern and technical approach, in which the grassland resource was basic, and the time was critically controlled, and economic threshold was used to balance; secondly, this study briefly introduced the selection of some parameters and calculation procedure; finally, this study discussed the advantages of the newly proposed method by taking the grassland of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as sample.
2011, 5(12): 2195-2199.
Abstract:
A field survey was conducted to determine the composition and structures of insect community of alfalfa pasture in the Longdong loess plateau of. This study showed that the total number of insects was 21021, and they were subordinated to 12 orders, 69 families and 115 species, in which the species were the most from Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera families, and the individual number of Homoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera were the biggest. The dominant species were Acyrthosiphon pisum, Sitona lineatus and Adelphocoris lineolatus. The pest, the natural redator, the neutral insects and beneficial insects accounted for 67.54%, 19.79%, 11.20% and 1.47%, respectively.
A field survey was conducted to determine the composition and structures of insect community of alfalfa pasture in the Longdong loess plateau of. This study showed that the total number of insects was 21021, and they were subordinated to 12 orders, 69 families and 115 species, in which the species were the most from Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera families, and the individual number of Homoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera were the biggest. The dominant species were Acyrthosiphon pisum, Sitona lineatus and Adelphocoris lineolatus. The pest, the natural redator, the neutral insects and beneficial insects accounted for 67.54%, 19.79%, 11.20% and 1.47%, respectively.
2011, 5(12): 2200-2202.
Abstract:
A field survey during July to September in 2008, 2009 and 2010 was conducted to determine the coenosis characteristics of butterfly species in the Xiama forest area of Tianzhu County. 2000 specimens were collected and were identified as 71 species/subspecies, which belonged to 8 families and 50 genera, in which Pieridae consisted of 20 species belonging to 9 genera, and accounted for 28.2% of total species, and was dominant species group; Nymphalidae consisted of 15 genera including 15 species with 21.2% of total species and Satyridae consisted of 13 genera including 14 species with 19.7% of total species and they were subdominant species groups; Parnassidae consisted of 1 genus including 9 species with of 12.7% of total species and Lycaenidae consisted of 8 genera including 8 species with 11.3% of total species, and they were common species groups; Hesperiidae consisted of 2 genera including 2 species, and Papilionidae consisted of 1 genus including 2 species, and Riodinidae consisted of 1 genus including 1 species, and they accounted for 2.8%, 2.8% and 1.4% of total species, respectively, and were incidental groups. The monotypic genus was 43 and occupied by 86% of total genera, in which species was 61% of total species. The multiple genera were 7 and accounted for 14%, and species of which was 28 with 38% of total species. The ratio of genera and species was 0.86.This study suggested that butterflies in the study region were mainly monotypic genus.
A field survey during July to September in 2008, 2009 and 2010 was conducted to determine the coenosis characteristics of butterfly species in the Xiama forest area of Tianzhu County. 2000 specimens were collected and were identified as 71 species/subspecies, which belonged to 8 families and 50 genera, in which Pieridae consisted of 20 species belonging to 9 genera, and accounted for 28.2% of total species, and was dominant species group; Nymphalidae consisted of 15 genera including 15 species with 21.2% of total species and Satyridae consisted of 13 genera including 14 species with 19.7% of total species and they were subdominant species groups; Parnassidae consisted of 1 genus including 9 species with of 12.7% of total species and Lycaenidae consisted of 8 genera including 8 species with 11.3% of total species, and they were common species groups; Hesperiidae consisted of 2 genera including 2 species, and Papilionidae consisted of 1 genus including 2 species, and Riodinidae consisted of 1 genus including 1 species, and they accounted for 2.8%, 2.8% and 1.4% of total species, respectively, and were incidental groups. The monotypic genus was 43 and occupied by 86% of total genera, in which species was 61% of total species. The multiple genera were 7 and accounted for 14%, and species of which was 28 with 38% of total species. The ratio of genera and species was 0.86.This study suggested that butterflies in the study region were mainly monotypic genus.
2011, 5(12): 2203-2208.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of plant density (68 000, 80 000 and 95 500 plant/ha) on the yield, fermentation quality, nutritional value, nitrate and nitrite of Keduo 8 silage corn. The results of this study showed that plant height, leaf and stem weight of low planting density treatment were the highest, but the fresh forage and crude protein yield was lower than other planting density treatments. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether fat (EE) significantly increased and the crude protein (CP) and watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) decreased as the planting density increased. Ensiling corn reduced the nitrate and nitrite content of herbage and planting density did not affect the nitrate and nitrite content of herbage. Based on the yield, fermentation quality, nutrient content, nitrate and nitrite, 80 000 plant/ha was the better planting density.
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of plant density (68 000, 80 000 and 95 500 plant/ha) on the yield, fermentation quality, nutritional value, nitrate and nitrite of Keduo 8 silage corn. The results of this study showed that plant height, leaf and stem weight of low planting density treatment were the highest, but the fresh forage and crude protein yield was lower than other planting density treatments. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether fat (EE) significantly increased and the crude protein (CP) and watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) decreased as the planting density increased. Ensiling corn reduced the nitrate and nitrite content of herbage and planting density did not affect the nitrate and nitrite content of herbage. Based on the yield, fermentation quality, nutrient content, nitrate and nitrite, 80 000 plant/ha was the better planting density.
2011, 5(12): 2209-2214.
Abstract:
Rangeland types and their plant resources of Gongshan Dulong and Nu Ethnic County in the Yunnan province were investigated in 2009 to improve the sustainable development of husbandry. The results of this investigation showed that the rangeland area of Gongshan Dulong and Nu Ethnic County was 181 734 ha and accounted for 26.35% of total land area, and this rangeland was identified into 5 rangeland types, including 11 group and 60 sorts. 193 plant species from 45 families were identified in this survey, in which Gramineae plants with 40 species and Cyperaceae plants with 12 species accounted for 20.7% and 6.2% respectively. Among the plants, 157 species were identified as forage grass, in which the forage plants with excellent palatability and forage plants with good palatability were 87 and 53, accounting for 55.4% and 33.8%, respectively; however, 19 plants was unpalatable and occupied 10.8% of 157 forage plants. Based on main problems of rangeland use, including extremely uneven distribution, serious degradation in partial area, and noxious plant expansion, this study proposed some suggestions for sustainable management of rangeland resources.
Rangeland types and their plant resources of Gongshan Dulong and Nu Ethnic County in the Yunnan province were investigated in 2009 to improve the sustainable development of husbandry. The results of this investigation showed that the rangeland area of Gongshan Dulong and Nu Ethnic County was 181 734 ha and accounted for 26.35% of total land area, and this rangeland was identified into 5 rangeland types, including 11 group and 60 sorts. 193 plant species from 45 families were identified in this survey, in which Gramineae plants with 40 species and Cyperaceae plants with 12 species accounted for 20.7% and 6.2% respectively. Among the plants, 157 species were identified as forage grass, in which the forage plants with excellent palatability and forage plants with good palatability were 87 and 53, accounting for 55.4% and 33.8%, respectively; however, 19 plants was unpalatable and occupied 10.8% of 157 forage plants. Based on main problems of rangeland use, including extremely uneven distribution, serious degradation in partial area, and noxious plant expansion, this study proposed some suggestions for sustainable management of rangeland resources.
The pratacultural achievements in last decade and pratacultural perspectives in next decade in China
2011, 5(12): 2215-2220.
Abstract:
The early two decades of 21st century is an opportunity for the pratacultural development in China. Over the past decade, there were some outstanding issues and significant achievements. Then the emphases of the next ten years were followed as, firstly, it was effort to promote the scientific innovation abilities of prataculture for encouraging paracultural development to change from resources driver to scientific innovation driver; Secondly, turning quantitative quantity husbandry into ecological husbandry is a necessary way to rational use grassland by improving the animal production pattern; thirdly, it is necessary to improve ecological protection system of grassland by focusing on protection system rather than current project; fourthly, it is urgent to develop industrial production of forages, especially alfalfa, to ensure sufficient supply of high quality forage; fifthly, it is important to construct system of preventing and reducing disaster, which would change from current passive resistance to active prevention.
The early two decades of 21st century is an opportunity for the pratacultural development in China. Over the past decade, there were some outstanding issues and significant achievements. Then the emphases of the next ten years were followed as, firstly, it was effort to promote the scientific innovation abilities of prataculture for encouraging paracultural development to change from resources driver to scientific innovation driver; Secondly, turning quantitative quantity husbandry into ecological husbandry is a necessary way to rational use grassland by improving the animal production pattern; thirdly, it is necessary to improve ecological protection system of grassland by focusing on protection system rather than current project; fourthly, it is urgent to develop industrial production of forages, especially alfalfa, to ensure sufficient supply of high quality forage; fifthly, it is important to construct system of preventing and reducing disaster, which would change from current passive resistance to active prevention.
2011, 5(12): 2221-2224.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to compare the character differences of Luctuca indica between early maturity variety (Longmu) and late maturity variety (Daye) by measuring the seed germination, phenophase, ratio of stem to leaf, growth rate, disease resistance, yield and nutrient content. The results of this study showed that the germinating velocity, stemleaf characters, fresh weight of single plant and fresh yield was significantly different between early maturity variety and late maturity variety (P0.05). The Daye variety of L.indica did not enter into maturity in the Qiqihar regions due to long reproduction period, and its fresh weight of single plant and fresh yield was 526.39 g and 36196.99 kg/ha, respectively; however, the fresh weight of single plant and fresh yield of Longmu variety was 413.38g and 44 978.58 kg/ha, respectively.
An experiment was conducted to compare the character differences of Luctuca indica between early maturity variety (Longmu) and late maturity variety (Daye) by measuring the seed germination, phenophase, ratio of stem to leaf, growth rate, disease resistance, yield and nutrient content. The results of this study showed that the germinating velocity, stemleaf characters, fresh weight of single plant and fresh yield was significantly different between early maturity variety and late maturity variety (P0.05). The Daye variety of L.indica did not enter into maturity in the Qiqihar regions due to long reproduction period, and its fresh weight of single plant and fresh yield was 526.39 g and 36196.99 kg/ha, respectively; however, the fresh weight of single plant and fresh yield of Longmu variety was 413.38g and 44 978.58 kg/ha, respectively.
2011, 5(12): 2225-2227.
Abstract:
Based on field survey, this study comprehensively discussed the damages of the ecological environment caused by unchecked excavation of wild herbal medicines in the Gannan pasture, from performances of unchecked excavation, grassland destruction, reduction of conservation water, locally economic sustainable development. And then this study proposed the protective principles of right place and time for wild herbal medicines, which would provide information for sustainable use of wild herbal medicines by checking the excavation of wild herbal medicines.
Based on field survey, this study comprehensively discussed the damages of the ecological environment caused by unchecked excavation of wild herbal medicines in the Gannan pasture, from performances of unchecked excavation, grassland destruction, reduction of conservation water, locally economic sustainable development. And then this study proposed the protective principles of right place and time for wild herbal medicines, which would provide information for sustainable use of wild herbal medicines by checking the excavation of wild herbal medicines.
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